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46-620: The complex was built in 1755–1756 ( AJ 1682) for Hamengkubuwono I , the first Sultan of Yogyakarta . It was one of the monarch's first acts after the signing of the Treaty of Giyanti , which recognized the creation of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under the Dutch East India Company . A banyan forest, protected from flooding due to its location between two rivers, was chosen as the site for the palace. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led

92-413: A windu is often seen as a milestone and deserving a slametan ritual feast. The kurup is a period of 120 tahun , or lunar years. There are thus 1440 lunar months, or 15 windu in a kurup . One day is dropped from the last month of Besar having 30 days, resulting in the last windu of the kurup having one less day than usual. Thus, the total number of days in a kurup is 42,524 (2,835 days in

138-517: A windu x 15 windu - 1 day). This is the same number of days as in 120 lunar years of the Tabular Islamic Calendar. Each kurup is named for date of the wetonan cycle on which the kurup commences. As this always falls in the Alip (first) year of the windu , it is prefixed with Alip. The current kurup started on Tuesday, March 24 of 1936 CE, which corresponds to Muharram 01 of 1355 AH in

184-571: A 1,200-strong British and Irish force to attack the walled royal city of Yogyakarta. Although they outnumbered the British, the Javanese were unprepared for the attack. Yogyakarta fell in one day, and the palace was sacked and burnt. The attack was the first of its kind on a Javanese court, and the Sultanate briefly became subject to British authority before the British government returned control of Indonesia to

230-600: A horn to receive an offering, a man pointing a drawn sword at another, a woman holding agricultural produce, and a man holding a spear leading a bull. Additionally, Javanese consider these days' names to have a mystical relation to colors and cardinal direction : Most Markets no longer operate under this traditional Pasaran cycle, instead pragmatically remaining open every day of the Gregorian week. However many markets in Java still retain traditional names that indicated that once

276-593: A much larger area much as in bygone days. Javanese astrological belief dictates that an individual's characteristics and destiny are attributable to the combination of the Pasaran day and the "common" weekday of the Islamic calendar on that person's birthday. Javanese people find great interest in the astrological interpretations of this combination, called the Wetonan cycle. The seven-day-long week cycle ( dina pitu , "seven days")

322-420: A specific form. Furthermore, the vowel sound of the final syllable must match a specific pattern (note that this is different from syllable rime , as consonants that follow, if any, do not have to match). The pattern of the length of lines is known as guru wilangan , guru pètungan , or guru wichalan , while the pattern of vowels is known as dhongdhing or guru lagu . In the schemes below, the number represents

368-536: A wall with a regol in semar tinandu style. The palace door is made of thick teak. Behind (or in front of) a gate in Javanese architecture is usually an insulating wall ( Renteng or Baturono ), sometimes with a distinctive, traditional ornament. The wooden buildings of the complex have a traditional Javanese architectural style , decorated with flora, fauna, or nature motifs. Foreign influences ( Portuguese , Dutch , and Chinese ) are also seen. The buildings are of joglo construction. The trapezoidal joglo roof

414-461: A worthy successor of Pakubuwono II (founder of the Surakarta Sunanate ). The palace layout, which followed the basic design of the old city of Yogyakarta, was completed in 1755–1756; another building was added by a later Sultan of Yogyakarta. The complex consists of a courtyard covered with sand from the south coast, a main building, and a secondary building. The buildings are separated by

460-477: Is a palace. Keraton is the living quarters of the royal family. Tamarind and Spanish cherry trees line the road from Krapyak Hunting House to the palace, which runs from Tugu Yogyakarta to the palace. Tugu Yogyakarta (the Gilig golong monument), on the north side of the old city, symbolizes "unification between the king ( golong ) and the people ( gilig )" (Javanese: manunggaling kawulo gusti ). It also symbolizes

506-440: Is adapted from the use of months in the Islamic calendar. The names of the month are given below in Javanese and Arabic which can be used interchangeably: Length of the last month may be 29 or 30 days, depending on whether the year is normal or a leap year ( taun kabisat ). The cycle of months is sometimes considered metaphorically to represent the cycle of human life. The first nine months represent gestation before birth, while

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552-420: Is common in other calendar systems. The date indicates the change in the moon, and symbolizes the life of a human in the world. This process of revolving life is known as cakra manggilingan or heru cakra . On the first day of the month, when the moon is small, it is compared to a newborn baby. The 14th day, called Purnama Sidhi (full moon), represents a married adult. The next day, called Purnama , occurs as

598-636: Is derived from the Islamic calendar , adopted following the spread of Islam throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The names of the days of the week in Javanese are derived from their Arabic counterparts, namely: These two week systems occur concurrently; thus, a certain Friday may fall on a Kliwon day, and is consequently called Jumat Kliwon . This combination forms the Wetonan cycle. The Wetonan cycle superimposes

644-474: Is divided into twelve periods ( mangsa ) of unequal length. Its origin lies in agriculture practice in Java. The names of the first ten months are simply the ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 in Javanese language, although the names of the 11th and 12th months are unclear. The cycle begins near the June solstice , around the middle of the dry season in Java. In the 19th century, the solar month system or pranata mangsa

690-456: Is no longer distinguished.) These indications are ordinarily indicated with the form; for example, sekar ageng Bongsa patra , lampah 17, pedhotan 4,6,7. According to Padmasasustra, there are 44 types of sekar ageng used in Surakarta . A sekar ageng is sometimes used as a type of buka (song introduction) known as a bawa . It is sung solo, or may be supported by the gendér . Only the first line

736-423: Is still used in Java for special purposes. The calendar consists of concurrent weeks, and has a set of ten weeks, which have a duration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days. The first day of the year is considered the first day of all ten weeks. As 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4-, 8-, and 9-day weeks. For timekeeping, days are numbered within the lunar month ( wulan ) as

782-506: Is that the Weton for the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945 took place on Jumat Legi ; this is also the Weton for the birth and death of Sultan Agung , one of the greatest kings of Java and the inventor of the modern Javanese calendar. Therefore, Jumat Legi is considered an important night for pilgrimage. There are also taboos that relate to the cycle; for example,

828-469: Is used concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar . The Gregorian calendar is the official calendar of the Republic of Indonesia and civil society, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and the Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays . The Javanese calendar is used by the main ethnicities of Java island —that is,

874-554: Is used in the introduction, and the rest may follow in the actual gendhing . Martopangrawit believes that this began only in the late 19th century, at the time of Paku Buwana IX (r. 1861-93). Sekar madya (Low Javanese: Tembang tengahan ; "middle songs") are supposed to lie between the other two genres, but there is no agreement about which genres are considered sekar madya and which are tembang macapat (old orthography: machapat ). Both of these, in contrast to sekar ageng, use varying number of lines of varying length, but always in

920-400: Is usually covered with red or gray shingles, tiles, or zinc. It is supported by a central pillar ( soko guru ) and secondary pillars. Pillars are usually dark green or black, with yellow, llight green red or gold highlights. Other wooden building elements match the pillars in color. The stone pedestal ( Ompak ), the black color is combined with gold ornamentation. White dominates the walls of

966-480: The Javanese , Madurese , and Sundanese people —primarily as a cultural icon and identifier, and as a maintained tradition of antiquity. The Javanese calendar is used for cultural and spiritual purposes. The current system of the Javanese calendar was inaugurated by Sultan Agung of Mataram in the Gregorian year 1633 CE. Prior to this, the Javanese had used the Śaka calendar , which has its epoch in 78 CE and uses

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1012-588: The lunisolar cycle for calculating time. Sultan Agung's calendar retained the Saka calendar year system of counting, but differs by using the same lunar year measurement system as the Islamic calendar , rather than the solar year . Occasionally, the Javanese calendar is referred to by its Latin name Anno Javanico or AJ (Javanese Year). The Javanese calendar contains multiple, overlapping (but separate) measurements of times, called "cycles". These include: The Javanese calendar year of 1944 occurred entirely within

1058-523: The ngoko terms: tembang gedhé, tembang tengahan, and tembang macapat. All three types follow strict rules of poetic construction. These forms are highly influential in Javanese gamelan . The most sacred are the sekar ageng (Low Javanese: tembang gedhé ; "great songs"). These were traditionally held to be the most ancient of the forms, but Jaap Kunst believed that the indigenous forms represented an older tradition. The ancient forms of these, known as kakawin , use meters from Indian poetry , specifying

1104-514: The Dutch. Most of the current palace was built by Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII (who reigned from 1921 to 1939) and was rebuilt after earthquakes in 1876 and 2006. The palace's chief architect was Sultan Hamengkubuwono I , who founded the Yogyakarta Sultanate . His architectural expertise was appreciated by the Dutch scientist Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud and Lucien Adam , who considered him

1150-512: The Gregorian calendar). The tahun are lunar years, and of shorter length than Gregorian years. The names of the years in the cycle of windu are as follows (in krama/ngoko): The windu are then grouped into a cycle of four: The cycles of wulan , tahun , and windu are derived from the Saka calendar . Windu' are no longer used much in horoscopy, but there is evidence that it was previously used by court officials to predict trends. The passing of

1196-529: The Tabular Islamic Calendar, and will end on Sunday, August 25 of 2052 CE. As the wetonan date of that day was Selasa Pon, the kurup is named Alip Selasa Pon. The next kurup will commence on Monday, August 26 of 2052 CE, which corresponds to Muharram 01 of 1475 AH in the Tabular Islamic Calendar, and will end on Saturday, January 28 of 2169 CE, and will be named Alip Senin Pahing. Dina Mulya (ꦢꦶꦤꦩꦸꦭꦾ, literally "noble days") are celebrated by worshipping Gusti ,

1242-622: The appearance of Islam on Java. When Sultan Agung adopted the Islamic lunar calendar in 1633 CE, he did not adopt the Anno Hegirae to designate those years, but instead continued the count of the Shalivahana era, which was 1555 at the time. As a result, the Anno Javanico does not in effect count from any time. Eight tahun makes up a windu . A single windu lasts for 81 repetitions of the wetonan cycle, or 2,835 days (about 7 years 9 months in

1288-424: The building and the complex. The floor, usually white marble or patterned tiles, is higher than the sandy courtyard. Some buildings have a higher main floor. Other buildings have a square stone ( Selo Gilang ) for the sultan's throne. Each building is classified by use. The main-class building (used by the sultan) has more ornamentation than the lower-class buildings, which have little or no ornamentation. A kraton

1334-471: The civil calendar year of 2011. Such years occur once every 33 or 34 Javanese years (32 or 33 civil years). More are listed here: A Javanese year will be entirely within a Gregorian year of the same number in the year 4195, after which year the number of the Javanese year will always be greater than the number of the concurrent civil year. Days in the Javanese calendar, like the Islamic calendar, begin at sunset . Traditionally, Javanese people do not divide

1380-425: The civil year following the civil year in which the previous Javanese year began. Once every 33 or 34 Javanese years, or once every 32 or 33 civil years, the beginning of a Javanese year (1 Sura) coincides with one of the first ten days of January. Subsequent New Years move backwards through the civil year back to the beginning of January again, passing through each civil month from December to January. The solar year

1426-490: The creator of life and the universe. Practitioners of traditional Javanese spiritual teachings have preserved several noble days: Javanese poetry Javanese poetry ( poetry in the Javanese or especially the Kawi language ; Low Javanese: tembang ; High Javanese: sekar ) is traditionally recited in song form. The standard forms are divided into three types, sekar ageng , sekar madya , and sekar macapat , also common with

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1472-548: The day and night into hours , but rather into phases. The division of a day and night are: The native Javanese system groups days into a five-day week called Pasaran , unlike most calendars that uses a seven-day week. The name, pasaran , is derived from the root word pasar (" market "). Historically, but also still today, Javanese villagers gather communally at local markets to socially meet, engage in commerce, and buy and sell farm produce, cooked foods, home industry crafted items and so on. John Crawfurd (1820) suggested that

1518-463: The days, second in the list, are much less common. The origin of the names is unclear, and their etymology remains obscure. Possibly, the names may be derived from indigenous gods, like the European and Asian names for days of the week. An ancient Javanese manuscript illustrates the week with five human figures (shown at right below the day names): a man seizing a suppliant by the hair, a woman holding

1564-566: The final unity of the creator (Khalik) and his subjects. The Gate Donopratoro (gate to the Kedaton quarter) represents "a good person is someone who is generous and knows how to control his lust", and the two Dwarapala statues (Balabuta and Cinkarabala) represent good and evil. The palace's artifacts are believed to have the power to repulse evil. The palace hosts gamelan (music), Javanese dance , macapat (poetry), and wayang (shadow puppetry) performances. The Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat

1610-493: The five-day Pasaran cycle with the seven-day week cycle. Each Wetonan cycle lasts for 35 (7x5) days. An example of Wetonan cycle: From the example above, the Weton for Tuesday May 6, 2008 would be read as Selasa Wage . The Wetonan cycle is especially important for divinatory systems, important celebrations, and rites of passage. Commemorations and events are held on days considered to be auspicious. An especially prominent example, still widely taught in primary schools,

1656-488: The guru wilangan, while the letter is the guru lagu of the corresponding line. In addition to these formal structures, each of these forms has a specific mood. The typical use is indicated after the form for many of the structures below. Padmasoesastra listed 11 types of sekar madya forms used in Surakarta. Many of them, however, are no longer used. The ones in modern use are: Two meters were classified as macapat forms in

1702-407: The length of the weekly cycle is related to the number of fingers on the hand, and that itinerant merchants would rotate their visits to different villages according to a five-day "roster". The days of the cycle each have two names, as the Javanese language has distinct vocabulary associated with two different registers of politeness : ngoko (informal) and krama (formal). The krama names for

1748-436: The markets only operated on certain Pasaran days, such as Pasar Legi, or Pasar Kliwon. Some markets in small or medium size locations will be much busier on the Pasaran day than on the other days. On the market's name day itinerant sellers appear selling such things as livestock, plants and other products that are either less frequently purchased or are more expensive. This allows a smaller number of these merchants to service

1794-483: The months. In astrology , the pranata mangsa is used to predict personality traits in a similar manner to sun signs in Western astrology. It is not widely used anymore for divination , but some practitioners use it as well as the other cycles in their divination. The Solar months are : Each lunar year ( taun ) is divided into a series of twelve wulan/sasi or lunar months. Each consists of 29 or 30 days. This

1840-421: The moon begins to wane. The 20th day, Panglong , symbolizes the point at which people begin to lose their memory. The 25th day, Sumurup , represents the point at which the adult requires care like when they were young. The 26th day, Manjing , represents the return of the human to his or her origin. Because a Javanese lunar year is between 11 and 12 days shorter than a civil year, it begins 11–12 days earlier in

1886-470: The number of syllables in each line, their vowel length , and the location of caesurae . Exactly how this ancient form sounded when sung is hard to know, as the modern form has been influenced by gamelan structures. It may have resembled modern Indian or Balinese chant . The modern form of sekar ageng are always in stanzas of four lines, and the number of syllables in each ( lampah ) is fixed and divided into parts ( pedhotan ) by caesurae. (Vowel length

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1932-524: The past, but are now considered sekar madya: The common macapat forms are: As an example, consider the following Kinanthi verse, a stanza from the Serat Centhini : These forms are the basis of kidung poetry. The text for these songs is frequently used in works for the gamelan, frequently sung by the gerong . Indeed, many modern gendhing share common macapat texts, especially Kinanthi, fit into their individual melodic pattern. Sumarsam believes that

1978-540: The ritual dance bedhaya can only be performed on Kemis Kliwon . The coincidence of the Pasaran day with the common day on the day of birth is considered by Javanese to indicate the personal characteristics of that person, similar to the Western Zodiac and planetary positioning in Western astrology . Pawukon is a 210-day cycle in Javanese calendar, related to Hindu tradition. Though most associated with Bali , it

2024-462: The tenth month represents the human in the world, the eleventh the end of his or her existence, and the twelfth the return to where he or she came from. The cycle thus goes from one spark or conception ( rijal ) to another, traversing through the void ( suwung ). The Shalivahana era , which started in 78 CE and continues to be used on Bali, was used in Hindu times on Java, and for well over a century after

2070-460: Was much better known among Javanese than the civil or religious year. The cycle is clearly of Javanese origin, since the specific application to their climate does not match other territories in the Indonesian archipelago , as well as the usage of Javanese names for the months. Although the cycle matches the weather pattern well, it is still clearly somewhat arbitrary, as can be seen in the lengths of

2116-479: Was the second Pit Stop in The Amazing Race 19 . [REDACTED] Media related to Kraton of Yogyakarta at Wikimedia Commons 7°48′20″S 110°21′51″E  /  7.805689°S 110.36406°E  / -7.805689; 110.36406 Javanese calendar The Javanese calendar ( Javanese : ꦥꦤꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦗꦮ , romanized:  Pananggalan Jawa ) is the calendar of the Javanese people . It

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