Philosophers
80-574: Chorzów ( / ˈ x ɒ ʒ uː f / KHOZH -oof ; Polish: [ˈxɔʐuf] ; German: Königshütte [ˈkøːnɪçsˌhʏtə] ; Silesian : Chorzōw ) is a city in the Silesia region of southern Poland , near Katowice . Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Metropolis GZM – a metropolis with a population of 2 million. It is located in the Silesian Highlands , on
160-408: A literary standard which he called the "Lachian language". Silesian inhabitants supporting the cause of each of these ethnic groups had their own robust network of supporters across Silesia's political borders which shifted over the course of the 20th century prior to the large-scale ethnic cleansing in the aftermath of World War II . In 2011, Tomasz Kamusella and pl:Andrzej Roczniok published
240-611: A regional language . The first official National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language ( Ogólnopolskie Dyktando Języka Śląskiego ) took place in August 2007. In dictation as many as 10 forms of writing systems and orthography have been accepted. On 30 January 2008 and in June 2008, two organizations promoting Silesian language were established: Pro Loquela Silesiana and Tôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy "Danga" . On 26 May 2008,
320-651: A steel mill , rail mill and workshops. In the vicinity of the Royal Coal Mine, Countess Laura Coal Mine was opened in 1870, and by 1913–1914 coal production increased to 1 million tons a year. In 1898, a thermal power plant was commissioned which was, until the 1930s, the biggest electricity producer in Poland with a power of 100 MW (electrical). Today, it operates as "ELCHO" . In 1915, nitrogen chemical works (Oberschlesische Stickstoffwerke) were built nearby to produce fertilizers and explosives by newly invented processes: from
400-401: A Silesian-language article on the standardization of the Silesian language. Some linguists from Poland, such as Jolanta Tambor, Juan Lajo, Tomasz Wicherkiewicz , philosopher Jerzy Dadaczyński, sociologist Elżbieta Anna Sekuła, and sociolinguist Tomasz Kamusella , support its status as a language. According to Stanisław Rospond, it is impossible to classify Silesian as a dialect of
480-570: A dialect of Polish, as does Encyclopædia Britannica . On the question of whether Silesian is a separate Slavic language, Gerd Hentschel wrote that "Silesian ... can thus ... without doubt be described as a dialect of Polish" (" Das Schlesische ... kann somit ... ohne Zweifel als Dialekt des Polnischen beschrieben werden "). In Czechia, disagreement exists concerning the Lach dialects which rose to prominence thanks to Óndra Łysohorsky and his translator Ewald Osers . While some have considered it
560-591: A division of Huta Piłsudski was separated into a company making rail cars, trams and bridges; today it operates as Alstom -Konstal. The State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds (Państwowa Fabryka Związków Azotowych) was in 1933 merged with a similar company (largely its copy) in Tarnów -Mościce. On the day of the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Chorzów was taken by Nazi Germany . Polish irregulars, mainly Silesian uprising veterans and scouts , put up resistance to
640-608: A document of 1136 by Pope Innocent II as a village with peasants, silver miners, and two inns. Another place-name likely indicating Chorzów is Coccham or Coccha, which is mentioned in a document of 1198 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem , who awarded this place to the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem . Chorzów is then mentioned as Chareu or Charev in 1257 and then Charzow in 1292. The last name may originate from
720-476: A free noble or a ministerialis , but either way, he administered the castle as a vassal . A ministerialis , was wholly subordinate to a lord and was under his control. Ministeriales replaced free nobles as castellans of Hohensalzburg under Conrad I of Abensberg ’s tenure as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1106 to 1147, beginning with Henry of Seekirchen in the 1130s. In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
800-967: A language of prayers. The Lord's Prayer in Silesian, Polish, Czech, and English: Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie, bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje. Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje, bydź wola Twoja, jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi. Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk. A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy, jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm. A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy, nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo. Amyn. Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, święć się imię Twoje, przyjdź królestwo Twoje, bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. I odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw od złego. Amen. Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích, posvěť se jméno Tvé Přijď království Tvé. Buď vůle Tvá, jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes A odpusť nám naše viny, jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům
880-474: A neuveď nás v pokušení, ale zbav nás od zlého. Amen. Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. Silesian has many dialects: Opinions are divided among linguists regarding whether Silesian
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#1733085816095960-547: A prison was operated in the city (see Intelligenzaktion ). Local Polish teachers were among Poles murdered in 1939 in Chorzów and Strzybnica (present-day district of Tarnowskie Góry ), and later in the Dachau concentration camp . There were several forced labour camps in Chorzów, including one Polenlager solely for Poles, two camps solely for Jews , the E246, E594 and E725 subcamps of
1040-554: A separate language, most now view Lach as a dialect of Czech. There have been a number of attempts at codifying the language spoken by Slavophones in Silesia. Probably the most well-known was undertaken by Óndra Łysohorsky when codifying the Lachian dialects in creating the Lachian literary language in the early 20th century. Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek is the relatively new alphabet created by
1120-502: A separate regional language, distinct from Polish. According to the official data from the 2021 Polish census , about 500 thousand people consider Silesian as their native language . Internationally, Silesian has been fully recognized as a language since 2007, when it was accorded the ISO 639-3 registration code szl . Several efforts have been made to gain recognition for Silesian as an official regional language in Poland. In April 2024,
1200-528: Is twinned with: Silesian language Silesian , occasionally called Upper Silesian , is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia . Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by Central German due to the existence of numerous Silesian German speakers in the area prior to World War II and after. The first mentions of Silesian as a distinct lect date back to
1280-527: Is 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). The annual precipitation is 723 mm (28 in). Weak West winds (less than 2 m/s) prevail. Detailed data as of 31 December 2021: Chorzów used to be one of the most important cities in the largest Polish economic area (the Upper Silesian Industry Area ) with extensive industry in coal mining, steel, chemistry, manufacturing, and energy sectors. Many heavy-industry establishments were closed or scaled down in
1360-528: Is a distinct language, a dialect of Polish, or, in the case of Lach , a variety of Czech. The issue can be contentious, because some Silesians consider themselves to be a distinct nationality within Poland. When Czechs, Poles, and Germans each made claims to substantial parts of Silesia as constituting an integral part of their respective nation-states in the 19th and 20th centuries, the language of Slavic-speaking Silesians became politicized. Slavicist of Upper Silesian extraction, de:Rudolf Abicht , who worked at
1440-481: Is a term denoting a district administered by a castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of county subdivision. The word is derived from castle and literally means the extent of land and jurisdiction attached to a given castle. There are equivalent, often cognate, terms in other languages. Examples of French châtelainies include
1520-680: Is ambiguous and is interpreted as either related to the German word for moorland (German: die Heide), or adopted from the German/Polish/Silesian term for hajduk (s) (Polish (plural): Hajduki; German (singular): Heiduck), which locally meant bandits. The place was first mentioned in 1627 as Hejduk and shown on 18th century maps as "Ober Heiduk" and "Nieder Heiduk" (i.e., Upper and Lower Heiduk). The later names Hajduki Wielkie and Nowe Hajduki mean Great Hajduks and New Hajduks , respectively. The two settlements were merged in 1903 and named after
1600-547: Is in question-forming. In standard Polish, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed either by using intonation or the interrogative particle czy . In Silesian, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed by using intonation (with a markedly different intonation pattern than in Polish) or inversion (e.g. Je to na karcie? ); there is no interrogative particle. According to Jan Miodek , standard Polish has always been used by Upper Silesians as
1680-519: The "fall of communism" in 1989, the area was in decline. Since 1989, the region has been transitioning from heavy industry to a more diverse economy. In 1954 as many as 103 miners have died in the "Barbara-Wyzwolenie" coal mine disaster [ pl ] . On 28 January 2006, a roof collapsed at an exhibition hall , killing 65 people. In 2007, Chorzów became a part of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union (predecessor to
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#17330858160951760-451: The 16th century , and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the 17th century . Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland's linguists , especially after all of Upper Silesia was included within the Polish borders, following World War II. Some regard it as one of the four major dialects of Polish , while others classify it as
1840-522: The Bismarck Iron Works Bismarckhütte . When the international borders shifted, the name of Bismarck was replaced with the name of the Polish king Batory (so-chosen to preserve that initial "B", which appeared on an economically important local trademark). Today this city subdivision is called Chorzów IV or Chorzów-Batory . In the 12th century, the castellany of Bytom , including
1920-606: The English Channel . The Constable of the Tower of London and those castellans subordinate to the dukes of Normandy were responsible for their administration. Vivian Lipman posits four reasons for this: the castles provided defence, they were centres of administration, their dungeons were used as prisons, and castellans could turn to the Jewish community to borrow money as usury was forbidden to Catholics. A castellany , or castellania,
2000-556: The French Revolution . During the 19th and 20th centuries, châtelain was used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin to the English squire . In Germany the castellan was known as a Burgmann , or sometimes Hauptmann ("captain"), who reported to the lord of the castle, or Burgherr , also often known as the burgrave ( Burggraf ). The burgmann may have been either
2080-620: The Lodz Voivodeship , and Wojnicz now in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Otmuchów in Silesia . In France, castellans (known in French as châtelains ) who governed castellanies without a resident count , acquired considerable powers such that the position became hereditary. By the tenth century, the fragmentation of power had become so widespread that in Mâcon , for instance, where
2160-421: The Metropolis GZM ), a voluntary union of a continuous chain of cities aimed at increasing the poor visibility of the area, improving its competitiveness, and modernizing the infrastructure. The region experienced several waves of migrations, including those commencing in 1945 (to Germany and from Poland and Ukraine), in 1971–1976 (to Germany), in 1982 (to Western countries ), and from 2003 (to other countries of
2240-602: The Ministry of Administration and Digitization registered the Silesian language in Annex 1 to the Regulation on the state register of geographical names; however, in a November 2013 amendment to the regulation, Silesian is not included. On 26 April 2024, the Sejm voted 236-186 with five abstentions to recognise Silesian as a regional language. On 29 May 2024, President Andrzej Duda vetoed
2320-796: The Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Anselm was the first such castellan, c. 1110. A castellan was established in Valletta on the island of Malta. In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , castellans ( Polish : Kasztelan ) were the lowest rung of the territorial administration of the country and deferred to voivodes (with the exception of the Burgrave of Kraków (Polish Burgrabia krakowski ) who had precedence over
2400-654: The Pro Loquela Silesiana organization to reflect the sounds of all Silesian dialects. It was approved by Silesian organizations affiliated in Rada Górnośląska . Ubuntu translation is in this alphabet as is some of the Silesian Misplaced Pages , although some of it is in Steuer's alphabet. It is used in a few books, including the Silesian alphabet book . One of the first alphabets created specifically for Silesian
2480-636: The Rawa River (a tributary of the Vistula ). Administratively, Chorzów is in the Silesian Voivodeship since 1999, previously Katowice Voivodeship , and before then, the Silesian Voivodeship . Chorzów is one of the cities of the 2.7 million conurbation – the Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area with the population of about 5,294,000 people. The population within
Chorzów - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-539: The Silesian Misplaced Pages was founded. On 30 June 2008 in the edifice of the Silesian Parliament in Katowice , a conference took place on the status of the Silesian language. This conference was a forum for politicians, linguists, representatives of interested organizations and persons who deal with the Silesian language. The conference was titled "Silesian – Still a Dialect or Already a Language?" ( Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język? ). In 2012,
2640-566: The Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp , and, in years 1944–1945, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp , in which approximately 200 Jews from German-occupied France , Belgium and Czechoslovakia were imprisoned. In January 1945, the prisoners of the subcamp of Auschwitz were evacuated on foot to Gliwice, and then deported to the Nordhausen-Dora concentration camp. Chorzów
2720-611: The Voivode of Kraków ). Castellans were in charge of a subdivision of a voivodeship called the castellany (Polish Kasztelania ) until the 15th-century. From then on castellanies, depending on their size, either became provinces , or in the case of smaller domains were replaced by powiats and the castellan role became honorific and was replaced in situ by a Starosta . Castellans in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senatorial rank and were often appointed from
2800-557: The city area and features: Chorzów also features other notable nature areas, including: Clubs: Historically notable is the former club AKS Chorzów . Stadion Śląski is a former home stadium for the Poland national football team , and used for international football games and other events (for example, it has held the Speedway World Championships four times, with the 1973 World Final attracting over 120,000 spectators,
2880-428: The personal name Charz , short for Zachary and may mean Zachary's place . The a in the early names may have been later modified to the current pronunciation with o perhaps due to similarity to the common adjective chory = ill and a presence of a hospital (which was moved in 1299 to Rozbark at the gates of Bytom ). Today, the place of the old village is a subdivision called Chorzów III or Chorzów Stary =
2960-460: The scorched earth policy. This intact industry now played a critical role in the post-war reconstruction and industrialization of Poland. After the war, businesses were nationalized and operated, with minor changes, until 1989. Some were used as Soviet labour and concentration camps. Some industrial hardware and at least 100,000 Polish Silesians were deported to the Ukrainian Donbass region. At
3040-575: The "Tadzikowy muster" (for the National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language ) or the Polish alphabet, but writing in this alphabet is problematic as it does not allow for the differentiation and representation of all Silesian sounds. Silesian has recently seen an increased use in culture, for example: In 2003, the National Publishing Company of Silesia ( Narodowa Oficyna Śląska ) commenced operations. This publisher
3120-479: The "ban" – that is, to hear court cases and collect fines, taxes from residents, and muster local men for the defence of the area or the realm. There are similarities with a lord of the manor . Castellans had the power to administer all local justice, including sentencing and punishments up to and including the death penalty, as when, in 1111, the Salzburg castellan caught the minister fomenting armed rebellion and had
3200-478: The 1800s the modern Lidognia Zinc Works was added in the area. Settlements grew near the new coal and ironworks. Since 1797, one group of settlements was called Königshütte ( Królewska Huta in Polish) after the ironworks. In 1846 Królewska Huta received a railway track to Świętochłowice and Mysłowice , in 1857 to Bytom and until 1872 to all major cities in the Silesian region. Królewska Huta received city status in 1868 as part of Bytom County, and in 1898 it
3280-462: The 9th century, as fortifications improved and kings had difficulty making their subordinates pay their taxes or send the military aid they demanded, castellans grew in power, holding their fiefdoms without much concern for their overlord's demands. This changed as kings grew in power and as the Holy Roman Emperors replaced recalcitrant vassals with rival ministerial appointments. Usually
Chorzów - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-559: The Chorzów area, belonged to the Seniorate Province (Kraków Duchy) of Poland. In 1179 it was awarded by Duke Casimir the Just to the Duke of Opole , and since that time the history of Chorzów has been connected to the history of Upper Silesia ( Duchy of Opole ). The oldest part of the city, the village of Chorzów, today called Chorzów Stary , belonged since 1257 to the Equestrian Order of
3440-587: The Chorzów area. In the years 1791–1797 the Prussian state-owned Royal Coal Mine was constructed ( Kopalnia Król , Königsgrube , later renamed several times with the changing political winds). In 1799, first pig iron was made in the Royal Iron Works ( Królewska Huta , Königshütte ). At the time, it was a pioneering industrial establishment of its kind in continental Europe . In 1819 the ironworks consisted of 4 blast furnaces , producing 1,400 tons of pig-iron. In
3520-504: The EU). Chorzów is in the middle of the largest urban center in Poland. The Metropolis GZM is the largest legally recognized urban entity in Poland with a population of 2 million. Nine million people live within 100 kilometres (62 miles) of Stadion Śląski in Chorzów. Six European capitals are located within 600 km (373 mi): Berlin , Vienna , Prague , Bratislava , Budapest and Warsaw . The average annual temperature in Chorzów
3600-548: The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem . Already at that time silver and lead ores were mined nearby, later also the ores of iron. There is more documentation for 16th century developments. From 1327, the Upper Silesian duchies were ruled by the dukes of the Piast dynasty and were subject to Bohemian overlordship. The Crown of Bohemia elected Polish-Lithuanian Jagiellons kings from 1471 and Austrian Habsburgs kings after 1526. In 1742,
3680-677: The Old Chorzów . The industrial and residential settlement south-west of Chorzów constructed since 1797 around the Royal Coal Mine and Royal Iron Works was named Królewska Huta by the Poles or Königshütte by the Germans, both names meaning Royal Iron Works . As it was growing quickly this settlement was granted city status in 1868. Today this neighbourhood is called Chorzów I or Chorzów-Miasto meaning Chorzów Centre . The etymology of Hajduki
3760-460: The Polish Sejm took a significant step by passing a bill recognizing it as such, however, the bill was vetoed by President Andrzej Duda on 29 May 2024. Silesian speakers currently live in the region of Upper Silesia , which is split between southwestern Poland and the northeastern Czech Republic . At present Silesian is commonly spoken in the area between the historical border of Silesia on
3840-478: The Silesian Recovered Territories after its end. Before World War II , most Slavic-language speakers also knew German and, at least in eastern Upper Silesia, many German speakers were acquainted with Slavic Silesian. According to the last official census in Poland in 2021 , about 460,000 people declared Silesian as their native language , whereas in the country's census of 2011 , the figure
3920-695: The University of Breslau and proposed an early standardiztaion of the Belarusian language , clearly recognized that standardizing and making Silesian into a language is a socio-political process. In 1920, he expressed his opinion on the subject in an extensive essay on the 'Upper Silesian language question.' Some, like Óndra Łysohorsky (a poet and author in Czechoslovakia ), saw the Silesians as being their own distinct people, which culminated in his effort to create
4000-399: The air, water and coal (see Haber-Bosch process ). Today, it operates as "Zakłady Azotowe SA". Another ironworks, Bismarck Iron Works ( Bismarckhütte ), later called Bathory Iron Works ( Huta Batory ), was opened in 1872 in the village of Hajduki Wielkie, just south of Chorzów and Królewska Huta. A large carbochemical plant was started nearby in 1889, the first such chemical plant in what
4080-531: The area was conquered by the Prussian Hohenzollerns in Silesian Wars , setting the stage for the Prussian industrial might. The Prussian and then German period lasted for about 180 years and overlapped with the time of rapid industrialization. With the discovery of bituminous coal deposits at the end of the 18th century by the Polish local priest Ludwik Bojarski , new industrial sectors developed in
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#17330858160954160-551: The bill. On 26 June 2024, Silesian was added to the languages offered in the Google Translate service. Castellan Works A castellan , or constable , was the governor of a castle in medieval Europe . Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. The word stems from castellanus . A castellan was almost always male, but could occasionally be female, as when, in 1194, Beatrice of Bourbourg inherited her father's castellany of Bourbourg upon
4240-490: The castellan of Uxelles annexed first Briançon , then Sennecey-le-Grand and finally l'Épervière. In other areas, castellans did not manage to rise to noble status and remained the local officer of a noble. During the Ancien Régime , castellans were heads of local royal administration, and their power was further delegated to their lieutenants. All remaining lordships and local royal administrators were suppressed during
4320-514: The castellan was called "várnagy", and in the Latin chronicles he appeared as "castellanus". The lord of the castle had very similar functions to those in German lands. In Hungary the King initially designated castellans from among his court for the administration of castles and estates. Later designation of castellans devolved to the most powerful noblemen. At one time there was a castellan nominated from among
4400-505: The castellanies of Ivry-la-Bataille , Nonancourt , Pacy-sur-Eure , Vernon and Gaillon , all in Normandy, which under in the treaty of Issoudun of 1195, after a war with King Richard I of England , were acquired for the French crown by Philip Augustus . Examples of castellanies in Poland include: Łęczyca and Sieradz (both duchies at one time), Spycimierz , Rozprza , Wolbórz now in
4480-474: The castellany was the basic unit of governance, there was no effective administrative level above it, so that the counts of Mâcon were largely ignored by their subordinate castellans from about 980 to 1030. In the 12th century châtelains had become "lords" in their own right and were able to expand their territories to include weaker castellanies. Thus the castellan of Beaujeu was able to take over lands in Lyons , or
4560-418: The city limits is 105,628 as of December 2021. The city of Chorzów was formed in 1934–1939 by a merger of 4 adjacent cities: Chorzów, Królewska Huta, Nowe Hajduki and Hajduki Wielkie. These cities were a part of Germany. The name of the oldest settlement Chorzów was applied to the amalgamated city. The etymology of the name is not known. Chorzów is believed to be first mentioned as Zversov or Zuersov in
4640-404: The contemporary Polish language because he considers it to be descended from Old Polish . Other Polish linguists, such as Jan Miodek and Edward Polański , do not support its status as a language. Jan Miodek and Dorota Simonides , both of Silesian origin, prefer to see the preservation of the entire range of Silesian dialects rather than standardization . The German linguist Reinhold Olesch
4720-492: The death of her brother, Roger. Similarly, Agnes became the castellan of Harlech Castle upon the death of her husband John de Bonvillars in 1287. The title of "governor" is retained in the English prison system , as a remnant of the medieval idea of the castellan as head of the local prison. During the Migration Period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (third to sixth century), foreign tribes entered Western Europe, causing strife. The answer to recurrent invasion
4800-410: The duties of a castellan consisted of military responsibility for the castle's garrison , maintaining defences and protecting the castle's lands, combined with the legal administration of local lands and workers including the castle's domestic staff. The responsibility applied even where there was no resident castellan at the castle, or if he was frequently absent. A castellan could exercise the power of
4880-408: The east and a line from Syców to Prudnik on the west as well as in the Rawicz area. Until 1945, Silesian was also spoken in enclaves in Lower Silesia , where the majority spoke Lower Silesian , a variety of Central German . The German-speaking population was either evacuated en masse by German forces towards the end of the war or deported by the new administration upon the Polish annexation of
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#17330858160954960-429: The eastern part of Silesia, including Chorzów and Królewska Huta, was separated from Germany and awarded to Poland in 1922. Migrations of people followed. Because of its strategic value, the case of the nitrogen factory Oberschlesische Stickstoffwerke was argued for years before the Permanent Court of International Justice , finally setting some new legal precedents on what is "just" in international relations. In 1934,
5040-460: The industrial area. The Unemployment rate is high (12.6% on 2007-12-31) but decreasing; the workforce is generally highly technically skilled. Major industrial establishments are: Car: Three railway stations on two major routes: Air: Public transport: Within the city limits of Chorzów: The nearby cities of Katowice and Gliwice are far larger academic centers than Chorzów. The nationally known Silesian Central Park covers about 30% of
5120-442: The industrial communities of Chorzów, Królewska Huta and Nowe Hajduki were merged into one municipality with 81,000 inhabitants. The name of the oldest settlement Chorzów was given to the whole city. In April 1939, the settlement of Hajduki Wielkie with 30,000 inhabitants was added to Chorzów. In part due to the German-Polish trade war in the 1920s, the industry of Chorzów, a border city at that time, stagnated until 1933. In 1927,
5200-399: The last two decades because of environmental issues in the center of a highly urbanized area, and also because of decades-long lack of investment. Others were restructured and modernized. Wedged between a dozen of other cities, the population has been decreasing. The city character has been evolving towards the service economy as new industrial development takes mostly place at the border of
5280-482: The letter Ł , whose sound can be represented phonetically with U . It is therefore the alphabet that contains the fewest letters. Although it is the most phonetically logical, it did not become popular with Silesian organizations, with the argument that it contains too many caron diacritics and hence resembles the Czech alphabet . Large parts of the Silesian Misplaced Pages, however, are written in Silesian's phonetic alphabet. Sometimes other alphabets are also used, such as
5360-450: The nobility, but not exclusively so. In Portugal, a castellan was known as an Alcaide . Later, the role of the alcaide became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles. As the honorary holder of the office of alcaide did not often live near the castle, a delegate started to be appointed to effectively govern it in his place. An honorary holder of the office became known as alcaide-mor (major alcaide ) and
5440-399: The offender blinded, "as one would a serf". Later the castellan came to serve as the representative of the people of his castellany. So happened in the case of the castellan of Bruges , when the burghers stood up for more privileges and liberties from the counts of Flanders . A particular responsibility in western Europe concerned jurisdiction over the resident Jewish communities bordering
5520-431: The regular German forces for three days, afterwards the city was occupied by Germany, and on September 6, 1939, the Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit various atrocities against Poles . Most of the Polish defenders were murdered in mass executions. An execution of three Poles was carried out by the German Freikorps already on September 3, 1939. A unit of the Einsatzgruppe I was stationed in Chorzów, and it
5600-768: The world record attendance for Motorcycle speedway ). From year 2009 have held there track and field competitions. Kamila Skolimowska Memorial , which was part of the inaugural meeting World Athletics Continental Tour in 2020 and Diamond League series since 2022. At the 2024 edition of the meeting, two world records were set, one by Jakob Ingebrigtsen (3000m 7.17,55) and the other by Armand Duplantis (pole vault 6.26, just 20 days after last set up in Olympic Games ). The stadium also hosts large music concerts. Throughout its history it has featured such artists and groups as The Rolling Stones , Metallica , Guns N' Roses , AC/DC , U2 , Iron Maiden , Linkin Park , Pearl Jam , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Genesis and The Police . Chorzów
5680-409: Was Steuer's Silesian alphabet , created in the Interwar period and used by Feliks Steuer for his poems in Silesian. The alphabet consists of 30 graphemes and eight digraphs : Based on the Steuer alphabet, in 2006 the Silesian Phonetic Alphabet [ szl ] was proposed: Silesian's phonetic alphabet replaces the digraphs with single letters ( Sz with Š , etc.) and does not include
5760-672: Was about 510,000. In the censuses in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, nearly 900,000 people declared Silesian nationality ; Upper Silesia has almost five million inhabitants, with the vast majority speaking Polish in the Polish part and declaring themselves to be Poles and the vast majority speaking Czech in the Czech part and declaring themselves to be Czechs. Although the morphological differences between Silesian and Polish have been researched extensively, other grammatical differences have not been studied in depth. A notable difference
5840-509: Was also the founder of several organizations: Upper Silesian Union, Upper Silesian Peasants Union. Juliusz Ligoń was a Polish activist and poet. In 1920 the football club Ruch Chorzów was founded in the city. Later on, it would become one of the most successful Polish football teams. In the Upper Silesia plebiscite a majority of 31,864 voters voted to remain in Germany while 10,764 votes were given for Poland Following three Silesian Uprisings ,
5920-615: Was founded by the Alliance of the People of the Silesian Nation ( Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej ) and it prints books about Silesia and books in Silesian language. In July 2007, the Slavic Silesian language was given the ISO 639-3 code szl . On 6 September 2007, 23 politicians of the Polish parliament made a statement about a new law to give Silesian the official status of
6000-432: Was greatly interested in the "Polish vernaculars" of Upper Silesia and other Slavic varieties such as Kashubian and Polabian . The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified it as one of the dialects of Polish. In their respective surveys of Slavic languages, most linguists writing in English, such as Alexander M. Schenker, Robert A. Rothstein, and Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley list Silesian as
6080-410: Was made a separate city-county .The population was increasing rapidly: from 19,500 inhabitants in 1870 to 72,600 in 1910. Among them 17,300 workers were employed in the industry (similar number for 1939). In 1871 there was a workers' rebellion in the city. The Royal Iron Works were taken over in 1871 by the holding called Vereingte Königs- und Laurahütte AG für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb , which added
6160-538: Was occupied by the Soviet Red Army in January 1945 with the subsequent persecution of many ethnic Polish Silesians and Germans. At the end of World War II, Chorzów was given to Poland. Generally, the Chorzów industry suffered little damage during World War II due to its inaccessibility to Allied bombing , a Soviet Army enveloping manoeuvre in January 1945, and perhaps Albert Speer 's slowness or refusal to implement
6240-480: Was responsible for many crimes against Poles committed in Chorzów and the nearby cities of Czeladź and Siemianowice Śląskie . Polish property was confiscated, and Chorzów was promptly re-incorporated into German Silesia; the Upper Silesian industry being one of the pillars of the Nazi Germany war effort . In 1939 and 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Polish intelligentsia , especially teachers, for which
6320-403: Was to create fortified areas which evolved into castles . Some military leaders gained control of several areas, each with a castle. The problem lay in exerting control and authority in each area when a leader could only be in one place at a time. To overcome this, they appointed castellans as their trusted vassals to manage a castle in exchange for obligations to the landlord, often a noble. In
6400-523: Was to later become the Polish state. Today the company operates as "Zakłady Koksochemiczne Hajduki SA". Towards the end of the 19th century, Chorzów experienced a revival of Polish national feelings. Ethnic tensions were mixed with the religious and class conflicts . Karol Miarka was the editor of Polish books and newspapers including Katolik (The Catholic) published in Królewska Huta since 1868, Poradnik Gospodarski ( Economic Advisor ) since 1879. He
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