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48-781: The silhouette of the Cardamom Mountains appears in the provincial seal of Trat Province in Thailand. The mountain range extends along a southeast-northwest axis from Chanthaburi Province in Thailand, and Koh Kong Province in Cambodia on the Gulf of Thailand , to the Veal Veang District in Pursat Province , and extends to the southeast by the Dâmrei (Elephant) Mountains . The Thai part of

96-455: A transborder highway to Thailand was completed south of the Cardamoms, along the coast. The highway has fragmented habitats for large mammals, such as elephants, big cats and monkeys. The highway has also opened up for agricultural slash-and-burn projects and opportunistic poaching for endangered animals, all degrading the natural value and the forests’ ecosystems. Tourism is relatively new to

144-531: A wide range of deep jungle activities from the family trekking to the hardcore RAID adventure, jungle orientation and survival training course, even animals and human tracking course, all in the region of Sre Ambel in the South-west of the Cardamom mountains. Seals of the provinces of Thailand This is a list of the seals of the provinces of Thailand ( Thai : ตราประจำจังหวัดของไทย ). This list includes all

192-774: Is a release site for animals rescued from the illegal wildlife trade in Cambodia by the NGO Wildlife Alliance. Binturong, porcupine, pangolins, civets, macaques and an array of birds are among the many species that have been released on site. The station was opened to tourists in December 2013, offering guests an insight into the workings of a wildlife rehabilitation and release site while staying in jungle chalets and enjoying Cambodian hospitality. Activities offered can include feeding resident wildlife, jungle hiking, radio tracking and setting camera traps to monitor released wildlife. Wild Animal Rescue (WAR Adventures Cambodia) also organize

240-409: Is doubtful that it was planted then: it could only have been mountain rice sown in fields obtained by clearing the forest, a predominantly male task that men busy with gathering could not ensure. Unless women brought back from the plains the technique of using marshes for rice growth. Some old Samre claim that in the past, cardamom grew wild in rare places in the massif which, was once called "the land of

288-605: Is home to the southernmost natural habitats of Betula (species Betula alnoides ). Throughout, Hopea pierrei , an endangered canopy tree rare elsewhere, is relatively abundant in the Cardamom Mountains. Other angiosperm tree species are Anisoptera costata , Anisoptera glabra , Dipterocarpus costatus , Hopea odorata , Shorea hypochra , Caryota urens and Oncosperma tigillarium . Other conifers include Pinus kesiya , Dacrycarpus imbricatus , Podocarpus neriifolius , P. pilgeri and Nageia wallichiana . The moist climate and undisturbed nature of

336-512: Is included in the ecoregion. Most of the ecoregion is covered in evergreen rain forest, but with several different habitats. Above 700 metres, a special thick evergreen forest-type dominates, and on the southern slopes of the Elephant Mountains, dwarf conifer Dacrydium elatum forests grow. On the Kirirom plateau, Tenasserim pine forest is found. The northern part of the Cardamom Mountains

384-467: Is located in the eastern part of the Cardamoms near Kravanh Township (Pursat Province). The Cardamoms are home to one of the largest protected wild elephant populations in Southeast Asia. The human riders may represent elephant capture and training activities - a major cultural tradition among various ethnic groups in the area until the 1970s. Traditions, experts, and elephant populations were decimated by

432-498: The Khmer Rouge Regime . The cave and paintings may have played important roles for rituals and magic used to placate ancestors and spirits; seek protection (elephant capture is very dangerous); bring good fortune; and transmit specialized knowledge (teaching/training). Some of the paintings may be various species of wild cow or buffalo. It is difficult to distinguish the possible cow from the possible deer representations due to

480-965: The Pear Samray people of Kranhung, the Kulen hill region's Samray survived because of emigration in the days of the Angkor kingdom. After the 1967 revolt of Samlaut , Pear of the Stung Kranhung area moved to Ta Sanh . While some Sa'och live in Cambodia's coastal area, many Sa'och from the Kampong Som area were taken captive by the Thais in the 1830s and resettled in Kanchanaburi Province , Thailand. The Chong (or Chhong ) are Pearic peoples who live in both Thailand and Cambodia, In Thailand, Chong inhabit Trat Province and Chanthaburi Province . As of 2014 ,

528-759: The seals of the provinces of Thailand . It also includes the special administrative area of the capital, Bangkok . Chhong Pearic peoples ( / ˈ p ɛər / ; from [ˈpɛə] ; also Por ) refers to indigenous groups, including the Pear (also known as the Samre ), Chong , Samray , Suoy and Sa'och , which speak one of the Pearic languages and live a sparse existence after years of conflict in Cambodia and Thailand . Pearic groups speak different, but closely related, languages and share many cultural traits that differ markedly from

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576-541: The 15th - 17th centuries. Eld's deer, muntjac, sambar, gaur, kouprey and banteng were probably far more prevalent in the past. Part of the mountains are home to indigenous people, including the Chhong in both Thailand and Cambodia, and the ethnic Por (or Pear ) in Pursat Province , Cambodia. They all belong to the group known as Pearic peoples . In Cambodia, indigenous people are collectively referred to as Khmer Loeu . This largely inaccessible mountain range formed one of

624-452: The Cambodian government to halt a number of planned construction projects and clearings in protected areas. In 2016, the Cambodian government established a collaboration with international conservation organisations to increase on-ground patrolling and actual park ranger services, building several ranger headquarters and hiring armed personnel with arresting rights. This might signify a change in

672-465: The Cardamom Mountain Range, although very small, is extremely poor. Threats to the ecological stability and biological diversity of the region include illegal wildlife poaching , habitat destruction due to illegal logging , construction and infrastructure projects, plantation clearings, mining projects, and forest fires caused by slash-and-burn agriculture . While the Cambodian forests in

720-401: The Cardamom Mountains are fairly intact, the section in Thailand has been badly affected. Protections in the Cardamom Mountains comprise the following: The flora, fauna and ecosystems of the Cardamom Mountains are threatened by large construction and infrastructure projects, mining, illegal logging , and opportunistic hunting and poaching. Despite the very high level of protectional status,

768-447: The Cardamom Mountains is Phnom Aural in the northeast at 1,813 m (5,948 ft). This is also Cambodia's highest peak. Other important summits in the Cambodian parts are: In Thailand, the most prominent peaks are: The Cardamom Mountains holds many historic sites and relics from the 15th- to 17th-century specifically. This includes a number of exposed burial sites of a type known as jar burials . The burials are scattered around

816-446: The Cardamom Mountains. In 2008, Wildlife Alliance launched a community-based ecotourism program in the village of Chi-Phat , marketed as the "gateway to the Cardamoms". Tourist visitors to Chi-Phat continue to grow and the community is regarded as a model for community-based ecotourism, with approximately 3,000 annual visitors generating more than $ US 150,000 for the local community. International conservation organizations working in

864-640: The Chong in Koh Kong Province , Cambodia are seeking to prevent construction of the Cheay Areng Dam , which would displace local residents. Chong people in Southern Cardamom National Park were displaced by a REDD+ carbon offset project between 2018 and 2023. Pearic peoples traditionally cultivate upland rice by the swidden method. They follow traditional religions. The people speak

912-505: The Chouang (Chong), he writes: "... this species (of savages) does not dwell in houses; accompanied by their families, they wander in the mountains carrying a clay jar on their heads. If they encounter a wild animal, they kill it with a bow or a spear, make fire from a stone, cook the beast, and eat it communally, then they continue on their way" . The Pear, at least those of the Kulen massif — because

960-503: The Funan period is unknown. It is possible that the practice, technology and knowledge was obtained through South Asian influence in the early first millennium AD. These paintings help with understanding the ecological history. Local ethnic groups were able to maintain, sustain and promote elephant populations through a somewhat symbiotic relation until the 20th century. Deer and wild cow/buffalo, however, may have been hunted to near extinction by

1008-549: The Pear moved in groups whose number could not be accurately estimated, and they built shelters wherever they pleased. It is unknown whether these were small groups limited to kinship and under the authority of a family chief, or larger hordes under the leadership of a designated authority. A comparison can be made with the information provided by the account of the Chinese traveler Zhou Daguan during his trip to Cambodia in 1296; regarding

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1056-454: The actual protection of the conservation areas and implementation of the law has been very poor. The violation of the protection laws has happened on all levels, from opportunistic locals, and local business entrepreneurs, to governmental institutions, foreign companies and international criminal organisations. In the late 2010s, international conservation organisations, and the UN , has collaborated with

1104-413: The animals are fourteen endangered and threatened mammal species, including the largest population of Asian elephant in Cambodia and possibly the whole of Indochina although this still needs to be proved. Other mammals, many of which are threatened, include Indochinese tiger , clouded leopard ( Pardofelis nebulosa ), dhole (a wild dog) ( Cuon alpinus ), gaur ( Bos gaurus ), banteng ( Bos javanicus ),

1152-553: The area includes Wildlife Alliance, Conservation International , and Fauna and Flora International . In 2016, the southern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains were designated as a new national park; Southern Cardamom National Park . It appears, however, that rampant illegal poaching is continuing nonetheless. These relatively isolated mountains are part of the Cardamom Mountains rain forests ecoregion, an important ecoregion of mostly tropical moist broadleaf forest . Being one of

1200-582: The author primarily described the Angkor region — would have initially practiced a nomadic lifestyle based on gathering and hunting. This is not dissimilar to the oral tradition of the Pear in the Cardamom Mountains, some of whom are said to have originated from Angkor. It was the establishment of a new state by foreigners to the region, the Khmers from the north, that would have changed their way of life. The status of Pol Kravanh or "cardamom slaves" probably dates back to

1248-405: The condition of cardamom slaves brought about significant changes in the lives of the Pear of the mountain. They had to, they say, spend two to three months a year gathering cardamom flowers and fruits, and during this period, their food quest became more difficult. But in return, the state provided them with rice; a responsible person was then tasked with collecting the tribute and transmitting it to

1296-563: The conservation organisation Fauna and Flora International uncovered new species, such as a new Cnemaspis gecko, C. neangthyi . With the establishment of the Southern Cardamom National Park in May 2016, nearly all of the Cardamom Mountains are now under some form of high level protection, mostly national park area and wildlife sanctuaries . However, the level of active protection has been criticised. The human population of

1344-520: The destructive trends, at least concerning governmental responsibilities. The Cardamom Mountains are an emerging tourist destination. The village of Chi Phat runs a Community-Based Eco-Tourism project with the support of conservation NGO, Wildlife Alliance . Previously a logging and hunting community, villagers now make sustainable income through homestays, multiple day guided treks to natural and cultural sites, mountain bike, boat and bird watching tours. The Wildlife Release Station in Koh Kong Province

1392-465: The development, through cultivation, of cardamom plants; contact with the Cambodians . It is likely, as it generally the case, that women, grouped in temporary "villages" with children and the elderly, began to cultivate the land. Tubers, which the Pear consumed heavily, must have first appeared around the houses along with some spices and aromatic plants, some of which were introduced later. As for rice, it

1440-469: The disputed kting voar ( Pseudonovibos spiralis ), Malayan sun bear , pileated gibbon ( Hylobates pileatus ), Sumatran serow ( Capricornis sumatraensis ), Sunda pangolin and the Tenasserim white-bellied rat . There are at least 34 species of amphibians , three of them described as new species to science from here. The rivers are home to both Irrawaddy and humpback dolphins and are home to some of

1488-526: The dominant Khmer and Thai cultures. Before their contact with the Khmer rulers, oral tradition provides us with the following outline of the Pearic peoples’ life: in the past, Pearic peoples did not cultivate the land and lived a nomadic and collecting life in the forests; they subsisted on tubers, leaves, flowers, and fruits, as well as palm hearts provided by various palm trees. Using crossbows and arrows poisoned with

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1536-562: The end of the first millennium. Zhou Daguan adds: "In the nearest regions, there are also those who devote themselves to the cultivation of cardamom and cotton trees and who weave fabrics" . The author is likely referring to the Sâmré of Mount Kulen who had to pay a cotton tax. At most, the chronicles of the Cambodian kings mention the participation of inhabitants of the Pursat province in military expeditions against Khmers or Siamese. The establishment of

1584-448: The forest. It was not possible to determine whether the groups formed for cardamom picking remained intact throughout the year or whether they broke up into smaller units to return to nomadism. It is impossible to pinpoint the beginnings of agriculture among the Pear, however, linking this phenomenon to political transformations in their living conditions seems easier. Several factors come into play simultaneously: seasonal sedentarization;

1632-459: The largest and still mostly unexplored forests in Southeast Asia , it is separated from other rainforests in the region by the large Khorat Plateau to the north. For these reasons, the ecoregion is home to several endemic species and is a refuge for species that have been decimated or are endangered elsewhere. The Vietnamese Phú Quốc island off the coast of Cambodia has similar vegetation and

1680-751: The last populations on Earth of the very rare Siamese crocodiles and the only nearly extinct northern river terrapin , or royal turtle remaining in Cambodia. While the forests are habitat for more than 450 bird species, half of Cambodia's total of which four, the chestnut-headed partridge , Lewis's silver pheasant ( Lophura nycthemera lewisi ), the green peafowl ( Pavo muticus ) and the Siamese partridge ( Arborophila diversa ) are endemic to these mountains. A reptile and amphibian survey led in June 2007 by Dr Lee Grismer of La Sierra University in Riverside, California, USA, and

1728-522: The last strongholds of the Khmer Rouge , driven out by Vietnamese forces during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War . The Thai border to the west acted as a conduit for Chinese support and, eventually, a sanctuary for fleeing Khmer fighters and refugees. The inaccessibility of the hills has also helped to preserve the primeval forest and ecosystems of the area relatively intact. In 2002, however,

1776-534: The late Angkorian period through the post-Angkor period (contemporaneous with the jar burials, perhaps created and used by the same ethnic groups). The site may date to as early as the Funan period (1st - 6th centuries) when the practice of capturing, training, and trading live elephants was first historically noted (a mission was sent to China in 357 AD with trained elephants as part of the tributary gifts to Emperor Mu of Jin). Whether or not elephant capture, training, and use for labor, prestige and warfare existed prior to

1824-468: The massive deerskin trade to Japan in the 15th - 17th centuries. Taiwan's deer populations had been almost annihilated due to insatiable demands for Samurai armor and Japanese accessories made of deerskin. Deerskin sourcing shifted to Cambodia and Thailand. As deer populations decreased, local hunters also may have resorted to more investment in magic and ritual to seek assistance from ancestors and spirits to increase luck. The paintings are thought to date from

1872-478: The mountains, set out on remote, natural rock ledges, and contains 60 cm exotic ceramic jars and rough-hewn log coffins. The jar burials are a unique feature of this region, and form a previously unrecorded burial practice in Khmer cultural history. Local legends suggest the bones are the remains of Cambodian royalty. Along with these jar burials archeologists have discovered various material evidence associated with

1920-544: The nine mountains". According to them, the spread of cardamom was done through cultivation. Among the Samray, the cardamom encountered on the surrounding hills would have been planted; the places where it grows are called “Soun Kravanh” or "Cardamom Gardens", unlike the “Prey Kravanh” or "Cardamom Forests" of the Samre. Among the Chong of Chanthaburi province , the plant was also cultivated. The name Cardamom Mountains may also account for

1968-431: The provincial mandarin. This led to the grouping of a larger number of individuals under the authority, at least seasonally, of a leader apparently chosen by themselves. It seems that women, children, and the elderly did not participate in the gathering; settled in a base camp, they would have waited for the men to return. This was the beginning of sedentarization. When the work was done, the groups resumed their march through

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2016-490: The range comprise heavily eroded and dispersed mountain fragments of which the Khao Sa Bap , Khao Soi Dao and Chamao-Wong Mountains , east, north and west of Chanthaburi respectively, are the most prominent. Dense tropical rainforest prevails on the wet westward slopes which annually receive from 3,800 to 5,000 mm (150 to 200 in) of rainfall. By contrast, only 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 inches) fall on

2064-454: The remains, such as glass beads consisting of various colors and composition. These glass beads, which were a common product in maritime trade between nearby countries, were most likely obtained by Cardamom Mountain communities by trading forest products, such as wood and resin, that they had access to. A unique rock art cave site known as Kanam depicts ancient elephants, elephant riders, deer and wild cow (or buffalo) in red ochre paint. The site

2112-504: The rocky mountainsides appear to have allowed a rich variety of wildlife to thrive, although the Cardamom and Elephant Mountains are poorly researched and the wildlife that is assumed to be here remains to be catalogued. They are thought to be home to over 100 mammals, such as the large Indian civet and banteng cattle, and most importantly the mountains are thought to shelter at least 62 globally threatened animal species and 17 globally threatened trees, many of them endemic to Cambodia. Among

2160-426: The sap of the chueh tree ( Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.) or various traps, they hunted animals such as deer, elephants, and birds; they also caught small game by hand. Sun-dried or smoked meat, along with fish caught in mountain rivers, provided their protein intake. Condiments and spices came from sour fruits, wild pepper and cardamom seeds . They chewed wild betel leaves and the nuts of the wild areca palm. At that time,

2208-400: The simple silhouette style. However, cowhides are extremely important for lassoes, ropes, snares and riggings related to elephant capture. Local elephant masters claimed there was more ritual and magic associated with these highly critical items than all others related to elephant capture. Thus, wild cow or buffalo representation might be expected. The large representation of deer may relate to

2256-742: The spread of cardamom by humans and for the importance attached to this wild plant. Pearic peoples include: Samré in Pursat Province; Samray in Battambang ; Chong and Chong-Samré in Trat Province of eastern Thailand ; and Chong la and Chong heap , in Chanthaburi Province , Thailand. In the Pear communities in Preah Vihear Province , the Pear population was estimated to be 299 households (1,674 persons) in 2002. According to

2304-464: The wooded eastern slopes in the rain shadow facing the interior Cambodian plain, such as the Kirirom National Park . Most of the mountains are a dense wilderness, with almost no human population or activity, but on the eastern slopes, cardamom and pepper are grown commercially, and several large-scale construction projects have begun since the turn of the century. The highest elevation of

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