Kousséri (from Arabic : قصور quṣūr meaning "palaces"), founded and known as Mser in the indigenous Mser language , is a city in Far North Province , Cameroon. It is the capital of the Logone-et-Chari department . It is a market town , and its population has recently been swollen by refugees from Chad. It had a population of 89,123 at the 2005 Census. The majority of the population are Shuwa Arabs with Chadian Arabic used as the lingua franca.
77-607: It forms a transborder agglomeration with the city of N'Djamena , capital of Chad, from which it is separated by the Logone River and the Chari River . Kousséri was part of the Bornu Empire . In March 1846, Omar (son of Sheik Mohammed), nominal general of the Bornu sultan Ibrahim, suffered a defeat at Kousséri. In 1900 the village was occupied by soldiers of Rabij az-Zubayr (Rabih) ,
154-522: A Militarized police Rapid deployment force and Marine Police Unit . The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: ten covering the regions of Ghana, one assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of Tema , and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division. The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from the country's offshore oil and gas industry . The Ghana Prisons Service and
231-497: A commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces ( President of Ghana ), parliament ( Parliament of Ghana ), cabinet ( Cabinet of Ghana ), council of state ( Ghanaian Council of State ), and an independent judiciary ( Judiciary of Ghana ). The government is elected by universal suffrage after every four years. Nana Akufo-Addo won the presidency in the general election in 2016 , defeating incumbent John Mahama . He also won
308-476: A constitutional amendment made Ghana a one-party state , with Nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party. Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of Pan-Africanism , which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University , Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his "Back to Africa Movement". He merged
385-661: A unitary presidential constitutional democracy with a parliamentary multi-party system that is dominated by two parties—the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP). Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993, when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after presidential and parliamentary elections in late 1992. The 1992 constitution of Ghana divides powers among
462-510: A Sudanese warlord. On 3 March it was taken by the combined forces of two French expeditions, one under Major Lamy from Algeria and the other under Lt. Paul Joalland from Senegal and local forces opposed to Rabih. Rabih was not in Kousseri at the time but established himself in a fort on the right bank of the Chari. Lamy did not think he had sufficient forces to attack Rabih immediately, but waited until
539-560: A free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, despite having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020. It produces and exports hydrocarbons such as sweet crude oil and natural gas . The 100%-state-owned filling station company, Ghana Oil Company , is the number 1 petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees hydrocarbon exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase
616-580: A future marked by dignity and resilience. The earliest recorded kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbon states. Before the unification of Dagbon, societies were decentralised, and headed by the Tindaamba (singular: tindana). These decentralised states were unified by King Gbewaa , who lived a long life, and formed a stable, peaceful society. Dagbon extended beyond the boundaries of present-day Ghana. Kingdoms that emerged from Dagbon include
693-516: A maximum of about 270 kilometres (170 miles) with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber. Ghana is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests , Guinean forest–savanna mosaic , West Sudanian savanna , Central African mangroves , and Guinean mangroves . It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.53/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries. The White Volta River and its tributary Black Volta , flow south through Ghana to Lake Volta ,
770-502: A plurality. Most Ghanaians are Christians (71.3%); almost a fifth are Muslims ; a tenth practice traditional faiths or report no religion. Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is head of state and head of government . For political stability in Africa, Ghana ranked seventh in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance and fifth in the 2012 Fragile States Index . It has maintained since 1993 one of
847-515: A structural adjustment plan, changing many old economic policies, and growth recovered during the mid-1980s. A new constitution restoring multi-party system politics was promulgated in the presidential election of 1992 , in which Rawlings was elected, and again in the general election of 1996 . In a tribal war in Northern Ghana in 1994, between the Konkomba and other ethnic groups, including
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#1733085135455924-410: A total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft. The Ghanaian government has announced that it intends to close the camps. Ghana possesses industrial minerals , hydrocarbons and precious metals . It is an emerging designated digital economy with mixed economy hybridisation and an emerging market . It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as
1001-642: A trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah (the perpetual drink), which they renamed São Jorge da Mina . In 1481, King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Azambuja to build the Elmina Castle , which was completed in three years. By 1598, the Dutch had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the Dutch Gold Coast ( Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea – 'Dutch properties at
1078-452: Is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2010 ) Africa [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Kinshasa–Brazzaville [REDACTED] Democratic Republic of the Congo / [REDACTED] Republic of the Congo 19,547,463 Bukavu – Cyangugu [REDACTED] Democratic Republic of
1155-710: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Transborder agglomeration Urban area that extends into two or more countries (or dependent territories) [REDACTED] San Diego–Tijuana is an urban agglomeration across the Mexico–United States border . A transborder agglomeration is an urban agglomeration or conurbation that extends into multiple sovereign states and/or dependent territories . It includes city-states that agglomerate with their neighbouring countries. List of transborder agglomerations [ edit ] [REDACTED] This list
1232-406: Is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens. According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Ghana is ranked 67th electoral democracy worldwide and 10th electoral democracy in Africa . Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of
1309-960: Is classified as a middle income country. Services account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), extractive industries (5%), and taxes (20.9%). Ghana has an increasing primary manufacturing economy and export of digital technology goods along with assembling and exporting automobiles and ships, diverse resource rich exportation of industrial minerals , agricultural products primarily cocoa, petroleum and natural gas, and industries such as information and communications technology primarily via Ghana's state digital technology corporation Rlg Communications which manufactures tablet computers with smartphones and various consumer electronics . Urban electric cars have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014. It announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in Autumn 2021, making it
1386-621: Is different from Wikidata Incomplete lists from August 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Ghana Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country in West Africa . It lies adjacent to the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing a border with Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in
1463-574: Is geographically closer to the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator than any other country, since this point, (0°, 0°), is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 mi) off the south-east coast of Ghana. Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana, with forest extending northward from the coast 320 kilometres (200 miles) and eastward for
1540-583: Is located on the Gulf of Guinea , a few degrees north of the Equator . It spans an area of 238,540 km (92,101 sq mi) and has an Atlantic coastline that stretches 560 kilometres (350 miles) on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to its south. Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island are near the south coast. It lies between latitudes 4°45'N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15'E and 3°15'W. The prime meridian passes through Ghana, specifically through Tema . Ghana
1617-646: Is the Queen. The kingdom remained uncolonised. In 1896, Germany invaded Eastern Dagbon (Naya) and burnt down its capital, Yendi, during the Battle of Adibo . The Akan -speaking peoples began to move into what later became Ghana toward the 15th century. By the 16th century, the Akans were established in the Akan state called Bonoman , for which the Brong-Ahafo region was named. From
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#17330851354551694-559: Is the fifth largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in sub-saharan Africa with a market capitalisation of GH¢ 57.2 billion or CN¥ 180.4 billion in 2012 with the South Africa JSE Limited as first. The Ghana Stock Exchange was the second best performing stock exchange in sub-saharan Africa in 2013. Ghana produces high-quality cocoa . It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its ICCO membership helps in its international cocoa trade. Ghana
1771-477: Is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th- largest proven reserves in the world. It also has up to 1.7 × 10 cubic metres (6 × 10 ^ cu ft) of natural gas in reserves. The government has drawn up plans to nationalise petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue. As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 tonnes that year. This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for
1848-568: Is used as a key narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, usually from South America as well as some from other African nations. In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from Colombia and Latin America have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe." There is not a wide or popular knowledge about
1925-550: The 2020 election after the presidential election results were challenged at the Supreme Court by flagbearer of the NDC, John Mahama. Presidents are limited to two four-year terms in office. The president can serve a second term only upon re-election. The 2012 Fragile States Index indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on
2002-615: The Atlantic slave trade in this area. More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the Brandenburger Gold Coast or Groß Friedrichsburg. In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the British Gold Coast . Military engagements occurred between British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of Ashanti defeated
2079-624: The Commonwealth of Nations . On 6 March 1957 Ghana became the first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty - that is, gain independence. Under President Kwame Nkrumah , it became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan-African movement . Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with linguistic and religious groups; while the Akan are the largest ethnic group, they constitute
2156-564: The Group of 24 and the Commonwealth of Nations. The name Ghana comes from Wagadu , a vast empire in west Africa from the 3rd to 12th centuries; Wagadu was termed Ghana by Arab traders involved in the trans-Saharan trade . Ghana is thought to originate from the title Kaya Maghan of the rulers of Wagadu, which translates as ruler of gold . As the Gold Coast colony prepared for independence,
2233-1009: The Kingdom of Ashanti . The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of Kumasi . Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities , which were traded with other states in Africa. The Ga-Dangme and Ewe migrated westward from south-western Nigeria. The Ewe – formerly known as Dogbo- migrated from Oyo area with their Gbe-speaking kinsmen (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera and Ogun/Gun) and in transition, settled at Ketou in Benin Republic, Tado in Togo, Dogbo Nyigbo in Benin Republic and with Nortsie (a walled town in present-day Togo) as their final dispersal point. Their dispersal from Nortsie
2310-560: The Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso , and Bouna Kingdom of Ivory Coast . The kingdom enjoyed great prosperity, establishing Ghana's earliest educational systems, and using a writing script prior to European invasion. Female chiefs who rule over male subjects are present in the kingdom, and inheritance is both patrilineal and matrilineal. The Yaa Naa is the King of Dagbon and the Gundo Naa
2387-511: The Nanumba , Dagomba and Gonja , between 1,000 and 2,000 people were killed and 150,000 people were displaced. After the 2000 general election , John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party became president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and was re-elected in 2004 , thus also serving two terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and marking the first time under the fourth republic that power
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2464-715: The Non-Aligned Movement . Ghana favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the United Nations and the African Union . Ghana has a strong relationship with the United States. Three recent U.S. presidents— Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama —and a Vice President— Kamala Harris —have made diplomatic trips to Ghana. Many Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former Secretary-General of
2541-645: The Portuguese Empire , followed by other European powers , contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century . Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the current borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast , Ashanti , the Northern Territories , and British Togoland . These were unified as an independent dominion within
2618-518: The Takoradi Harbour . These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of Ghana cedis . However, drug seizures saw a decline in 2011. Drug cartels are using new methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies. Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana's position in
2695-460: The 17th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create Akan states, mainly based on gold trading. These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), Ashanti ( Ashanti Region ), Denkyira ( Western North region ), Mankessim Kingdom ( Central region ), and Akwamu (Eastern region) . By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in
2772-557: The British some times in the 100-year-long Anglo-Ashanti wars and eventually lost with the War of the Golden Stool in 1900. In 1947, the newly formed United Gold Coast Convention led by "The Big Six" called for "self-government within the shortest possible time" following the 1946 Gold Coast legislative election . Kwame Nkrumah , a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as
2849-8723: The Congo / [REDACTED] Rwanda 1,200,000 Goma – Gisenyi 756,323 Abidjan–Lagos [REDACTED] Côte d'Ivoire / [REDACTED] Ghana / [REDACTED] Togo / [REDACTED] Benin / [REDACTED] Nigeria 27,000,000 Lomé – Aflao [REDACTED] Togo / [REDACTED] Ghana 1,544,206 N'Djamena – Kousséri [REDACTED] Chad / [REDACTED] Cameroon 1,694,819 Asia [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Astara and Astara [REDACTED] Iran – [REDACTED] Azerbaijan 100,000 Khorramshahr and Abadan and Basra [REDACTED] Iran – [REDACTED] Iraq 2,000,000 Dhahran and Jubail and Manama [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia – [REDACTED] Bahrain 2,000,000 Tashkent and Saryagash [REDACTED] Uzbekistan – [REDACTED] Kazakhstan 3,000,000 Fergana and Kyzyl-Kiya [REDACTED] Uzbekistan – [REDACTED] Kyrgyzstan 300,000 Qorasuv and Kara-Suu 40,000 Lahore and Amritsar [REDACTED] Pakistan – [REDACTED] India 12,000,000 Heihe and Blagoveshchensk [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] Russia 400,000 Dandong and Sinuiju [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] North Korea 1,000,000 Greater Bay Area ( Guangzhou and Dongguan and Shenzhen and Hong Kong – Macau [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] Hong Kong – [REDACTED] Macau 71,200,000 Sijori Growth Triangle ( Singapore and Johor Bahru and Batam and Bintan ) [REDACTED] Singapore – [REDACTED] Malaysia – [REDACTED] Indonesia 9,000,000 Padang Besar and Padang Besar [REDACTED] Malaysia – [REDACTED] Thailand 20,000 Vientiane and Nong Khai [REDACTED] Laos – [REDACTED] Thailand 900,000 Savannakhet and Mukdahan 200,000 Europe [ edit ] Further information: Eurodistrict Main municipalities Countries Total population Øresund Region (Greater Copenhagen and Malmö ) [REDACTED] Denmark – [REDACTED] Sweden 3,964,522 Haparanda and Tornio [REDACTED] Sweden – [REDACTED] Finland 32,000 Pello and Pello 4,500 Karesuando and Karesuvanto 500 Imatra and Svetogorsk [REDACTED] Finland – [REDACTED] Russia 45,000 Ivangorod and Narva [REDACTED] Russia – [REDACTED] Estonia 69,000 Valga and Valka [REDACTED] Estonia – [REDACTED] Latvia 20,000 Como and Chiasso (part of Greater Milan ) [REDACTED] Italy – [REDACTED] Switzerland 189,000 Gorizia and Nova Gorica [REDACTED] Italy – [REDACTED] Slovenia Basel and Huningue and Weil am Rhein ( Regio TriRhena ) [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Germany 2,400,000 Geneva and Annemasse and Ferney-Voltaire and Nyon ( Grand Genève ) [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] France 890,000 Kreuzlingen and Konstanz [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] Germany 110,000 Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Spain 620,000 Le Perthus and Els Límits 700 Bourg-Madame and Puigcerdà Hendaye and Irun Lille and Roubaix and Tourcoing and Mouscron and Tournai and Kortrijk [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Belgium 1,850,000 Longwy and Aubange and Pétange [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Belgium – [REDACTED] Luxembourg 80,000 Strasbourg and Kehl [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Germany 700,000 Forbach and Saarbrücken 700,000 La Línea de la Concepción and Gibraltar [REDACTED] Spain – [REDACTED] Gibraltar 95,628 Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau [REDACTED] Belgium – [REDACTED] Netherlands 9,262 Görlitz and Zgorzelec [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Poland 85,000 Guben and Gubin 35,000 Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice 75,000 Szczecin 763,321 Herzogenrath and Kerkrade [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Netherlands 95,000 Freilassing and Salzburg [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Austria 175,000 Vienna and Bratislava [REDACTED] Austria – [REDACTED] Slovakia 1,900,000 Komárom and Komárno [REDACTED] Hungary – [REDACTED] Slovakia 56,000 Rousse and Giurgiu [REDACTED] Bulgaria – [REDACTED] Romania 250,000 Lifford and Strabane [REDACTED] Ireland – [REDACTED] United Kingdom 18,500 Slavonski Brod and Brod [REDACTED] Croatia – [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina 110,000 North America [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Paso Canoas [REDACTED] Costa Rica / [REDACTED] Panama 9,543 Metro Vancouver – Fraser Valley – Bellingham - Whatcom County [REDACTED] United States / [REDACTED] Canada 3,350,000 Detroit–Windsor 5,976,595 Buffalo - Niagara Region 1,614,790 Port Huron – Sarnia – Point Edward 105,776 Sault Ste. Marie – Sault Ste. Marie 93,944 San Diego–Tijuana [REDACTED] United States / [REDACTED] Mexico 5,105,769 Calexico–Mexicali 1,143,000 San Luis Río Colorado – San Luis 227,000 Nogales – Nogales 240,000 El Paso–Juárez 2,500,000 Laredo–Nuevo Laredo 775,481 Lower Rio Grande Valley 2,671,028 Reynosa–McAllen 1,500,000 Brownsville–Matamoros 1,387,985 South America [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni – Albina [REDACTED] French Guiana / [REDACTED] Suriname Saint Georges – Oiapoque [REDACTED] French Guiana / [REDACTED] Brazil 32,000 Quaraí – Artigas [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Uruguay 67,000 Santana do Livramento – Rivera 140,000 Chuí – Chuy 15,592 Corumbá – Puerto Suárez [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Bolivia 124,000 Tabatinga – Leticia – Santa Rosa [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Colombia / [REDACTED] Peru 107,000 Ponta Porã – Pedro Juan Caballero [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Paraguay 209,000 Foz do Iguaçu – Ciudad del Este – Puerto Iguazu [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Paraguay / [REDACTED] Argentina 800,000 Barracão – Dionísio Cerqueira – Bernardo de Irigoyen [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Argentina 36,000 Uruguaiana – Paso de los Libres 170,000 Tulcán – Ipiales [REDACTED] Ecuador / [REDACTED] Colombia 190,000 Cúcuta – San Antonio del Táchira [REDACTED] Colombia / [REDACTED] Venezuela 700,000 See also [ edit ] Border town Cross-border town naming List of divided cities Metropolitan area References [ edit ] ^ "Bukavu, Democratic Republic of
2926-656: The Congo Population (2023) - Population Stat" . populationstat.com . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Explore Cyangugu Town" . Nyungwe Forest National Park . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Central Asian cities are overgrown with slums" . centre1.com . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . www.espon.eu . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2022 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . www.espon.eu . Archived from
3003-498: The GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre agreements to which GAF is attestator. GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the Ministry of Defence . Although Ghana is relatively peaceful and is often considered being one of the least violent countries in
3080-583: The GAF to support the United States of Africa ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a parachute airborne unit originally raised in 1963. Today, Ghana is a regional power and regional hegemon . In his book Shake Hands with the Devil , Canadian Forces commander Roméo Dallaire highly rated the GAF soldiers and military personnel. The military operations and military doctrine of
3157-783: The Guinea coast') and building forts at Fort Komenda and Kormantsi. In 1617, the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and Axim in 1642 ( Fort St Anthony ). European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the Swedes , establishing the Swedish Gold Coast ( Svenska Guldkusten ), and Denmark–Norway , establishing the Danish Gold Coast ( Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea ). European traders participated in
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3234-590: The President Nana Akufo-Addo , Ghana was "the first sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals ". In 1957, the Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles. President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding
3311-547: The United Nations Kofi Annan , International Criminal Court Judge Akua Kuenyehia , as well as former President Jerry John Rawlings and former President John Agyekum Kufuor , who both served as diplomats of the United Nations. In September 2010, President John Atta Mills visited China on an official visit. Mills and China's former President Hu Jintao marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between
3388-669: The agricultural sector. The Volta River Authority and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation , both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers. The Akosombo Dam , built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the Bui Dam , the Kpong Dam and several other hydroelectric dams, provide hydropower . In addition, the government sought to build the second nuclear power plant in Africa . The Ghana Stock Exchange
3465-410: The beginning of April when he was joined by a third expedition that was coming up the Chari under Émile Gentil . When he arrived the combined forces crossed the Chari and attacked Rabih. The battle of Kousséri was a decisive battle which secured French rule over Chad. 12°05′N 15°02′E / 12.083°N 15.033°E / 12.083; 15.033 This Cameroon location article
3542-453: The budget. According to reports, the SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows for stakeholders' participation, such as in UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others. The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them. According to
3619-545: The colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification. On 1 July 1960, following the Ghanaian constitutional referendum and Ghanaian presidential election , Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency. 6 March is the nation's Independence Day , and 1 July is celebrated as Republic Day . Nkrumah led an authoritarian regime in Ghana, as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were not free and fair. In 1964,
3696-516: The country's first prime minister and president , formed the Convention People's Party in 1949 with the motto "self-government now". The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to one year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's 1951 general election , he
3773-602: The day was instituted as a public holiday in Ghana ( Founders' Day ). The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown in a coup by the Ghana Armed Forces , codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to Hanoi , Vietnam, to help end the Vietnam War . The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The National Liberation Council
3850-416: The first African country to become a developed country between 2020 and 2029 and a newly industrialised country between 2030 and 2039. This excludes fellow Group of 24 member and Sub-Saharan African country South Africa, which is a newly industrialised country. Ghana's economy has ties to the Chinese yuan renminbi along with Ghana's vast gold reserves. In 2013, the Bank of Ghana began circulating
3927-406: The first African country to do so. The country, which was planning to borrow up to $ 5 billion in international markets, would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. Only a few other nations have sold them so far, including Chile and Ecuador . The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with
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#17330851354554004-405: The first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah . The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north and the Bonoman in the south, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century. The Ashanti Empire and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries. Beginning in the 15th century,
4081-501: The first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa. In addition to gold, Ghana exports silver , timber, diamonds , bauxite , and manganese , and has other mineral deposits. Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size. The government has drawn up plans to nationalize mining industry to increase government revenue. "Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to dumsor ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages), increasing
4158-424: The freest and most stable governments on the continent, and it performs relatively well in healthcare , economic growth, and human development, so that it has a significant influence in West Africa and Africa as a whole. Ghana is highly integrated in international affairs, being a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the African Union , and a member of the Economic Community of West African States ,
4235-423: The index. Ghana ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index . Ghana was ranked seventh in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance . The Ibrahim Index
4312-428: The interest in renewables. As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity. The judicial system of Ghana deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency. According to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This
4389-399: The intersection of three hydro-climatic zones. Changes in rainfall, weather conditions and sea-level rise affect the salinity of coastal waters. This is expected to negatively affect both farming and fisheries. In 2015, the government produced a document titled "Ghana's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution". Following that, Ghana signed the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016. Ghana is
4466-419: The narcotics industry and intercepted narcotics within Ghana, since it is an underground economy . The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana an attractive country for the narcotics business. The Narcotics Control Board has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in
4543-596: The narcotics industry. President Mills initiated ongoing efforts to reduce the role of airports in Ghana's drug trade. Homosexual acts are prohibited by law in Ghana. According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center , 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society. Sometimes elderly women in Ghana are accused of witchcraft , particularly in rural Ghana. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called witch camps . These are said to house
4620-442: The nation's leader and first prime minister later first president Kwame Nkrumah the one who led Ghana to independence, settled on Ghana , aiming to evoke a sense of unity and liberation among the Ghanaian people . The name was a powerful reminder of their shared heritage and the legacy of the ancient empire that once thrived in the wider region. It encapsulated the aspirations of the Ghanaian people for self-governance, progress, and
4697-421: The neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria (around Badagry area). Akan trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century. European contact was by the Portuguese people , who came to the Gold Coast region in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the Portuguese Gold Coast (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold. The Portuguese built
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#17330851354554774-430: The north , and Togo in the east . Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km (92,497 sq mi), spanning diverse ecologies , from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests . With nearly 35 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa . The capital and largest city is Accra ; other significant cities include Kumasi , Tamale , and Sekondi-Takoradi . In 1957 Ghana became
4851-533: The original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2022 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "San Diego - Tijuana" . World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . ^ "The 411 - Fascinating Facts" . Guest Life: El Paso/Juarez and Southern New Mexico . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 Feb 2010 . ^ "Nuevo Laredo Metro area" . World Gazetteer. Archived from
4928-2328: The original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . ^ Gomez, Rodney; Guajardo, Luis; Ely-Ledesma, Edna (June 15, 2022). "It is time to recognize the Rio Grande Valley as a rising borderland metropolis" . Rice University: Kinder Institute for Urban Research. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "McAllen Overview" . McAllen Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ "Explore Matamoros" . Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "IBGE Cidades (Brazil's Census 2010)" . ^ "INE (Uruguay's Census 2011)" . ^ http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2016/08/15/cucuta-y-san-antonio-dos-ciudades-unidas-pero-separadas-por-cierre-frontera/ "...que une ambas ciudades formando una conurbación, los 650.000 habitantes de Cúcuta y los 50.000 de San Antonio supieron que comenzaban tiempos difíciles." v t e World's largest cities City proper Capitals Africa Americas North Latin Central South Asia Arab world Arabia ASEAN East, South and Southeast Asia Europe Baltic European Union Nordic Metropolitan area Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union ) Asia Africa Middle East Oceania Urban area / agglomeration Asia Africa Europe European Union Nordic North America Oceania Transborder Historical World Europe Related articles Arcology Ecumenopolis Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Satellite city population Primate city Secondary city [REDACTED] Cities portal [REDACTED] World portal Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transborder_agglomeration&oldid=1259089629 " Category : Transborder agglomerations Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description
5005-428: The output of oil to 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m ) per day and gas to 34,000,000 cubic metres (1.2 × 10 ^ cu ft) per day. The Jubilee Oil Field , which contains up to 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m ) of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007. Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m ) to 7 billion barrels (1.1 × 10 m ) of petroleum in reserves, which
5082-462: The region, Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances. The Ghana Police Service and the Criminal Investigation Department are the main law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security. The Ghana Police Service has eleven specialised police units, including
5159-442: The renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as hard currency along with the national Ghanaian cedi for second national trade currency. Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas only 11% of urban dwellers were. Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while nearly all (94 percent) of "rural poor households" participate in
5236-504: The sub-division Borstal Institute for Juveniles administers incarceration. Ghana retains and exercises the death penalty for treason, corruption, robbery, piracy, drug trafficking, rape, and homicide. The new sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels. Ghana
5313-524: The sustainability of Chinese-financed projects, environmental impacts, and the lack of transparency in their investments call for a careful assessment of these collaborations. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the Non-Aligned Movement and also co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian presidential palace Flagstaff House . The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and
5390-481: The teachings of Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr. and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into the formation of 1960s Ghana. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement , and in establishing the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute to teach his ideologies of communism and socialism . His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and
5467-550: The two nations, at the Great Hall of the People . China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China , Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's President John Mahama . China recently became one of the top investing countries of Ghana, which predominantly focus on infrastructure, natural resources, and manufacturing sectors, have promoted economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in Ghana. However, concerns regarding
5544-405: The world's third-largest reservoir by volume and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam , completed in 1965. The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the Gulf of Guinea . The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape Three Points . The climate of Ghana is tropical , and there is wet season and dry season . Ghana sits at
5621-405: Was described as a "stable democracy". As a result of the 2016 general election , Nana Akufo-Addo became president on 7 January 2017. He was re-elected after a tightly contested election in 2020 . To combat deforestation, on 11 June 2021 Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day, with the aim of planting five million trees in a concentrated effort to preserve the country's rainforest cover. Ghana
5698-625: Was elected to Parliament and was released from prison. He became prime minister in 1952 and began a policy of Africanization. At midnight of March 6, 1957, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland were unified as one single independent dominion within the British Commonwealth under the name Ghana. This was done under the Ghana Independence Act 1957 . The current flag of Ghana , consisting of
5775-563: Was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General Joseph A. Ankrah . A series of alternating military and civilian governments, often affected by economic instabilities, ruled Ghana from 1966, ending with the ascent to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of the Provisional National Defence Council in 1981. These changes resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political parties . The economy soon declined, so Rawlings negotiated
5852-671: Was necessitated by the high-handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli) who was the reigning monarch of the tribe at that time. The Ewe in Ghana speak three principal dialects: Anlo(along the coast),Tongu(along the Volta river) and Ewedome (in the hill country side).The Ga-Dangme occupy the Greater Accra Region and parts of the Eastern Region, while the Ewe are found in the Volta Region as well as
5929-518: Was transferred from one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another. Nana Akufo-Addo , the ruling party candidate, was defeated in a very close 2008 general election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress . Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President John Mahama on 24 July 2012. Following the 2012 general election , Mahama became president in his own right, and Ghana
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