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66-834: (Redirected from Kreuzkapelle ) Chapel of the Holy Cross is a chapel dedicated to the Christian Cross. Other names are Chapel of the Cross , Holy Cross chapel , and in German Heilig-Kreuz-Kapelle and Kreuzkapelle . Chapel of the Holy Cross (Montmajour) , France Holy Cross chapel, Mattancherry , India Germany [ edit ] Heilig-Kreuz-Kapelle (Blieskastel) , Saarland, Germany Kreuzkapelle, Bad Camberg , Hesse, Germany Kreuzkapelle, Kitzingen  [ de ] United States [ edit ] Chapel of

132-515: A tarasque . Some of the foliage-decorated columns show human heads looking through the foliage. The original sculpted capitals were repaired in the 19th century. At the beginning of the east gallery is the tomb of the Counts of Provence, built to hold the remains of Count Raymond Berenger IV (died 1181). The only original Romanesque capitals are in this arcade, representing the Temptation of Christ by

198-674: A hill which therefore took the name of Mount Saraceno on the Gargano . From there they often came down to plunder and burn towns, villages and cities, to desecrate temples and commit all sorts of cruelties and atrocities. Defeated numerous times by different peoples, the Saracens, who fled from the Gargano in 967, fortified themselves in Bari. The campaign against Bari was long and between various negotiations, alliances and treaties it took place from 855 to 871, with

264-556: A nest at the mouth of the Garigliano (Traetto), from which they also held Rome at gunpoint: they were finally expelled only in 915, when the Byzantine empress Zoe Porphyrogenita managed to get the Italian lords to agree on the need to expel the Saracens from the Italian peninsula and began a campaign against them which - thanks to the commitment of Berengar I of Italy , of Pope John X , and of

330-657: A region in the northern Sinai Peninsula . Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Sarakēnoí ( Ancient Greek : οἱ Σαρακηνοί ) living in the northwestern Arabian Peninsula (near neighbor to the Sinai). Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical history narrates an account wherein Pope Dionysius of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the persecution of Christians by the Roman Emperor Decius : "Many were, in

396-560: A small devil with flaming hair; on the other side is an acrobat performing splits, and an apple, the symbol of temptation. The west gallery was extensively altered by the Maurist monks in the 18th century, but the brackets have some of the most vivid carvings, showing the Mistral wind, the moon, the sun and fire, and a mythical amphibious beast devouring a man. It also has 13th century graffiti depicting sailing ships and horses. The south gallery

462-406: A stone barrel vault. On its outer side, the ambulatory opens into five radiating chapels, each with its own window catching the eastern light, and its own small barrel-vaulted choir bay and semi-domed apse. The large number of small chapels allowed the large number of monks in the monastery to quickly celebrate the morning mass. A striking feature of the crypt is the smooth quality of the stone work-

528-633: A swift reaction against the Saracens. A first attempt to expel the Saracens from southern Italy was made in 866-871 by the emperor and king Louis II , who, having descended into Italy with an army of Franks , Burgundians and Provencals , in addition to the allied troops of Pope Sergius II , of the Doge of Venice , the Duke of Spoleto and that of Naples, he took back Benevento, Capua, Salerno, Bari, destroying Matera and Venosa . Now uncontrollable Saracen troops had been hired by Adelchis , Duke of Benevento: he forced

594-450: A territory of Byzantine prerogative for centuries: Basil allied himself with Sawdan and he fomented a revolt of the Lombards of Benevento, who took the emperor prisoner for about two months, while a new Saracen army of twenty thousand men, sent by Kairouan, devastated Calabria and Campania . In 873 Ludovico returned to Campania and defeated the Saracens, but died two years later. Therefore,

660-735: Is srq "to steal, rob, thief", more specifically from the noun sāriq ( Arabic : سارق ), pl. sāriqīn ( سارقين ), which means "thief, marauder". In his Levantine Diary , covering the years 1699–1740, the Damascene writer Hamad bin Kanan al-Salhi ( Arabic : محمد بن كَنّان الصالحي ) used the term sarkan to mean "travel on a military mission" from the Near East to parts of Southern Europe which were under Ottoman Empire rule, particularly Cyprus and Rhodes . Ptolemy 's 2nd-century work, Geography , describes Sarakēnḗ ( Ancient Greek : Σαρακηνή ) as

726-406: Is considered a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture. The crypt of St Benedict is partly dug into the rock of the hill and partly built of massive stone walls, perfectly cut. It features a transept with two absidioles, or small chapels, and a passage which leads to a small rotunda which is crowned with a cupola. The rotunda is surrounded by an ambulatory a tall, narrow hemicircular corridor with

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792-562: Is in The King of Tars , a medieval romance. The Song of Roland , an Old French 11th-century heroic poem, refers to the black skin of Saracens as their only exotic feature. The term Saracen remained in use in the West as a synonym for "Muslim" until the 18th century. When the Age of Discovery commenced, it gradually lost popularity to the newer term Mohammedan , which came into usage from at least

858-551: Is the most recent, and the carvings are the most realistic; a donkey, a monkey, a camel and an eagle are depicted on the brackets, and the columns show the Annunciation the crowning of the Virgin, and knights fighting. The Chapter House was connected with the east gallery- here the monks gathered each morning to hear a chapter of the Rule of St. Benedict followed by a brief teaching on it by

924-701: The Annales Bertiniani , and from there they raged in the Rhône valley. The Balearic Islands were finally conquered by the Andalusian Umayyad cause in 902. From 827 the Aghlabid emirs of Kairouan , in today's Tunisia , began the conquest of Sicily , which took a long time, but which marked the apogee of Saracen rule in the Mediterranean for at least two centuries. The conquest was completed in 902, thanks to

990-615: The equites from Phoenicia and Thamud . In one document, the defeated enemies of Diocletian 's campaign in the Syrian Desert are described as Saracens. Other 4th-century military reports make no mention of Arabs, but refer to Saracen groups ranging as far east as Mesopotamia who were involved in battles on both the Sasanian and Roman sides. The Saracens were named in the Roman administrative document Notitia Dignitatum , dating from

1056-634: The Arab people called Tayy , were located around Khaybar (an oasis north of Medina) and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates . The Saraceni were placed north of them. These Saracens, located in the northern Hejaz , were described as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were classified by the Romans as barbarians . The Saracens are described as forming

1122-532: The 12th century, "Saracen" developed various overlapping definitions, generally conflating peoples and cultures associated with Islam , the Near East and the Abbasid Caliphate . Such an expansion in the meaning of the term had begun centuries earlier among the Byzantine Greeks , as evidenced in documents from the 8th century where "Saracen" is synonymous with "Muslim". Before the 16th century, "Saracen"

1188-475: The 16th century. After this point, Saracen enjoyed only sporadic usage (for example, in the phrase " Indo-Saracenic architecture ") before being outmoded entirely. In the Wiltshire dialect , the meaning of "Sarsen" (Saracen) was eventually extended to refer to anything regarded as non-Christian, whether Muslim or pagan. From that derived the still current term " sarsen " (a shortening of "Saracen stone"), denoting

1254-728: The 7th century, in the Greek-language Christian tract Doctrina Jacobi . Among other major events, the tract discusses the Muslim conquest of the Levant , which occurred after the rise of the Rashidun Caliphate following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The Roman Catholic Church and European Christian leaders used the term during the Middle Ages to refer to Muslims . By

1320-649: The 827 Muslim conquest of Sicily . Also in this year, an autonomous Andalusian kingdom was founded in Alexandria , Egypt, which the Abbasid Caliphate put an end to in 825. Then the Andalusians left for the Aegean , where they established the Emirate of Crete , independent and flourishing from a commercial and cultural point of view, as well as powerful from a military point of view, until the Byzantine reconquest in 961. Crete became

1386-732: The Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous 'sarkenoi'." The Augustan History also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger 's army in Egypt in 193, but provides little information as to identifying them. Both Hippolytus of Rome and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Taeni , the Saraceni , and the Arabes . The Taeni , later identified with

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1452-618: The Church of San Marco dei Veneziani was built in old Bari. From Sicily in the 9th century the Arabs continued to plunder the coasts of southern Italy, also establishing new, occasional bridgeheads , such as at Agropoli or Santa Severina , which, despite the unsuccessful intervention of Otto II (in 982), they lasted for a long time, falling away only after 1036, when the death of the Sicilian emir of al-Akhal led to an irreversible fragmentation of power on

1518-399: The Cross (Mannsdale, Mississippi) Chapel of the Cross (Chapel Hill, North Carolina) , at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Chapel of the Holy Cross (Sedona, Arizona) Chapel of the Holy Cross (Holderness, New Hampshire) , at Holderness School Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chapel of

1584-486: The Dukes of Spoleto and Camerino - reaped the promised fruit. In reality the raids continued, in fact one of the most serious episodes seems to be the new sack of Oria and Taranto which occurred in 925/926, on which occasion the family of the well-known Oritan Jewish scholar Shabbethai Donnolo was captured. In 970, they returned again to the Gargano, devastating places (the two Roman cities of Siponto and Matinum were razed to

1650-515: The Holy Cross (Montmajour) The abbey complex consists of six sections: The abbey is noted for its 11th–14th-century graves , carved in the rock, its subterranean crypt , and its massive unfinished church. It was an important pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages, and in the 18th century it was the site of a large Maurist monastery, now in ruin . The abbey and the landscape around it were frequently painted and drawn by Vincent van Gogh . During

1716-494: The Holy Cross . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_the_Holy_Cross&oldid=988730933 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Church building disambiguation pages Chapel of

1782-566: The Islamic Empire between themselves between the 8th and 9th centuries ( Córdoba , Cairo and Baghdad ), were substantially independent. The repression of the Umayyad insurrection in al-Andalus was bloody and it is in this period (818) that the mass emigration of Andalusians (so indicated, regardless of ethnic origin and religion) took place along two lines, partly to Morocco and others to Egypt. From here they supported their co-religionists for

1848-554: The Muslims to create a fleet capable of undermining Byzantine supremacy in the Mediterranean in a relatively short time. Especially on the Maghreb and Spanish coasts, various emirates had been established where the local component soon merged with the Arab and Berber ones. Each emirate was headed by an emir who, apart from formal subjection to one of the three caliphs who divided

1914-659: The Saracen port of Taranto remained, from which a very rich slave trade took place. It was the Byzantines who recovered Taranto in 876. However, the Saracen raids in the Adriatic did not end with the reconquest of Taranto, indeed in those years the Muslims completed the conquest of Sicily ( Syracuse in 878, Taormina in 902). In 882, once again allied with the Campanians, they destroyed the abbeys of San Vincenzo and Montecassino, establishing

1980-462: The Saracens as followers of a "false" prophet and "forerunner[s] to the Antichrist," and further connected their name to Ishmael and his expulsion. By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans used the term Saracen as both an ethnic and religious marker. In some Medieval literature, Saracens were equated with Muslims in general and described as dark-skinned, while Christians lighter-skinned. An example

2046-661: The Saracens found a way to prosper thanks to their raids and their offering themselves as mercenaries to the most diverse Christian lords of the time. In 843 the Saracens went so far as to destroy Fondi and Monte Cassino , arriving in Ostia and going up the Tiber to reach Rome where they sacked St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. The gesture prompted

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2112-471: The abbot, and also discussed the management of the abbey. It is lit by a single oculus, or round window, and connected with the nave and by a stairway to the dormitory. The Refectory , or dining room, connected with the south gallery through a Romanesque door decorated with a grotesque head of Tantalus , The dormitory of the monks occupied the entire floor over the refectory, and was connected to it by two staircases. The west gallery formerly connected to

2178-499: The abbots of Monte Cassino and San Vincenzo al Volturno . In the meantime, an emir reigned in Bari who juggled between the various local powers, without denying the granting, upon payment, of safe conducts for pilgrims who wanted to embark for the Holy Land . He also protected the learned Jewish community of Oria . Expelled for the first time from Bari, a nucleus of them entrenched themselves near Monte Matino ( Horace 's Mons matinus ) on

2244-638: The active combat phase in the four years between 867 and 871. The emir Sawdan, who had also sacked the Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo on the Gargano, was allowed to spend his life in golden captivity by his friend Adelchis, prince of Benevento. But this move turned out to be wrong for the German emperor due to the entry into the scene of the Byzantine emperor Basil I , who frowned upon the intervention in Southern Italy,

2310-459: The cellar, bakery, bread oven, and guest rooms, which no longer exist. The tower was built by the abbot and cardinal , Pons de l'Orme, beginning in 1369 to protect the abbey from the rampaging Free Company (see chronology.) The tower is 26 meters high, and contained a well and a storeroom for provisions, having three stories in the upper level. The top is equipped with battlements, arrow slits and machicolation , designed to drop unpleasant things on

2376-574: The center of numerous military expeditions in the Aegean, in southern Italy, where Traetto was also founded, and Rome was raided in 846, 849 and 876. In the western Mediterranean, due to the weakening of the Carolingian Empire and its fleet, Marseille was raided in 838 and 846, Arles in 842 and 850 and Fréjus in 869. The Muslims established a refuge in the Camargue in these years, as chronicled in

2442-535: The church a passage leads to what appears to be a natural cave, with a small window, which according to tradition was the home of St. Trophimus and the first monks to live on the island. The chapel was severely vandalized in 1976, with restoration due by 2012. The rocky slope near St. Peter's Chapel has more than a dozen tombs cut into the rock in the shape of human bodies, with places for the head, shoulders and feet. The more recent tombs (14th century) were rectangular, and were probably covered with stone slabs. Most of

2508-400: The county of Capua. The compromise solution did not please Pope Leo IV , who in those years was having Rome surrounded with the " Leonine belt " of walls, as proof of the fear that was still alive, so the pontiff sponsored the formation of a Campanian fleet which in 849 defeated the Saracens off the coast of Ostia. Ludovico, nominated emperor in the meantime, moved towards Bari, also begged by

2574-536: The earliest known version of the claim that Ishmaelites chose to be called Saracens in order to identify with Abraham's "free" wife Sarah , rather than as Hagarenes, which would have highlighted their association with Abraham's "slave woman" Hagar . This claim was popular during the Middle Ages, but derives more from Paul's allegory in the New Testament letter to the Galatians than from historical data. The name Saracen

2640-447: The east end of the church, is semicircular, and has the same diameter as the width of the nave. It has an imposing semi-spherical dome with five flat ribs, and three small windows, slightly offset to one side. Perhaps because of the strong mistral and tramontane winds from the north, the nave has no windows on the north side. The church has a relatively short transept , each wing ending in a small apsidiole. There are three doorways on

2706-403: The graves were those of soldiers of Charlemagne , who had fought against the Saracens. A third legend said that the first church was founded by King Childebert I , the son of Clovis , when he saw the fervor of a group of hermits on the island. St. Peter's Chapel is the oldest existing part of the abbey, probably built between 1030 and 1050. It consists of a narthex and two parallel naves,

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2772-462: The ground), terrifying the inhabitants in massacres and robberies, who were forced to ask Otto the Great for help. It is on Mount Saraceno, where they were strongly entrenched for years, that the Saracens were defeated and driven from the place by Otto the Great. In 1002/03 Doge Pietro II Orseolo successfully led a fleet of 100 ships against the Saracens who had been besieging Bari for months. As thanks,

2838-417: The heads of attackers. The coat of arms of the abbot, an elm tree with two angel-monks, is carved on the outside of the tower. The ruined Maurist Monastery was built in the classical style by architect Pierre Mignard on a huge scale; the building was originally five stories high, covering eight thousand square meters, with sixty windows and two grand staircases. The monks, lay brothers and novices lived on

2904-550: The island had been the sanctuary of St. Trophimus , who had been sent from Rome by St. Peter to convert the Gauls . After coming to Arles in 46 AD, he took shelter in one of the caves on the island and received disciples there. A rock cell under the church is called "The Confessional of St. Trophimus." Until 943 the island belonged to the Church of St. Trophime in Arles. Another legend said that

2970-503: The island. They were expelled from Sicily in 1071, after ten years of war, by the Normans . The chain of coastal towers along the Tyrrhenian coast, connected to each other within sight to exchange signals, had the purpose of spotting pirate ships from afar in order to give the alarm to the defenseless populations in time, but they were only built in the 16th century to protect themselves by

3036-574: The islands of Ischia and Ponza fell under Islamic rule. Again, the Neapolitans, to weaken Benevento, had invited the Saracens to attack Brindisi in 838, from which they extended to Taranto and Bari , which became the seat of the eponymous emirate from 840 to 871. Having defeated a Venetian fleet in the Kvarner Gulf , the Saracens now took advantage of the rivalries between the local powers, acting as masters and now also putting themselves at

3102-454: The kind of stone used by the builders of Stonehenge , long predating Islam. The rhyming stories of the Old French Crusade cycle were popular with medieval audiences in Northern France, Occitania and Iberia. Beginning in the late 12th century, stories about the sieges of Antioch and Jerusalem gave accounts of battle scenes and suffering, and of Saracen plunder, their silks and gold, and masterfully embroidered and woven tents. From

3168-429: The offensive against the Byzantines, who had cut off supplies by conquering Crete (827) and Malta (870). The settlement of the Saracens was sometimes also encouraged and supported by local lords, as help in disputes, as in the case of Andrea, consul of Naples , who was harassed by the Lombard prince of Benevento Sico and after turning in vain to Louis the Pious he asked the Saracens for help. The intervention

3234-411: The older one cut into the rock on the south side of the hill, and an arcade of rounded Romanesque arches resting on columns, creating openings to the rock cemetery. The columns are older than the church, and probably come from Roman buildings in Arles; but the capitals of the columns are carved with Romanesque floral designs. The southern nave is complete with a choir and a semi-circular apse . Inside

3300-449: The people of Bari to accept the protection of the Berber Khalfun, who as payment was promised nothing less than permission to sack and burn some sacred buildings in the area, but he went so far as to raze the city of Capua to the ground. Ludovico, then in Italy, managed to free Benevento from the mercenaries and pacify the Lombard princes, acting as guarantor for the division of the duchy into the two principalities of Salerno and Benevento and

3366-400: The production for the 1968 film, The Lion in Winter that featured the abbey, Katharine Hepburn 's dressing room was accommodated in the basement. It has been listed since 1840 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . Today the ruins of the abbey are cared for as a historic monument by the Centre des monuments nationaux . Until the late Middle Ages, Montmajour

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3432-414: The service of the unscrupulous Beneventans themselves. In the year 840, Siconulf , lord of Salerno , fighting with Radelchis and Landulf , lords of Benevento and Capua , called to his aid the Saracens settled in the colony under the Traetto hill, at the mouth of the Garigliano , often and willingly hired by the Duke of Naples , Andrew II . After bloody incursions into some parts of southern Italy ,

3498-411: The south side of the church; one leading to the rock cemetery, one to abbot's lodging (now ruined); and one to the chapter house and the spiral stairway to the bell tower. Two new chapels were added to the north side of the nave in the 15th century. One, which served as the sacristy , contains the 18th century lavabo , or washing basin, and the other protected the charters of the Abbey. The cloister

3564-530: The stones are perfectly cut and fitted, and their only texture is the slight rippling caused by dressing the stone with the help of a toothed hammer. The massive church on top of the crypt has a single nave fourteen meters wide. It was designed to have five bays, but apparently because of a shortage of funds only two bays were constructed, and the west end was left unfinished. The nave is covered with slightly pointed barrel vaults supported by projecting traverse arches resting upon cruciform piers. The apse , at

3630-424: The story of the Frankish knights at the tent of Saracen leader Corbaran: The tent was very rich, draped with brilliant silk, and patterned green silk was thrown over the grass, with lengths of cut fabric worked with birds and beasts. The cords with which it was tied are of silk, and the quilt was sewn with a shining, delicate samit . The Islamic conquest of countries such as Egypt and Syria had allowed

3696-465: The time of Theodosius I in the 4th century , as comprising distinctive units in the Roman army . They were distinguished in the document from Arabs. No later than the early fifth century, Jewish and Christian writers began to equate Saracens with Arabs. Saracens were associated with Ishmaelites (descendants of Abraham 's firstborn Ishmael ) in some strands of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic genealogical thinking. The writings of Jerome (d. 420) are

3762-426: The tombs are oriented with the feet toward the east, the direction of the sunrise and the Resurrection. The Chapel of the Holy Cross (French: Chapelle de Sainte-Croix ) was built to contain the most valuable relic of the abbey, a piece of the True Cross. It is located a few hundred meters from the abbey church, outside the monastery walls, to provide the monks with greater separation from the crowds of pilgrims. It

3828-408: The top two floors, with their library, classrooms and archives. The building was largely demolished after the French Revolution for its building materials (see Chronology.) The painter Vincent van Gogh , who lived in nearby Arles , frequently painted and drew the Abbey and the landscape around it. In a letter to his brother in July 1888, he said he had been at Montmajour at least fifty times "to see

3894-541: The view over the plain." He wrote on July 5, 1888: "Yesterday, at sunset, I was on a stony heath, where very small, twisted oaks grow, in the background a ruin on the hill, and wheat fields in the valley. it was romantic, and couldn't be more so." A painting that van Gogh had done on July 4, 1888, Sunset at Montmajour , long considered a fake, was authenticated and placed on display in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam in September 2013. Saracens Saracen ( / ˈ s ær ə s ən / SARR -ə-sən )

3960-449: Was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta . The term's meaning evolved during its history of usage. During the Early Middle Ages , the term came to be associated with the tribes of Arabia . The oldest known source mentioning "Saracens" in relation to Islam dates back to

4026-417: Was also requested again by his successor Sicard , with the cities of Amalfi , Sorrento and Gaeta joining the Neapolitans: the Saracens behaved correctly towards the cities of Campania, helping them to defeat the Beneventans and signing peace and trade agreements. In exchange the Neapolitans helped the Saracens during the siege of Messina in 843 and maintained a complicit neutrality when Punta Licosa and

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4092-469: Was an island, 43 meters above the surrounding terrain, protected by marshes and accessible only by boat. As early as the 3rd millennium BC the island was used as a cemetery, with individual graves carved into the rock. In the 9th and 10th centuries the island also served as a sanctuary for the local residents during invasions of the Saracens and the Normans . During the Middle Ages, several legends arose about Montmajour and its founding. One legend said that

4158-494: Was built to the south of the church. It was meant to reinforce the walls of the first four bays of the church, but these bays were never built. It is rectangular, 27 meters long and 24 meters wide. In the center is a cistern which collected rainwater through pipes and channels from the roofs of the monastery buildings. The north gallery is the oldest part of the cloister. The traverse arches are supported by brackets decorated with carvings of real and mythological beasts, including

4224-463: Was commonly used in Western languages to refer to Muslims , and the terms "Muslim" and "Islam" were generally not used, with a few isolated exceptions. The term gradually became obsolete in favor of "Muslim" following the Age of Discovery . The Latin term Saraceni is of unknown original meaning. There are claims of it being derived from the Semitic triliteral root šrq "east" and šrkt "tribe, confederation". Another possible Semitic root

4290-422: Was dedicated on 20 April and is in the shape of a cross, with a vestibule on the north side, and four semicircular apses with semicircular domes around a square bay with a cloister vault. The vault is crowned by a perfect stone square, topped by triangular pediments and a small tower. The cornices and pediments are decorated with dentils. The building, with its dignity, simplicity, symmetry and perfect craftsmanship,

4356-399: Was not indigenous among the populations so described but was applied to them by Greco-Roman historians based on Greek place names. As the Middle Ages progressed, usage of the term in the Latin West changed, but its connotation remained associated with opponents of Christianity, and its exact definition is unclear. In an 8th-century polemical work, the Arab monk John of Damascus criticized

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