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87-514: It was originally formed in 1923 as Sorokyne Raion . It was subordinate to Shakhty Okruha  [ uk ] of Donets Governorate of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . On August 12, 1927, it received the status of a national raion for ethnic Russians . At the time, it had a population of 13,216 people, of whom 80.5% were ethnic Russians. In 1930, it was assigned to Luhansk Okruha . From September 1930 to 1932, it

174-630: A Bolshevik delegate, who rejected calls for anarchy . By December 1919, the Makhnovshchina was struck by an outbreak of epidemic typhus , which incapacitated the Makhnovist forces, allowing the White movement to briefly recapture Katerynoslav and the Red Army to invade the region. By the end of January 1920, the territory of the Makhnovshchina had been overrun by the Red Army. The Cheka set about disarming

261-462: A campaign of " revolutionary terror " against them, assassinating one nationalist leader before being forced to the negotiating table by Nestor Makhno . The nationalists subsequently began planning a coup, threatening pogroms against the local Jewish community in order to bring them on side. On the night of 15–16 April, the Ukrainian nationalists carried out the coup, launching a surprise attack against

348-491: A middle-peasant class known as the kulaks , many of whom were Black Sea Germans . The region's poor peasants attempted to resist Pyotr Stolypin 's agrarian reforms , which threatened to break up their traditional communes , but by the 20th century the region had been thoroughly integrated into the grain market and came to export nearly half of its wheat each year. As the price of land was raised in order to prevent poor peasants from buying it, they became actively hostile to

435-602: A network of trade unions , factory committees , peasant committees and popular assemblies . The assemblies were used by the local citizens as a form of referendums , where decisions were made through direct democracy , and became the basis for civil law . The vast majority of the Makhnovshchina's decisions were made independently, through a system of local self-governance at the village and district level. Networks of " free soviets " acted as institutions of participatory democracy , where issues would be discussed and dealt with directly. The free soviets were conceived of as

522-617: A number of large industrial cities, despite being a predominantly peasant movement. The Makhnovist control over the region was brought to an end when the Red Army invaded Ukraine in January 1920, initiating the Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict . The Makhnovists waged a guerrilla war against the forces of the Red Terror and war communism , supported in large part by their peasant base. Although

609-562: A peace was briefly secured by the two factions with the Starobilsk agreement (in order to combat the remnants of the White movement), the Makhnovists were again attacked by the Red Army and eventually defeated by August 1921. Leading Makhnovists were either driven into exile, defeated or captured and killed by the Red Army. The term "Makhnovshchina" ( Ukrainian : Махновщина , romanized :  Makhnovshchyna ) can be loosely translated as

696-615: A result of the Ukrainian workers' self-determination . Around this time, the Bolsheviks finally broke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and ordered the Red Army to invade Ukraine , with Christian Rakovsky proclaiming the establishment of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in Kharkiv . As the Makhnovshchina had found itself surrounded by the Ukrainian People's Republic and South Russia ,

783-505: A series of strike actions by sympathetic industrial workers. On 7 November 1917, the Central Council declared the autonomy of Ukraine , which brought Katerynoslav back within its borders. Although the Central Council safely controlled right-bank , its new territorial claims in the left-bank were met with indifference from the more ethnically mixed population. By December 1917, Eastern Ukraine had come under Soviet influence, with

870-423: A series of military defeats and the dwindling of insurgent forces. On 28 August 1921, Nestor Makhno 's forces fled to Romania , leaving the country entirely under control of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . The political system established by the Makhnovshchina was variously described as a " people's commune " or an " anarchist republic ", one based on the theories of anarcho-communism and built on

957-606: A series of robberies, carried out by a group of young anarchist-communists known as the Union of Poor Peasants . The group was eventually caught and its leading members arrested, with many of them being sentenced to the death penalty or life imprisonment . In the wake of the February Revolution , Ukrainian intellectuals around Mykhailo Hrushevsky established the Central Council of Ukraine , which initially sought freedom of

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1044-478: The Bolsheviks seized power under the slogan of " all power to the soviets ", the Ukrainian anarchists initially supported it, while remaining critical of political and economic centralisation . As the Makhnovists desired to bring the region under Soviet power, they declared themselves against the new Ukrainian nation state , establishing armed detachments to combat both the forces of the Ukrainian People's Army and

1131-579: The Directorate or the Bolsheviks , but the largest portion followed either socialist revolutionary Nykyfor Hryhoriv or the anarchist flag of Makhno. On 30 September, insurgent detachments led by Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus linked up at Dibrivka  [ uk ] and defeated the occupation forces in battle . When the November Revolution brought World War I to an end, the occupation finally began to melt away. In right-bank Ukraine ,

1218-516: The Don Cossacks . An anarchist detachment led by Savelii Makhno aided in the capture of Oleksandrivsk and the reestablishment of Soviet power in the city. By January 1918, Southern Ukraine had largely come under the control of the Soviet Republic, which established revolutionary committees as its local organs of power. In Huliaipole, the local revolutionary committee included members of

1305-615: The February Revolution , but were suspended with the outbreak of the Ukrainian War of Independence , when the territory fell under the sequential control of the Ukrainian State , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and South Russia . Following the defeat of the White movement in October 1919 and the subsequent extension of the Makhnovshchina throughout the area, freedom of speech , freedom of

1392-698: The First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets establishing the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets in Kharkiv . Unable to reconcile their differences, a civil war soon broke out between the forces of the People's Republic and the new Soviet Republic . Before the outbreak of the October Revolution , the Makhnovists had already established "soviet power" in Katerynoslav, implementing initiatives of workers' control and self-management . So when

1479-780: The Imperial German Army to invade Ukraine and oust the Soviets from power. The Red Guards were unable to halt the imperial advance, which within a month forced the Bolsheviks to negotiate their own peace treaty with the Central Powers, ceding control of Ukraine to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . When the Ukrainian nationalists in Huliaipole began threatening anarchists with reprisals, local anarcho-syndicalists initiated

1566-594: The Red Army . The Military Revolutionary Council (VRS) acted as the executive in the interim between sittings of the Regional Congresses. Its powers covered both military and civil matters in the region, although it was also subject to instant recall at the will of the Regional Congress and its activities were limited to those explicitly outlined by the Congresses themselves. At each Regional Congress,

1653-450: The Red Terror . The Bolshevik government implemented war communism in Ukraine, introducing a strict system of rationing and food requisitioning , which confiscated agricultural produce and livestock from the peasantry, and even forbade them from fishing, hunting or collecting lumber. The attacks against the Ukrainian peasantry were justified under the policy of Dekulakization , despite

1740-493: The Sea of Azov . This then being the territory the Makhnovists would go on to expand within. The end of the imperial occupation and the fall of the Ukrainian State allowed the Makhnovshchina to shift its emphasis from military campaigns towards political concerns, transforming the movement "from a destructive peasant uprising to a social revolutionary movement ". In order to restart the construction of an anarchist-communist society,

1827-638: The Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries , alongside the anarchists. The rapid capture of territory by the Soviet Republic culminated on 8 February 1918, when the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv was captured by Mikhail Muravyov 's Red Guards . Just one day after the fall of Kyiv, the Central Council of Ukraine signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers , which invited

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1914-500: The Ukrainian State . Under the rule of Pavlo Skoropadskyi , the new regime began returning land to the nobility and requisitioning grain from the peasantry, which fomented popular discontent that ignited the Ukrainian War of Independence . At a conference in Taganrog , anarchist insurgents regrouped and agreed to return to Huliaipole in July 1918, in order to carry out an insurrection against

2001-496: The Ukrainian language . Due in part to the diversity of the region's peasantry, the local Jewish population faced relatively little antisemitism , in comparison to the Jewish communities living in right-bank Ukraine . It was young Jews that eventually formed the nucleus of the nascent Ukrainian anarchist movement , which became a leading force during the 1905 Revolution in Ukraine. The town of Huliaipole saw strike actions and

2088-481: The concentration of land ownership by the pomeshchiks and kulaks . Supported by their local governments , peasants resolved to found their own agricultural cooperatives and began trading their grain in a system of market socialism . This eventually led to the development of an agricultural industry in Katerynoslav, which produced almost a quarter of the Russian Empire's agricultural machinery and developed

2175-592: The workers' uprising in Petrograd , while the Oleksandrivsk Soviet still supported the Provisional Government . The nascent Makhnovist movement undertook the seizure of land from the pomeshchiks and kulaks in Huliaipole and redistributed it to the peasantry, aiming to abolish the concentration of land ownership . By the summer of 1917, the town's peasants had stopped paying rent and had brought

2262-466: The " Priazov - Donets Republic" or a "libertarian republic of Makhnovia". What became the territory of the Makhnovshchina was centered in the region of Zaporizhzhia , which had previously been inhabited by Cossacks before its conquest by the Russian Empire . Rechristened as the province of Katerynoslav , land largely came to be used for agriculture, leading to the rise of a landed nobility and

2349-508: The "Makhno movement", referring to the mass movement of social revolutionaries that supported the anarchist Nestor Makhno and his Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RIAU). The area controlled by the RIAU also came to be known as "Makhnovia" ( Ukrainian : Махновія ; Russian : Махновия ), a term used primarily in Soviet historiography . This "Makhnovist territory" or "Makhnovist region"

2436-486: The Bolsheviks turned against the Makhnovshchina on 26 November 1920. Many prominent Ukrainian anarchists were arrested and shot, while the Makhnovist capital of Huliaipole was itself captured by the Red Army. The Cheka also intensified the Red Terror in Ukraine, ordering the Southern Front to search and disarm peasants, and to shoot any that resisted. They also purged the district of any suspected Makhnovists, arresting

2523-712: The Insurgent Army retreated into right-bank Ukraine then moved on north, passing through Poltava , Chernihiv and Belgorod , before returning to Katerynoslav in February 1921. Once again on their home turf, they aimed to spread the Makhnovshchina to new territories and to establish reliable insurgent bases throughout Ukraine. However, the Bolshevik government's implementation of the New Economic Policy resulted in many Ukrainian peasants losing their will to fight, leading to

2610-637: The Makhnovist line in the battle for the Donbas eventually fell to the advancing White movement in June 1919. The Makhnovists were subsequently driven into a retreat to Kherson , where they reorganised their military and led a successful counteroffensive against the Whites at the Battle of Peregonovka . With the White advance defeated, the Makhnovists came to control most of southern and eastern Ukraine in late 1919, even taking over

2697-454: The Makhnovists convened a Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents , which would act as the supreme authority of the Makhnovshchina. The Congress declared its intention to create "a society without ruling landowners, without subordinate slaves, without rich or poor", and called on workers and peasants to begin building this society themselves, "without tyrannical decrees and orders, and in defiance of tyrants and oppressors throughout

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2784-418: The Makhnovists resolved to form an alliance with the Bolsheviks in order to maintain "soviet power" in the region, although they explicitly ruled out a political alliance and held that their pact was an exclusively military endeavor. Now integrated into the Red Army, the Makhnovists secured and expanded their territory with the capture of Orikhiv , Polohy , Bakhmut , Berdiansk and Volnovakha . However,

2871-406: The Makhnovshchina came to control much of Katerynoslav province and set about constructing anarchist-communist institutions. A Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents was convened to organise the region politically and economically, with a Military Revolutionary Council being established as the movement's de facto executive organ . Surrounded on all sides by different enemies,

2958-515: The Makhnovshchina had been pushed back as far as Uman , the last stronghold of the Ukrainian People's Republic . In order for their wounded to be tended to, the Makhnovists formed a temporary alliance with the Directorate , before turning back around and leading an attack against the General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia . After the Battle of Peregonovka , the tide turned against

3045-501: The Makhnovshchina, allowing them to establish institutions of workers' self-management and self-government in south-eastern Ukraine, under a federative agreement with the Ukrainian SSR. But this clause was disputed by the Bolshevik delegation, who feared this would limit their access to the Ukrainian rail network and turn the Makhnovshchina into a "magnet for all dissidents and refugees from Bolshevik-held territory." The issue

3132-626: The Makhnovshchina, killing a number of the Makhnovist general staff and forcing the insurgents to flee, which began a period of guerrilla warfare in the region. By June 1919, the autonomy of the Makhnovshchina had been suppressed by the successive Red Terror and White Terror . It was at this time that the White movement broke through the Soviet lines in Donbas , with the Kuban Cossacks under Andrei Shkuro leading an attack against Huliaipole, capturing

3219-424: The Makhnovshchina. Composed largely of peasant partisans and generally supported by the wider peasantry, the RIAU was able to capture large amounts of territory throughout southern Ukraine . Within this area, the RIAU's Draft Declaration stated that its aim was to "serve and protect" the social revolution in Ukraine, but also that it would not impose its own ideals upon the Ukrainian people. Nominally overseen by

3306-534: The Nabat having moved its headquarters to Huliaipole, anarchist newspapers such as The Road to Freedom and the Makhnovist Voice quickly began circulating throughout the Makhnovist territory, widely publicizing anarchist ideas. The arrival of these "urban anarchist newcomers" accelerated the development of the Makhnovshchina's anarcho-communist character, which aimed to completely restructure Ukrainian society along

3393-513: The Polish anarchist Casimir Teslar, the scars of war ran deep throughout the region. He reported seeing abandoned trenches, demolished houses and a strong presence of insurgent detachments, detailing that even the local children were playing wargames based on recent events. After Semen Karetnyk 's detachment assisted in the siege of Perekop , which had forced the Army of Wrangel to evacuate from Crimea ,

3480-588: The Provisional Government's consent. On 8 October [ O.S. 25 September], the Huliaipole Congress of Soviets announced that it would be confiscating all land owned by the nobility and bringing it under common ownership , leading many landlords to flee the region. Attempts to bring the region back under the control of the Provisional Government met with resistance, both from the armed anarchist detachments led by Maria Nikiforova and from

3567-544: The Russian Minister of Agriculture , attempted to implement a comprehensive package of land reform in the province, but his efforts were blocked by the Provisional Government. However, the Kornilov affair had resulted in the Provisional Government losing its control over Katerynoslav and the Makhnovists becoming the dominant force in the region. They subsequently resolved to implement land reform directly, without waiting for

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3654-473: The State in the place of the former big landowner." The implementation of war communism thus resulted in a resurgence of peasant revolts. Before the fall of 1920, over 1,000 Bolshevik victualers had been killed by the Ukrainian peasantry. The Makhnovists themselves began to wage a campaign of guerrilla warfare against the Bolsheviks, launching a series of attacks against small Red detachments and infrastructure. In

3741-721: The Ukrainian State was overthrown by the Directorate and the Ukrainian People's Republic was reestablished, while the region of Pryazovia quickly fell under the control of the Makhnovshchina. On 27 November, the Makhnovshchina's capital of Huliaipole was definitively retaken by the insurgents, who reestablished the local Soviet and reorganized the town's trade unions . Before long the territory without official authority had expanded as far west as Katerynoslav , as far north as Pavlohrad , as far east as Yuzivka and as far south as

3828-459: The VRS was to provide detailed reports of its activities and subjected itself to reorganization. When it came to the decisions of local soviets and assemblies , the VRS presented itself as a solely advisory board , with no power over the local bodies of self-government. The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RIAU), commanded by Bat'ko Nestor Makhno , constituted the principal armed force of

3915-433: The Whites as the Makhnovists pushed them back into Katerynoslav , which was brought back under the control of the Makhnovshchina on 11 November 1919. The Makhnovist advance brought with it a second period of reconstruction, during which a system of libertarian socialism was once again implemented throughout the territory of the Makhnovshchina, with all enterprises being directly transferred to workers' control . Wherever

4002-485: The anarchist "free battalion" and disarming them, before arresting leading anarcho-communists. The following day, a demonstration managed to secure the release of the arrested anarchists but were unable to organize any armed defense of the town, which was soon occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Army . Before the end of the month, the Ukrainian People's Republic was overthrown by the Central Powers and replaced with

4089-492: The anarchist movement ceased; anarchists were to be extended a number of civil liberties including freedom of speech , freedom of the press and freedom of association , excluding any anti-Soviet agitation ; and anarchists were to be allowed to freely participate in elections to the Soviets and the upcoming Fifth All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets . A fourth clause of the political pact would have extended full autonomy to

4176-494: The anarchist movement in Huliaipole established a peasants' union, seized control of the town from the local provisional government and established a Soviet in its place, laying the foundations for the implementation of anarcho-communism . According to Michael Malet, Huliaipole "was moving leftwards at a faster pace than elsewhere", with the town successfully organizing a May Day demonstration and even declaring its support for

4263-471: The areas captured by the Bolsheviks, with residents of Katerynoslav reporting arbitrary political persecution and increased economic hardship. Regiments of the Red Army even began to commit robberies against the local population and carried out a number of antisemitic pogroms , as part of a rising wave of violence against Ukrainian Jews that was perpetrated by the Reds, Whites and nationalists alike. In comparison to

4350-536: The areas which they captured, they abolished war communism and redistributed requisitioned food back to the peasantry, forcing many Bolsheviks in the area back underground. Following a successful White offensive into Northern Taurida , the Makhnovists and Bolsheviks once again formed an alliance. The conditions of the Political Agreement between the two parties stated that: all anarchist political prisoners were to be released and political repression against

4437-410: The basic form of organization in the Makhnovshchina. These soviets acted independently from any Central Authority , excluding all political parties from participation, and met to self-manage the activities of workers and peasants through participatory democracy . The soviets acted as the local organs of self-governance and federated together up to the regional and national levels, resulting in

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4524-529: The chair of the congress, proposed that they adopt the anarchist thesis of establishing "free soviets", outside of political party control, throughout the Makhnovist territory. This proposal was objected to by 11 delegates from the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party , who still desired the reestablishment of the Constituent Assembly and walked out of the congress. Further objections were made by

4611-494: The civilian VRS, the RIAU played a purely military role, with Makhno himself functioning as little more than a military strategist and advisor. According to the Soviet historian Mikhail Kubanin  [ ru ] , "neither the overall command of the army nor Makhno himself truly ran the movement; they merely reflected the aspirations of the mass, acting as its ideological and technical agents." Civil liberties were first introduced to southern and eastern Ukraine following

4698-455: The entire revolutionary committee in Polohy and executing a number of its members for allegedly collaborating with the Makhnovists during the Ukrainian War of Independence in 1918. In the place of the liquidated free soviets , the Bolsheviks established committees of Poor Peasants to take over local administration of Ukrainian villages. Hoping to keep the Makhnovshchina safe from reprisals,

4785-455: The fact that, by this point in time, only 0.5% of the peasantry owned more than 10 hectares of land. The sovkhozes also collapsed, with the number of state-owned farms halving and their land area reducing to a third, over the course of 1920. Even the Soviet historian Mikhail Kubanin  [ ru ] noted that to most of the Ukrainian peasantry: "the Soviet economy was a new and abhorrent form of rule [...] which in reality had merely set

4872-492: The gubernatorial seat was relocated from Luhansk to Bakhmut (which in 1924 was renamed Artemivsk). Following the retreat of White Guards from the region, Donets Governorate was visited by Leon Trotsky who on 19 November 1920 wrote to Lenin , Situation in Donbas is extremely difficult. Workers are starving, there is a lack of clothes. Despite the revolutionary Soviet mood, strikes erupt here and there. You have to be surprised that workers are working at all. To fight famine in

4959-644: The guberniya was dissolved in summer of 1919 and its territory was part of the South Russia , the Russian White South. With the defeat of the Denikin's armies, the governorate was under special jurisdiction of Donets Gubernatorial Executive Committee, while revival of local economy was conducted by the Ukrainian Industrial Bureau. On 15 March 1920 new administrative border contours were confirmed by

5046-566: The head of Ukrainian Soviet Labour Army, Iosif Stalin . On 23 March 1920 recreation of the region was confirmed by the Sovnarkom (Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR). In April 1920 the Donets Governorate was reestablished from the eastern portions of Yekaterinoslav and Kharkov Governorates as well as territories of the liquidated Don Republic . After defeat of Denikin, in

5133-409: The implementation of Bolshevik rule in Ukraine was soon followed by repression . As the Bolsheviks favored the proletariat over the peasantry , on 13 April, the Ukrainian Soviet government implemented food requisitioning in order to supply its urban centers, shooting any peasants that resisted, which caused a resurgence of peasant revolts in Ukraine. The Cheka also carried out its Red Terror in

5220-464: The insurgents captured, the locals were invited to elect their own trade union delegates and Soviets , which would then convoke a regional congress that would form the decision-making body for the region. Regional workers' conferences were subsequently held in Oleksandrivsk between 27 October and 2 November, bringing together 180 peasant delegates, 20 worker delegates and 100 delegates from left-wing political organizations and insurgent units. Volin ,

5307-444: The land largely under the control of a land trust , which prevented landlords from selling off livestock or farming equipment. In August 1917, the Ukrainian Central Council and Russian Provisional Government reached an agreement on the position of the Russia–Ukraine border , which placed Katerynoslav within the territory of the Russian Republic , a decision which was rejected by the province's anarchist movement. Viktor Chernov ,

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5394-444: The lines of " free soviets ". These soviets, independent of all political parties, began to be set up by industrial workers, with some even receiving financing from the Makhnovists in order to make up for lost wages, which hadn't been paid due to the conditions of war. The end goal of the free soviet system was to eventually convene an "all-Ukrainian labour congress", which would become the new central organ of an independent Ukraine, as

5481-509: The local populace, taking villagers hostage while their troops set about searching homes, killing the hostages if they found any unreported weaponry. Petro Grigorenko would later state that "there was no end of bloodshed", drawing attention to reports of one massacre in the Makhnovist town of Novospasivka , where the Cheka had "shot down one in every two able-bodied men". In what Alexandre Skirda described as an act of "outright genocide", an estimated 200,000 Ukrainian peasants were killed during

5568-471: The most cultured centres of Novorossiya ." The VRS also instituted adult educational programs and extended a number of civil liberties to the population, including freedom of speech , press and association , even allowing the Bolsheviks to agitate amongst the local populace. During this period, the peasants of the Makhnovshchina implemented a system of common ownership where "land belongs to no one, and only those who work it may use it." The largest of

5655-558: The newly created South-Eastern Oblast of the Russian SFSR . In return, the Ukrainian SSR insignificant territorial gains in area of Sloboda Ukraine near Grayvoron , Putyvl , and Belgorod . On 14 February 1925, it was abolished. Created in 1919 as a temporary governorate, originally consisted of two counties of Yekaterinoslav Governorate Makhnovshchina Civilian leaders Military organisations Political organisations The Makhnovshchina ( Ukrainian : Махновщина , romanized :  Makhnovshchyna )

5742-419: The occupation forces. By the time they returned to Ukraine, the country was already in revolt against the Ukrainian State, with hundreds of thousands participating in armed uprisings and rail strikes, even in the face of harsh reprisals by the occupation forces. Peasant bands under various self-appointed otamans now attacked the occupation forces and eventually came to dominate the countryside; some defected to

5829-469: The peasant communes was one named after the Polish communist Rosa Luxemburg , which, in May 1919, counted 285 members and 125 hectares of land. While in the Ukrainian Soviet capital of Kharkiv , the insurgent commander Viktor Bilash met with the Nabat and requested they begin producing anarchist propaganda for the Makhnovshchina, securing the passage of numerous Russian anarchist intellectuals to Ukraine, including Peter Arshinov and Aron Baron . With

5916-414: The political system of the Makhnovshchina. They brought together delegates from the region's peasantry, industrial workers and insurgent soldiers, which would discuss the issues at hand and take their decisions back with them to local popular assemblies . Four Congresses were held over the course of 1919, while one was banned by the Bolsheviks and another was unable to convene due to renewed conflict with

6003-464: The press and education in the Ukrainian language , and eventually declared the autonomy of the Ukrainian People's Republic . In concert with the emergence of the movement for Ukrainian nationalism , largely made up of social democrats and socialist revolutionaries , the Ukrainian anarchist movement also began to experience a revival, catalyzed by the return of Nestor Makhno from his imprisonment in Moscow . With Makhno as its leading figure,

6090-480: The raion - under the name "Krasnodon Raion" - as an administrative unit after that point, and following the 2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine , Russia has done the same. As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001 : This article about a location in Luhansk Oblast is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Donets Governorate Donets Governorate ( Ukrainian : Донецька губернія , romanized :  Donetska huberniia )

6177-458: The region were formed Bolshevik "ChON" detachments (special purpose detachments) of local Communist and Komsomol activists who fought against their former allied Makhno formations (so called "local banditry"). The struggle against so called " Makhnovshchina " continued until 1922. In the fall of 1920, White guards armies of Pyotr Wrangel were conducting some military operations against the Workers and Peasants Red Army (RKKA). During this period

6264-574: The region's settlements into small industrial centers. The development of industry brought together the peasantry and proletariat for the first time, with peasants often moving to centers of industry to become wage-earners and then back to their villages during times of industrial crisis. This also caused the region to become quite ethnically diverse, with Ukrainians , Russians , Germans , Jews and Greeks all settled alongside each other. The region's common language soon became Russian and eventually, much of its Ukrainian population stopped speaking

6351-672: The region, a big help was received from such international organizations like the American Relief Administration , the Fridtjof Nansen 's mission of the International Red Cross , and the Workers International Relief . Despite protests from the local gubernatorial administration, in February 1924 a big portion of the region's south including such cities like Taganrog and Shakhty was passed on to

6438-441: The relatively horizontal organization of the soviets. However, the conditions of the war meant that the Soviet model could only be implemented at scale during "periods of relative peace and territorial stability", as the populace was largely concerned with securing food or staying safe from the advancing armies. The Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents represented the "highest form of democratic authority" within

6525-431: The surrounding states, the Makhnovshchina "represented a relatively peaceful model", given the ethnically diverse makeup of the Makhnovists, who severely punished acts of antisemitism. The Bolsheviks' implementation of bureaucratic collectivism and their authoritarianism brought them into opposition with the Makhnovshchina, which still upheld soviet democracy and libertarian socialism . In May 1919, tensions between

6612-619: The territory of the Makhnovshchina. But tensions between the two parties only increased with time, eventually resulting in the Makhnovists completely breaking from their Bolshevik commanders. When the Military Revolutionary Council called an extraordinary Regional Congress, it was considered to be an act of treason by the Bolshevik government, which ordered the Congress be prohibited and that any of its participants be executed by firing squad . The Bolsheviks subsequently attacked

6699-404: The town from the Makhnovists. As the Red Army had also declared war against the Makhnovshchina, labelling Huliaipole as a "paradise on earth for cowards and good-for-nothings," the local insurgents were left without Bolshevik support and many peasants were forced to defend the town themselves, armed only with farming tools and a few rifles. The Cossacks massacred the peasant rebels and raped 800 of

6786-419: The town's women, before restoring the property rights of the former landowners, causing a mass exodus of the town's peasantry. The Makhnovists fled to right-bank Ukraine and linked up with Nykyfor Hryhoriv 's green army . But after revelations of the otaman having committed antisemitic pogroms, the Makhnovists assassinated Hryhoriv and began rebuilding their forces to take on the Whites. By September 1919,

6873-412: The two were exacerbated when Nykyfor Hryhoriv led an anti-Bolshevik uprising in right-bank Ukraine , during which his green army carried out a series of antisemitic pogroms and anti-communist purges. The Makhnovists decided to take up arms against Hryhoriv and maintain their alliance with the Bolsheviks, hoping that talks between the two parties would result in the official extension of autonomy to

6960-574: The wake of the February Revolution , when it established a number of agricultural communes in Makhno's home town of Huliaipole . After siding with the Bolsheviks during the Ukrainian–Soviet War , the Makhnovists were driven underground by the Austro-German invasion and waged guerrilla warfare against the Central Powers throughout 1918. After the insurgent victory at the Battle of Dibrivka ,

7047-456: The world." Under the direction of the democratically elected Military Revolutionary Council (VRS), the Makhnovshchina began to establish a new system of education, redistributed land and set up a number of agricultural cooperatives . The Ukrainian Soviet Army commander Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko reported that the Makhnovists had established a number of schools, hospitals and "children's communes", which had transformed Huliaipole into "one of

7134-571: Was a governorate of the Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine) that existed between 1919 and 1925. The governorate was originally created on 5 February 1919 on orders of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Kliment Voroshylov and the same day confirmed by the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine. It was created on eastern territories of Yekaterinoslav Governorate including counties of Bakhmut and Slovianoserbsk . Due to invasion of Anton Denikin troops

7221-499: Was a mass movement to establish anarchist communism in southern and eastern Ukraine during the Ukrainian War of Independence of 1917–1921. Named after Nestor Makhno , the commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine , its aim was to create a system of free soviets that would manage the transition towards a stateless and classless society . The Makhnovist movement first gained ground in

7308-433: Was alternatively referred to as a "liberated zone", "liberated region", "liberated area", or "autonomous area". In June 1919, the Bolsheviks began to refer to the Makhnovist territory as the "independent anarchist republic of Huliaipole", in calls for the Makhnovshchina's abolition. According to Bolshevik sources, that month's Planned Fourth Regional Congress intended to assert the region's independence and establish

7395-527: Was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, but in 2015, Ukraine officially merged it into the raion. In 2016, the Verkhovna Rada renamed Krasnodon Raion to Sorokyne Raion , implementing the law prohibiting names of Communist origin. Sorokyne Raion was abolished by Ukraine on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Luhansk Oblast to eight. The LPR continued using

7482-578: Was postponed indefinitely. But now that Ukrainian anarchists were once again free to operate, they quickly pushed the Russian Army out of Huliaipole and Makhnovshchina control was once again reestablished. Having once again regained control of their home territory, the Makhnovists drew up a program to reorganize the economy and society along anarchist lines. By mid-November, the free soviets were being reconstituted, libertarian schools were established and theater shows were put on daily. According to

7569-464: Was subordinated directly to the republic. In 1932, it was assigned to Donetsk Oblast . By this time, it was still considered a national raion. In June 1938, it was transferred to Voroshylovhrad Oblast (later renamed Luhansk Oblast ). At some point, it was renamed Krasnodon Raion. Since 2014, Krasnodon Raion has been controlled by forces of the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). Initially, Krasnodon

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