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54-492: The House of Kosača ( Serbian Cyrillic : Косача , pl. Kosače / Косаче), somewhere Kosačić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Косачић , pl. Kosačići / Косачићи), was a Bosnian medieval noble family which ruled over parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , and Serbia between the 14th century and the 15th century. The land they controlled was known as Humska zemlja (Hum, for short), roughly corresponding to modern region of Herzegovina , which itself

108-766: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

162-630: A Catholic ceremony in May 1446 ensuring, at least for a short while, he had the support of the most powerful nobleman in the kingdom and a staunch supporter of the Bosnian Church , Stjepan Vukčić . The Eastern Orthodox church building attributed as endowment of Stjepan Vukčić is the Church of Saint George in Sopotnica near Goražde , which is believed to be finished during 1452. In the valley of Šćepan Polje , below

216-528: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

270-481: A considerable number of groups of families came to live in Goražde from the neighbouring villages and some from other further places, having been attracted by the economic growth of Goražde. According to the census of 1961 Goražde had 8,812 inhabitants. Before World War II, the industry of Goražde consisted mainly of retail trade and to a certain extent wholesale trade, the catering industry, handicraft and transport. During

324-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

378-483: A frontier town, had normal conditions under which it developed and prospered. In 1941 German troops entered the town after an air raid on April 17. Later on Italian troops were also stationed there. The National Liberation Army took over the town for the first time on January 27, 1942, and remained there until May of the same year. During this period the National Liberation Committees were formed for

432-462: A land corridor was established between Goražde and the Federation. The surrounding region of Goražde is composed of Paleozoic and Permian shales, sandstones and carbon sedimentary rocks. The hills are for the most part rounded and with gentle slopes. The higher ones are composed of limestone. Goražde with its surroundings has a mainly equable and fresh mountainous climate. The average annual temperature

486-547: A major offensive against the town. After air strikes against Serb tanks and outposts and a NATO ultimatum, Serbian forces agreed to withdraw their artillery and armored vehicles 20 km (12 mi) from the town. On 28 May 1995 it was again targeted by the Bosnian Serbs, who launched an assault on UN guard posts, overwhelming 33 British UN servicemen from the Royal Welch Fusiliers manning four observation posts on

540-529: A member of the Kosaca Ottoman branch. It was significant as being an example of very rare occurrence that a mausoleum is dedicated to a female person. After the quake, the mausoleum of the princess was reconstructed in 2014 by the Ministry of Culture of Macedonia with financial contributions from the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A tradition of the locals has been maintained to this day by

594-442: Is 10.8 °C and the rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The town is supplied with water from six springs. A part of the population gets drinking water from ordinary wells. The construction of a water supply system began in 1962 from a spring in Čajniče , 16.5 km (10.3 mi) from Goražde. The River Drina has great significance for the founding and development of Goražde. The greatest floods recorded since

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648-573: Is as follows: Gora%C5%BEde Goražde ( Serbian Cyrillic : Горажде , pronounced [ɡǒraʒde] ) is a city and the administrative center of the Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is situated on the banks of the Drina river. As of 2013, the city has a population of 20,897 inhabitants, while

702-457: Is centred heavily on Goražde is No Escape Zone authored by Nick Richardson. Richardson is a former Fleet Air Arm pilot who was shot down in the region of Goražde during a NATO bombing mission. He spent several weeks inside the city and mentions the conditions and daily shelling the residents and UN forces faced. Local football club FK Goražde play in the Bosnian second tier — First League of

756-482: Is disappearing. After World War II the town began to expand and be modernized, new streets were built, public and residential buildings were built in the centre and in the outskirts. From 1945 to 1961, 1130 council flats and 680 private homes were built. In 1961 there were a total of 616 buildings in the town. The 1992–1995 siege of Goražde is the subject of several books, two of which are available in English; both underline

810-615: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

864-501: Is one of the two alphabets used to write modern standard Serbian , the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet . Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During

918-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

972-614: The Kotromanići and Kosača at each side. The inscription, originally written in Bosnian Cyrillic ( Inscription, external link ) but in 1590 replaced with a Latin one, which reads: "Turbe" mausoleum in Skopje was destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake. The mausoleum in memory of Princess Katherine Kotromanić, referred in Turkish sources as the "Tahiri-hanuma", was built by Isa beg Ishaković ,

1026-552: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1080-560: The Soko fort ruins, also foundation remains of the small church of Saint Stephen have been found but the results of archaeological research have never been published, however, it is believed to be endowment of Sandalj Hranić . Catholics from the region often visit Katarina Kosača's tomb in the Roman church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli . Her tombstone features a life-size portrait and the coat of arms of

1134-487: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

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1188-567: The 17th century occurred in 1677, 1731, 1737, 1896, 1911, 1922, 1952, 1974 and 2010. The main characteristic of the layout of the town is its elongated shape along the Ustiprača–Foča road. From 1465 to 1878 Goražde was part of the Ottoman Empire . In the 18th and 19th centuries Goražde was inhabited by Muslim and Orthodox communities. Up to World War II Goražde was made up of two separate parts: A Muslim and an Orthodox part. Nowadays this divide

1242-546: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

1296-518: The Hum Dukes among whom the best known was Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača . In 1379, Goražde was first mentioned as a trading settlement and in 1444 as a fortress. The origin of the town's name seems to have come from the Slavonic word "gorazd". The Goražde market became well known in 1415 when merchants from Dubrovnik had intensive commercial relations with it. The Ottomans conquered Goražde in 1465 and

1350-714: The Kosača family is uncertain. They were in contact with the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Church of Bosnia , the Roman Catholic Church and Islam . During the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom, the "Kosače" split into three branches: Venetian, Dalmatian and Ottoman. From then onward, these branches became accepting of the Roman Catholic faith, in the first two cases, and of Islam in the third. The family name Kosača

1404-622: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

1458-650: The Sijerčić beys date back to the 18th century. Near Goražde stands the Eastern Orthodox Church of Saint George , built in 1454 by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača for his wife. The Goražde printing house , located in the church complex, worked there from 1519 to 1521. This was the first printing house to be established in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the second in the Balkans. The composition of the Goražde population can be traced from

1512-558: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

1566-593: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

1620-472: The mixture of brutality and humanity that punctuated the era. Savo Heleta's Not My Turn to Die is written by a survivor who was a Bosnian Serb teenager whose family was once under the Serb bombardments and also under suspicion as Serbs in the mostly Bosniak town. Safe Area Goražde is a graphic novel by Joe Sacco , a reporter who visited the besieged town several times during that period. Another book that

1674-490: The occupation, from 1941 to 1945, the industry was destroyed and about 45% of the existing houses as well. After World War II, a new period marked by a tremendous social and economic rise began. A number of new industrial enterprises have been founded, among which the most significant is a nitrogen factory. Since then Goražde's industry has been systematically developing, its main branches being manufacturing, building, transport, trade and crafts. In 1981 Goražde's GDP per capita

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1728-505: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

1782-569: The place assumed oriental features. In 1477 there were four mahals in the town. From 1550–1557 Mehmed-paša Sokolović built a stone bridge across the Drina and a caravanserai . During the Turkish rule Goražde was a significant trading centre, being at the crossroads of two important roads: the Bosnian road and the Dubrovnik road. The gross state income from the land amounted to 24,256 akchi in 1477. In 1711 it amounted to 26,000 akchi. Two mosques built by

1836-684: The plague. Up to the middle of the 19th century Goražde was part of the Herzegovinian Sandjak , when it then became part of the Sarajevo Sandjak. The period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation was marked by the decline of Goražde, although there was at the same time a certain rise. Due to its geographical position on the border Goražde was during World War I one of the main strongholds of Austria-Hungary used against Serbia and Montenegro . The interwar Yugoslav Goražde, being no longer

1890-470: The rest" , adding "Herceg of Saint Sava". This title had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths. The Kosačas themselves, however, were one of the few non-Orthodox noble families in Hum. His lands were known as Herzog's lands or later Herzegovina . King Stjepan Tomaš of Bosnia married Katarina Kosača , daughter of Stjepan Vukčić, in

1944-488: The same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and

1998-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

2052-498: The son of Vuk, brought the family to prominence after taking part in battles against the Ottomans. He commanded the victorious Bosnian army at the Battle of Bileća (1388). At the Battle of Kosovo (1389) Bosnian King Tvrtko I sent him to command with his troops. Bosnian contingent under Vlatko was positioned at the left flank from the Serbian army led by Prince Lazar of Serbia . The battle

2106-401: The south (696 m (2,283 ft)), Misjak to the southwest (618 m (2,028 ft)), Gubavica to the west (410 m (1,345 ft)) and Povrsnica to the north (420 m (1,378 ft)). The River Drina flows between these and some other hills. Its valley, which, since ancient times has been part of the route going from the sea to the mainland (Dubrovnik–Trebinje–Gacko–Foča–the Drina valley), is the main traffic artery in

2160-513: The southeastern region of Bosnia. In Goražde this route meets another route coming from Sarajevo and central Bosnia via the Jabuka Mountain, passes down to the Drina valley and proceeds on to Plevlje. With Gornje Podrinje, Goražde was part of the old Serbian State up to 1376, when it was annexed to the Bosnian State under the reign of King Tvrtko . After Tvrtko's death the town was ruled by

2214-640: The times of the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The Orthodox inhabitants originate from Stari Vlah in Sandžak, Brda in Montenegro, Herzegovina and southern Serbia. Aside from a few ancestral inhabitants, the Muslim population began to come in great numbers to Goražde and its surroundings in the 17th century. The decline of Goražde in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century is attributed, among other things, to

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2268-599: The town of Goražde on the basis of the Foča Stipulations. At the same time Goražde was the headquarters of the National Liberation Army for eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. In early March 1942 the Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Tito stayed in Goražde. Goražde was liberated twice more, in 1943 and 1944, and on March 6, 1945 it was finally liberated from the occupation. From the end of World War II to 1961,

2322-582: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

2376-544: The urban centre has 11,806 inhabitants. Goražde is situated on the banks of the River Drina in southeastern Bosnia. The city lies at the foot of the eastern slope of the Jahorina mountain at a height of 345 m (1,132 ft) above sea level . The settlement is situated on the alluvial terrace in a broad valley, formed by the erosion of the River Drina. The valley borders Biserna to the southeast (701 m (2,300 ft)), Samari to

2430-529: The visiting and burning of candles. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet ( Serbian : Српска ћирилица азбука , Srpska ćirilica azbuka , pronounced [sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa] ) is a variation of the Cyrillic script used to write the Serbian language that originated in medieval Serbia . Reformed in 19th century by the Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić . It

2484-465: The west bank of the Drina. The remaining troops, who were stationed on the east bank, managed to slip away and helped Bosniak reinforcements to prevent Bosnian Serbs from taking a key hill overlooking the town. This action is credited with saving the town from suffering the same fate of Srebrenica , where the Bosnian Serbs continued the siege after the failed attempt. After the Dayton Agreement ,

2538-682: Was 70% of the Yugoslav average. From 1992 to 1995 during the Bosnian War , Goražde was one of six Bosniak enclaves, along with Srebrenica and Žepa , surrounded and besieged by the Bosnian Serb Army . In April 1993 it was made into a United Nations Safe Area in which the United Nations was supposed to deter attacks on the civilian population. Between March 30 and April 23, 1994, the Serbs launched

2592-585: Was at first reported as a victory, also by Vlatko himself, however it has been concluded as inconclusive, with a long-term Ottoman victory. In 1448, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača styled himself "By the Grace of God Herceg of Hum and Duke of Primorje, Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina and the rest" , adding "Herceg of Hum and the Coast" to the style, and in 1450 he styled himself "By the Grace of God Stjepan Herceg of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum and Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina and

2646-608: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

2700-439: Was derived from the title "Herzog", which Stjepan Vukčić Kosača adopted in 1448., with latin title "Dux Sancti Sabbae". Besides Hum, they ruled parts of Dalmatia and Rascia . They were vassals to several states, including the Kingdom of Bosnia and Ottoman Empire . Historians think the Kosača family is part of the Kőszegi family (House of Herceg), but there is a lack of evidence for this claim. The religious confession of

2754-446: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

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2808-432: Was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

2862-413: Was probably taken after the village of Kosače near Goražde , in the Upper Drina region of eastern Bosnia, where the Kosača family were originally estate owners. The founder, Vuk was a prominent military commander under Emperor Dušan the Mighty of Serbia (r. 1331–1359) who took part in the conquests of southern Balkans. He was given lands around Upper Drina, province of Rudine . Vlatko Vuković ,

2916-523: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

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