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75-808: The Koskulls were enrolled in the Livonian Knighthood in 1742, in the Estonian Knighthood in 1777, and in the Courland Knighthood in 1841. In 1834, the family was granted a baron rank in Prussia . The title of imperial count was bestowed upon the family in 1805 by Francis II , and in 1898, members of the family also became counts in Imperial Russia . In Sweden , the family was granted noble status in 1638, and two branches were uplifted to baron status in 1719 and 1720. The title of imperial count

150-607: A Baltic German physician, naturalist, and entomologist, was born in Tartu. He was one of the earliest scientific explorers of the Pacific region, making significant collections of flora and fauna in Alaska, California, and Hawaii. Nobel Chemistry Prize laureate Wilhelm Ostwald studied and worked in Tartu. The Tartu School is one of the leading scientific schools in semiotics . The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to

225-685: A baron title on 11 March 1834. The family branch came from the Courland branch. Livonian Knighthood The Livonian Knighthood ( German : Livländische Ritterschaft , Estonian : Liivimaa rüütelkond , Latvian : Livonijas bruņniecība ) was a fiefdom that existed in Livonia (now Southern Estonia and Northern Latvia ). It was formed in 1561 by Baltic German nobles and disbanded in 1917 in Estonia , and in 1920 in Latvia . Like other Baltic knighthoods ,

300-563: A brief siege led by hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ; roughly 1000 Swedish soldiers surrendered and were escorted to Tallinn . In the effect of yet another Polish-Swedish War , in 1625 Tartu was once again captured by Sweden, this time for good. In the effect of the 1629 Truce of Altmark the city became part of the Dominions of Sweden , which led to the foundation of the University of Tartu in 1632 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden . In 1704

375-478: A comparatively thriving nightlife, with many nightclubs, bars, and restaurants, including the world's highest-ceiling pub, in the historic Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu . Annually, in the summer, Tartu hosts the Hanseatic Days festival ( Estonian : Hansapäevad ) to celebrate its Hanseatic heritage. The festival includes events such as handicraft markets, historic workshops and jousting tournaments. The city hosts

450-584: A court marshal, married Johanna Fredrica Sophia Fleming af Liebelitz. As of 2004, the head of the family is Johan Koskull (born 1938) who owns and resides in the family estate Engaholm in Småland . In Imperial Russia the family was enrolled in the “ General Armorial of the Noble Families of the Russian Empire ” in the 17th part. On 20 January 1805, Emperor Franz II granted Joseph Koskull an imperial count title,

525-518: A population of 97,435 (as of 2023). It is 186 kilometres (116 miles) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of Riga , Latvia. Tartu lies on the Emajõgi river, which connects the two largest lakes in Estonia, Lake Võrtsjärv and Lake Peipus . From the 13th century until the end of the 19th century, Tartu was known in most of the world by variants of its historical name Dorpat . Tartu,

600-624: A prestigious high-class neighborhood. The active community embodied by the Supilinn Society is committed to preserving the heritage. The Second World War destroyed large parts of the city centre and during the Soviet occupation, many new buildings were erected – notably the new Vanemuine Theater. The effects of the war are still witnessed by the relative abundance of parks and greenery in the historic centre. Typical Soviet-style neighbourhoods of blocks of high-rise flats were built between World War II and

675-410: Is Mētraine. Historically, Tartu was the main center for Latvian academic education, which is the reason why the name of the city used to be Latvianized. Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD. By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of Toome Hill ( Toomemägi ). Over

750-588: Is also the birthplace of the Estonian Song Festivals . Tartu was designated as the European Capital of Culture in 2024. It is thought that the name derives from the word for aurochs , tarvas . Since Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the Estonian-language Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑrtˑu] ), alternative South Estonian spelling: Tarto ) has been

825-480: Is believed that he was the grandson of Gerhard de Koskele, the illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II . It is most probable that Gerhard was part of the Livonian Crusades , which would explain his marriage to Magdalena, the daughter of Caupo of Turaida . The Koskull family claim descent from Caupo of Turaida, who was considered the first King of Livonia and who helped Bishop Meinhard spread Christianity in

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900-508: Is believed that the Koskull family shares a common origin with the von der Pahlen family, who appeared in the region around the same time, and have a similar coat of arms bearing three sea leaves. According to a legend, the family owned both sides of Lake Burtnieks during the 13th century, but due to a dispute between two brothers, it was decided that one brother would keep the Burtnieki side, while

975-461: Is officially divided into 17 neighbourhoods, which carry no administrative purposes. Their names and borders are defined. The city is best known for being home to the University of Tartu (formerly known as the University of Dorpat; German: Universität Dorpat ), founded under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632. Mainly for this reason, Tartu is also – tongue-in-cheek – known as " Athens of

1050-410: Is one of the largest employers, which explains the large proportion of highly skilled professionals – researchers, professors, doctors, and Tartu University Clinic has been considered the largest employer of Tartu. The city is served by Tartu Airport . The distance to Estonia's "summer holiday capital", Pärnu (in the western Estonia) is 176 kilometres (109 miles) and the fastest route there by road

1125-536: Is through Viljandi and Kilingi-Nõmme . Tartu is connected to Riga, Tallinn, and other Estonian towns by many bus and train routes. Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881 and Estonian Statistical Office. Note that the data up to 2011 is not directly comparable to the most recent numbers, as the methodology of compiling population statistics has changed. Religion in Tartu City (2021) [1] Tartu

1200-654: The Dikļi and Umurga parishes. Several family members participated in wars on behalf of the Livonian Confederation, such as Klaus Koskull, whose name appears in the 1423 Treaty of Melno . The family was enrolled into the Livonian Knighthood under Nr 33, Estonian Knighthood under Nr 29 and into the Curonian Knighthood under Nr 138, all with a baron title. The family was also enrolled with a count title into

1275-899: The German Empire to bring the Baltic politically under German sovereignty with the creation of the United Baltic Duchy failed in November 1918 finally. The Livonian Knighthood was subsequently dissolved as statutory corporation . In 1920, the Livonian Non-profit Association was founded in Riga, and the members of the Knights, who had emigrated to the German Reich , founded the Association of

1350-555: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Duchy of Livonia . It is the coat of arms of the Livonian administrator and commander Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz with the initials of King Sigismund II Augustus . From 1695 to 1710 there were "Landtag directors" and from 1783 to 1797 " Marshal of Nobility ". Dorpat Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after Tallinn . Tartu has

1425-591: The Koknese Castle in 1469) and held significant estates, mainly in Ubbenorm and the surrounding parishes. From Livonia, the family branched out to Courland and Estonia. Reinhold Koskull, who moved to Courland in 1603 from Dorpat , started a branch there. His descendants acquired significant estates in the areas of Grobin, Windau and Talsen. Peter von Koskull acquired the Asuppen and Adsirn estates in 1719. The Baltic branch of

1500-648: The Meistriliiga clubs, is located in Tartu. Their home stadium is the Tamme Staadion , which has a capacity of 1600. The city is also home to the Tartu JK Welco and FC Santos Tartu clubs, which play in the Esiliiga , the second division. Tartu has a professional volleyball club, Bigbank Tartu , as well as the handball team, the Tartu Ülikool/Glassdrive, which plays in the second division of Estonian handball. Tartu

1575-720: The Omsk region , a village in the Krasnoarmeisk district of the Chelyabinsk region, and a lake in the Chanovsky district of the Novosibirsk region. Not much is known about the Prussian branch except that Lieutenant General Ernst von Koschkull (1775-1856) and his two nephews, Lieutenant General Leonhard von Koschkull (1798-1872) and First Lieutenant Alexander von Koschkull (1799-1839) were granted

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1650-600: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1598 it became the capital of the Dorpat Voivodeship of the Duchy of Livonia . A Jesuit grammar school "Gymnasium Dorpatense" was established in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king Stephen Báthory . The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by

1725-597: The Polish–Swedish War . Already in late 1600 the forces of Charles IX of Sweden besieged the city defended by three banners of reiters and the city's burghers. Despite repeated assaults, the Swedes could not enter the city. Finally in 1601 Capt. Hermann Wrangel switched sides, assaulted the castellan and opened the gates for the Swedish forces. The town was retaken by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 13 April 1603 following

1800-761: The Rally Estonia . It is the biggest motorsport event in the Baltic states . The rally was part of the European Rally Championship between 2014 and 2016. Since 2020 Rally Estonia is part of the World Rally Championship . Tartu is the home for basketball club Tartu Ülikool/Rock , which participates in the Korvpalli Meistriliiga and the Latvian-Estonian Basketball League . Football club JK Tammeka Tartu , one of

1875-651: The Russian Empire and was known as Derpt . Fires in the 18th century destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the Great Fire of Tartu in 1775 removed most of the buildings in the centre. The city was rebuilt along Late Baroque and Neoclassical lines including the Tartu Town Hall which was built between 1782 and 1789. In 1783 the city became the centre of Derpt uyezd within the Governorate of Livonia . During

1950-453: The Yuryev fort was burned down by Sosols (probably Oeselians , Sackalians , or another Estonian tribe). Soon afterwards the fort was rebuilt by locals. In the 12th century, local Ungannians on one side and troops from the neighbouring Novgorod Republic on the other side repeatedly raided each other. In those campaigns, the invaders were reportedly able to capture Tartu in 1133 or 1134, and in

2025-738: The baptismal name of grand prince Yaroslav I the Wise ) and as Дерпт ( Derpt , from the Low German variant of Dorpat ). Similarly the city has been known as Tērbata in Latvian , and Finnish speakers use the toponym Tartto . Tartu lies on the Emajõgi River, whose name literally means 'mother river' in Estonian. In Latvian, the name of Emajõgi river is Mētra. Therefore, Tartu's historical unofficial name in Latvian

2100-903: The Emajõgi" or as " Heidelberg of the North". Tartu is also the seat of the Estonian University of Life Sciences , the Baltic Defence College , Estonian Aviation Academy (formerly known as Tartu Aviation College), and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research . Other notable institutions include the Supreme Court of Estonia (re-established in Tartu in autumn 1993), the Estonian Historical Archives , Estonian National Museum , Estonian Sports and Olympic Museum as well as

2175-548: The King of Poland Sigismund II August , 1629 by Gustav II Adolf , the king of Sweden, and in 1710 by the Russian Tsar Peter I . Through the agricultural legislation of the years 1816 to 1819, the landowning nobility of the Baltic governorates were given the right and duty to set up elementary schools (also called "peasant schools") in the estate districts and villages belonging to them. For instance, issues of education of

2250-705: The Koskulls still exists today. The Koskull family first appeared in Sweden in the 1450s, when Brand Koskull the Elder emigrated from Livonia. From then on, members of the family held high positions in armies, courts, and the royal palace. The family is widely known in Sweden, as several towns are named after the family, such as Koskullskulle and Kosta . The Koskulls are also notable in Sweden because some members, notably Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull and Mariana Koskull , were royal mistresses of several European kings. The relationship between

2325-574: The Livonian Knighthood under Nr 328, and into the Curonian Knighthood under Nr 260. They are one of a few families who emigrated from Germany to Livonia during the Livonian Crusades in the 13th century. First mentioned in 1302, the family settled in the northern part of the Archdiocese of Riga (present-day Dickeln parish), and acquired many estates during the colonization period. Their primary ancestral estates consisted of Lappier, Koskullshof (Stumpen), Schujen, Pahlen and Seckendorf. The family also owned

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2400-713: The Livonian Order was subsumed into the Teutonic Knights in 1236, the town became an important trading city. In the 1280s Dorpat joined the Hanseatic League . In 1558, tsar Ivan the Terrible invaded Tartu beginning the Livonian War . Forces under the command of Pyotr Shuiski encircled the town and began the heavy bombardment. In light of this and without any prospect of external help the town surrendered. The local bishop

2475-574: The Livonian Stammadel in Rostock. These associations continued the tradition of knighthood. In 1949, the present Association of Baltic Noble Corporations e.V. founded in which the Livonian knighthood is integrated together with its three sister Nobel communities. The coat of arms of the Livonian knighthood was awarded by the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1566 on the occasion of the real union between

2550-463: The Livonian also had semi-autonomous privileged status in the Russian Empire . Within the individual territories Old Livland the vassal genders joined forces to defend and maintain their rights and possessions into knighthoods. These corporate organizations were already provided with sovereign rights in the 14th century and were officially recognized. The privileges of the knighthood were each confirmed by changing sovereigns, so happened in 1561 by

2625-470: The Soviet occupation authorities and large swathes of previously residential areas were turned into parks and parking lots. After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Tartu a "closed town for foreigners", as an airbase for bombers was constructed on Raadi Airfield , in the northeast outskirts of the city. It was one of the largest military airbases in the former Eastern Bloc and housed strategic bombers carrying nuclear bombs. On one end of an older strip of

2700-426: The army of prince Dmitri of Pereslavl launched an assault on Dorpat, capturing and destroying the town. His troops did not manage to capture the bishop's fortress on Toome Hill. The event was recorded both in subsequent German and Old East Slavic chronicles, which also provided the first record of a settlement of German merchants and artisans which had arisen alongside the bishop's fortress. In medieval times, after

2775-418: The branch in 1742. The third branch, Nr 184, was also elevated in 1720 from branch 248. Otto Johan Koskull was known to be the right hand of King Carl XII , fighting in numerous Swedish and Polish wars, thus he was elevated to a title. His wife was Märta Bonde, daughter of the von de Noth family. One of their sons, Ulric Carl, went into the Russian service as did his sons after him. The branch survived thanks to

2850-402: The branch's last member died in 1748. The second branch, Nr 160, was part of Nr 248 until Major General Anders Koskull (son of Erik Koskull) was elevated to a baron rank in 1719. He was married three times and had 9 children; however, all of his sons died without an heir. He was the Lord of Engaholm, which he passed on to his son-in-law, a Koskull from branch Nr 184. Anders Koskull himself closed

2925-431: The end of the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence following World War I, a peace treaty between the Bolshevik Russia and Estonia was signed on 2 February 1920 in Tartu ( Treaty of Tartu ). With the treaty, Soviet Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time". In 1920, the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Finland was also signed in Tartu. During the interwar period Tähtvere neighbourhood

3000-457: The estates Napküll, Sutzen, Kulsdorf, Mazauce, Ostrominski (Košķele) as well as the village of Lemskull. During the 14th century, the family branched out to nearby dioceses (1385-04-25—Mauritius, Berend and Godeke Koskull are mentioned in the diocese of Dorpat . 1360-05-09—Andreas Koskull in Osel). The family held important positions in the archdiocese, such as Brand Koskull ( bailiff at Turaida Castle from 1417–1420), and Jakob Koskull (bailiff at

3075-453: The former Soviet Union, in large part because of the military airbase. Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre has been renovated. Notably, St. John's Church , in ruins since World War II, has been restored. Many new commercial and business buildings have been erected ( Tartu Kaubamaja , Tasku , Emajõe kaubanduskeskus , Lõunakeskus , Kvartal , etc.). The highest residential building and local landmark Tigutorn

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3150-477: The highest count title of the Holy Roman Empire . In May 1897, the State council allowed the great-grandson of Imperial Count Joseph Koskull, court counselor Nikolai-Karl-Irnest Gospfor von Koskull, to transfer his county title to his relative Friedrich-Ernest-Alexander Karlov von Koskull. The new title was later approved by a certain ruling senate on 5 November 1898. On 12 November that year, the same ruling senate granted Adam-Karl-Edward-Wilhelm-Alexander von Koskull,

3225-425: The largest urban centre of southern Estonia, is often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country, especially as it is home to the nation's oldest and most renowned university, the University of Tartu (founded in 1632). Tartu also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , the Estonian National Museum , and the oldest Estonian-language theatre, Vanemuine . It

3300-411: The main shopping street, many buildings around the town hall square and Barclay Square . The historical slum area called Supilinn ( Soup Town ) is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving "poor" neighbourhoods of 19th-century Europe. At the moment Supilinn is being rapidly renovated, undergoing a slow transformation from the historic slum into

3375-550: The next centuries the settlement grew, and around 9th–10th centuries became an inland trading center. The first documented records of the area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of the early 11th century Kievan Rus . Yaroslav I the Wise , Grand Prince of Kiev , invaded the region of Tartu in ca 1030, and after a victorious battle with the local tribe of Ungannians built his own fort there, and named it Yuryev . Tartu may have remained under Kievan Rus' control until 1061, when, according to chronicles,

3450-422: The oldest and renowned theatre in the country, Vanemuine , where they have a well-respected ballet company as well as theatre, opera and musical productions. In music, there exists the Tartu school of composition . Most of the sculptures in Tartu are dedicated to historical figures. Among them, the most famous are the Barclay de Tolly monument on Barclay Square in downtown, the Kissing Students monument on

3525-402: The oldest son of Count-Friedrich-Ernest-Alexander von Koskull, permission to use the title of count following the death of his father. The diploma for the Count's dignity was signed on 2 January 1902. A member of the Russian branch, Count Mikhail Frantsovich Koskull (1825-1869), married Princess Varvara Petrovna Shcherbatova. Together they had one daughter, Countess Sofia Mikhailovna Koskull, who

3600-442: The only name in official use but throughout its history there have also been various names for it in other languages. Most of them derive ultimately from the earliest attested form, the Estonian Tarbatu . In German, Swedish and Polish the town has been known, and up until the 20th century was sometimes referred to, as Dorpat , a variant of Tarbatu . In Russian the city has been known as Юрьев ( Yur′yev , after Yuri ,

3675-416: The other would keep the opposite side. The brother with the Burtnieki side had an oak beam with iron tires rammed into the lake to indicate the border, and also adopted a different name: von der Pahlen . He then made a new coat of arms by changing the background color of the Koskulls' coat of arms to yellow while retaining the lake leaves, and hung the new arms on the oak beam; thus, the von der Pahlen family

3750-402: The pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors and local politicians. Most notable are the old Lutheran St. John's Church ( Estonian : Jaani Kirik , German: Johanneskirche ), the 18th-century town hall , the university building, ruins of the 13th-century cathedral , the botanical gardens,

3825-438: The princes of Novgorod and Pskov had sent additional troops led by prince Vyachko of Kukenois to aid the Estonian defenders of the fort, it was besieged and conquered for one last time by the Teutonic crusaders. Subsequently, known as Dorpat (Latin: Tarbatum ), Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later Middle Ages and the capital of the semi-independent Bishopric of Dorpat . In 1262

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3900-444: The rank of major general before his death in 1676. His wife was Maria Catharina Frankelin , whose mother was Constantina Eriksdotter , the daughter of King Erik XIV and Agda Persdotter . Their daughters married into the Boije af Gennäs, von Stackelberg, and von Weissensée families. Their eldest son, Anders, was a major in the Ostgöta infantry and married to a Klingspor. Family branch Nr 248 contained many notable individuals; however,

3975-456: The region. Caupo himself converted to Christianity in 1186, and traveled to Rome to meet with Pope Innocent III in 1203. The Pope had granted and confirmed the title of Caupo of Livonia, along with a coat of arms depicting three golden lilies on a purple background. The Koskull family and the Lieven family bear similar coats of arms: three lilies positioned identically. Furthermore, both families have traced their origins to Caupo of Turaida. It

4050-510: The restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, the largest such district being Annelinn . Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" variation, but has managed to retain a mix of old and new buildings in the centre of town. Notable examples include the Tigutorn Tower and the Emajõe Centre, both built during the current period of independence; Tartu's tallest and second tallest towers, respectively. Tartu's large student population means that it has

4125-415: The retreating Soviet Army, partly in 1941 and almost completely in 1944 by then retreating German Army. Already heavily damaged, Tartu was repeatedly bombed by the Soviet air forces on 27 January 1943, on 26 February 1944, on 7–8 March 1944, and on 25–26 March 1944. After the war ended, much of the city's historic centre was left in ruins. Even the less damaged buildings in entire city blocks were demolished by

4200-603: The royal family and the Koskulls was viewed as very close, which rendered the family very influential within the aristocracy. At some stage, the family had close relations with Napoleon I ; however, it is unclear if it was confined to Mariana and Aurora Koskull or if it extended to other family members. They are also founders of Kosta Boda , a famous Swedish glassworks which was founded in 1742 by General Anders Koskull and Georg Bogislaus Staël von Holstein . The family had three branches in Sweden, nr 248, 160, and 184. All three branches held noble or baron titles, with branch Nr 184 being

4275-515: The runway, the new building of Estonian National Museum was built. Tartu Airport was opened in the south of the city in 1946. Besides the airport Estonian Aviation Academy was established in 1993. Privately owned Estonian Aviation Museum , which is 5 km to the East from the airport (7 km by car), was opened to the public in 2002. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to above 100,000 — due to mass immigration from Russia and other areas of

4350-447: The rural population in the Livonian Knights' Landtag repeatedly gave rise to debates the Conservatives and Reformers in the Livonian nobility, as well as in the Livonian provincial synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . In the wake of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the turmoil of World War I , Estonia declared its independence from Russia on February 24, 1918, and Latvia on November 18, 1918, as republics. Attempts by

4425-402: The second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural centre for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism . The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869. Vanemuine , the first national theatre, was established in 1870. Tartu was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872. Tartu railway station was opened in 1876 when Tapa –Tartu route

4500-417: The sole surviving Swedish branch today. The first branch, Nr 248, was presented in 1638 by Anders Koskull the Young (great-great-grandson of Brand Koskull the Elder), who served as a lieutenant and colonel of various regiments. In 1642, he became the Governor of Tartu County, and in 1656 he became Governor of Viborg County. He was naturalized in 1638 as a nobleman by Queen Christina and eventually ascened to

4575-470: The temperature can occasionally (but rarely) drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). Generally, summers are warm and winters are cold. The Tartu weather station is located in Tõravere village, which is about 20 kilometers from the city, so the actual temperature in the city may be slightly warmer than the official average temperatures. Mostly known as a university town, Tartu is also a site of heavy industry. The food industry has traditionally been important for

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4650-433: The town hall square and Gustav II Adolf ´s monument on King's Square ( Kuningaplats ). Tartu has been an intellectual centre of both Estonia and the Baltic countries for several centuries. Scholars hailing from Tartu include the pioneer of embryology Karl Ernst von Baer , a pioneer of animal behaviour studies Jakob von Uexküll , and a cultural theorist and semiotician Juri Lotman . Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz ,

4725-416: The town was taken by the Russian army in the presence of tsar Peter the Great himself. As a result, around a quarter of the town and much of the fortifications were damaged. In 1708 the remainder of the fortifications and houses, including the remains of bishops castle, were blown up, all movable property was looted and all citizens deported to Russia. With the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the city became part of

4800-491: The town's economy and some bigger companies in the field include A. Le Coq , Tartu Mill and Salvest . Kroonpress is one of the leading printing press companies in the Baltics. At the beginning of the 21st century, many ICT enterprises and other high-tech companies have taken a foothold in Tartu. Notable examples include Playtech Estonia, Nortal (formerly Webmedia Group), ZeroTurnaround , Tarkon, Reach-U and Raintree Estonia. Skype has an office in Tartu. The university

4875-405: The university property was relocated to Voronezh in 1918 and during the German occupation, the university worked under the name Landesuniversität Dorpat. During the Estonian War of Independence the university of Tartu was re-opened as an Estonian language university on 1 December 1919. With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name Tartu . At

4950-400: The winter of 1191–1192, however these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes. During the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century the fort of Tarbatu (or Tharbata ) was captured by the crusading Teutonic knights — also known as the Brothers of the Sword — and recaptured by Estonians on several occasions. In 1224, after

5025-481: The youngest son of Otto Johan, the equestrian master Anders Gustaf who married a relative from the Koskull branch Nr 160. The family was then divided into two smaller branches. The main branch descends from Anders Gustaf's son, a court lieutenant named Otto Anders Koskull, who had several children with Amalia Beata Silfversparre. The younger branch comes from war councilor Gustaf Fredrik Koskull, who married Anna Charlotta Gjelstrup in Hamburg. Their son, Anders Erik Koskull,

5100-461: Was Prince Felix Yusupov , the last of the Yusupov princes and the richest man in the Russian Empire, the Koskull family had access to extreme wealth until the Russian Revolution . Only Mikhail Sumarokov-Elston survived the revolution by boarding HMS Marlborough to Malta with his cousin Prince Felix Yusupov. Several settlements in Russia are named after the family; separate villages in the Bolsherechensky , Tyukalinsky and Tarsky districts of

5175-455: Was born. The Koskulls are among the oldest Livonian families and were among the most influential and respected families in Terra Mariana . The first written information on the family appeared about the vassal of the Archbishop of Riga , Andreas de Koskele, in 1302. Throughout the 14th century, the family acquired vast lands and large manors. In the 14th century, the family owned land in the Dikli-Augstroze parish region of Līvu galā, now known as

5250-410: Was built, former Raadi Manor buildings started to house Estonian National Museum (destroyed during Tartu Offensive in 1944) and art school Pallas was opened. During World War II, the Stalinist Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia and Tartu in June 1940. Large parts of the city as well as the historical Kivisild ("Stone bridge", built in 1776–1778) over the Emajõgi river were destroyed by

5325-403: Was built. The station building was opened in 1877. In the history of tuberculosis , in 1891 The Veterinary College at Dorpat produced seminal research using the Tuberculin test on 1,000 cattle. In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name Yuryev . The university was subsequently russified from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. Much of

5400-551: Was imprisoned in Moscow, which effectively ended the period of local self-government. Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi , a leading diplomat and archivist of diplomatic records during Ivan the Terrible's reign, argued that Tartu's "founding" by Ancient Rus' justified Russia's contemporary territorial claims to the region. In the effect of the Truce of Jam Zapolski of 1582, the city along with southern regions of Livonian Confederation became part of

5475-534: Was later transferred by decree to a Swedish branch of the family. Currently, the Swedish branch owns 20,000 hectares across the United Kingdom and an estate of 6,000 hectares in Sweden, called Engaholm. The family's combined net worth is estimated to be $ 1.6 billion. The first written information on the family dates back to 1302, when Andreas de Koskele was mentioned as a vassal in the Archbishopric of Riga . It

5550-543: Was married to Count Nikolay Feliksovich Sumarokov-Elston, the suspected grandson of King Federick William IV of Prussia. Their son Mikhail Nikolaevich Sumarokov-Elston was considered the best tennis player in the Russian Empire , and 6th in the world at the time. Along with Alexander Alenitsy, he was the first Russian tennis player to participate in the Summer Olympic Games , and regularly played with Emperor Nicholas II . Because Countess Sofia Koskull's nephew-in-law

5625-642: Was opened in 2008. The AHHAA science centre relocated to a new building in 2011 and the Estonian National Museum 's new main building opened in 2016. Tartu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone ( Dfb ). The climate is rather mild considering the high latitude, largely due to the proximity of the Baltic Sea and warm airflows from the Atlantic. Nevertheless, continental influence can be felt on hot summer days and cold spells in winter, when

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