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129-426: The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter ( KPLO ), officially Danuri , is South Korea's first lunar orbiter. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice , uranium , helium-3 , silicon , and aluminium , and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites. The mission

258-650: A high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925, the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates. In 1929, the 9th Arizona State Legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College . Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews (1900–1930),

387-417: A (non-replenishing) filter. The resulting material, calcium carbonate is commonly used as a building material on earth. Magnesium (Mg) is present in magmas and in the lunar minerals pyroxene and olivine , so it is suspected that magnesium is more abundant in the lower lunar crust. Magnesium has multiple uses as alloys for aerospace, automotive and electronics. The Compton–Belkovich Thorium Anomaly

516-565: A 15-to-1 student-to-faculty ratio. In September 2024, ASU announced that the campus would close in June 2025 in response to state budget cuts. ASU Online offers more than 150 undergraduate and graduate degree programs through an online platform. The degree programs delivered online hold the same accreditation as the university's traditional face-to-face programs. ASU Online is headquartered at ASU's SkySong campus in Scottsdale, Arizona . ASU Online

645-403: A controlled fashion releasing net usable energy (devices like the fusor are net energy consumers while the hydrogen bomb is not a controlled fusion reaction). Furthermore, while helium-3 is required for one possible pathway of nuclear fusion, others instead rely on nuclides which are more easily obtained on Earth, such as tritium , lithium or deuterium . The elemental oxygen content in

774-706: A crewed lunar outpost for extended stays. A European non-profit organization has called for a global synergistic collaboration between all space agencies and nations instead of a "Moon race"; this proposed collaborative concept is called the Moon Village . Moon Village seeks to create a vision where both international cooperation and the commercialization of space can thrive. Some early private companies like Shackleton Energy Company , Deep Space Industries , Planetoid Mines , Golden Spike Company , Planetary Resources , Astrobotic Technology , and Moon Express are planning private commercial scouting and mining ventures on

903-462: A feedstock does not. One possible method of producing oxygen from lunar soil requires two steps. The first step involves the reduction of iron oxide with hydrogen gas (H 2 ) to form elemental iron (Fe) and water (H 2 O). Water can then be electrolyzed to produce oxygen which can be liquified at low temperatures and stored. The amount of oxygen released depends on the iron oxide abundance in lunar minerals and glass. Oxygen production from lunar soil

1032-487: A group of at least nine current and former students who alleged they were harassed or assaulted asked the federal investigation be expanded. In August 2014 ASU president Michael Crow appointed a task force comprising faculty and staff, students, and members of the university police force to review the university's efforts to address sexual violence. Crow accepted the recommendations of the task force in November 2014. In 2015,

1161-569: A lightweight pressurized inflatable with the same dome shape would be the living environment for the first human Moon settlers." In early 2014, NASA funded a small study at the University of Southern California to further develop the Contour Crafting 3D printing technique. Potential applications of this technology include constructing lunar structures of a material that could consist of up to 90-percent lunar material with only ten percent of

1290-589: A new platform for health care education and research: the Mayo Clinic and Arizona State University Alliance for Health Care. Beginning in 2017, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine students in Phoenix and Scottsdale are among the first to earn a certificate in the Science of Health Care Delivery, with the option to earn a master's degree in the Science of Health Care Delivery through ASU. Thunderbird School of Global Management

1419-1017: A one-year term as non-voting apprentices. ABOR provides policy guidance to the state universities of Arizona. ASU has four campuses in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona , including the Tempe campus in Tempe ; the West Valley campus in Glendale ; the Downtown Phoenix campus; and the Polytechnic campus in Mesa . ASU also offers courses and degrees through ASU Online and at the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City in western Arizona, and offers regional learning programs in Thatcher, Yuma and Tucson. The Arizona Board of Regents appoints and elects

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1548-786: A partnership with edX to form a one of a kind program called the Global Freshman Academy. The program is open to all potential students. The students do not need to submit a high school transcript or GPA to apply for the courses. As of spring 2017, more than 25,000 students were enrolled through ASU Online. In June 2014, ASU Online and Starbucks announced a partnership called the Starbucks College Achievement Plan. The Starbucks College Achievement Plan offers all benefits-eligible employees full-tuition coverage when they enroll in any one of ASU Online's undergraduate degree programs. In 2016, Mayo Clinic and ASU formed

1677-430: A problem for any mechanical moving parts, can be mixed with carbon nanotubes and epoxies in the construction of telescope mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter. Several craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold, a favorable environment for infrared telescopes . Some proposals suggest to build a lunar base on the surface using modules brought from Earth, and covering them with lunar soil . The lunar soil

1806-551: A prototype rover was being tested when it was cancelled in April 2018. Its science instruments will be flown instead on several commercial lander missions contracted by NASA's CLPS program, that aims to focus on testing various lunar ISRU processes by landing several payloads on multiple commercial robotic landers and rovers. The first payload contracts were awarded on February 21, 2019, and will fly on separate missions. The CLPS will inform and support NASA's Artemis program , leading to

1935-525: A result, economically exploitable ore deposits are less common. Major reserves exist in China, California, India, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, and Malaysia, but China accounts for over 95% of the world's production of rare-earths. (See: Rare earth industry in China .) Although current evidence suggests rare-earth elements are less abundant on the Moon than on Earth, NASA views the mining of rare-earth minerals as

2064-541: A sealed biosphere . Developing a lunar economy will require a significant amount of infrastructure on the lunar surface, which will rely heavily on In situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies to develop. One of the primary requirements will be to provide construction materials to build habitats, storage bins, landing pads, roads and other infrastructure. Unprocessed lunar soil , also called regolith , may be turned into usable structural components, through techniques such as sintering , hot-pressing, liquification ,

2193-659: A single course and offers more than 100 degree programs from the New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College , W. P. Carey School of Business , College of Public Service and Community Solutions , College of Health Solutions, and the College of Nursing and Health Innovation. Founded in 1996 as "ASU East", the ASU Polytechnic campus serves more than 4,800 students and

2322-508: A small nonprofit college, Columbia College Hollywood , and renamed it California College of ASU. In 2023, ASU reached an agreement with the for-profit Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising to take over some of its academic programs, creating ASU FIDM. As of August 2022, ASU had a systemwide enrolled student population (both in-person and online) of 140,759, a 4% increase over the systemwide total in 2021. Out of that total, approximately 79,000 students were enrolled in-person at one of

2451-444: A viable lunar resource because they exhibit a wide range of industrially important optical, electrical, magnetic and catalytic properties. KREEP are parts of the lunar surface richer in potassium (the " K " stands for the element symbol) r are e arth e lements and P hosphorus. Potassium and phosphorus are two of the three essential plant nutrients, the third being fixed nitrogen (hence NPK fertilizer ) any agricultural activity on

2580-654: A years-long research facility capital building effort that led to the establishment of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability , and several large interdisciplinary research buildings. Along with the research facilities, the university faculty was expanded, including the addition of five Nobel Laureates . Since 2002, the university's research expenditures have tripled and more than 1.5 million square feet of space has been added to

2709-577: Is Michael M. Crow , who has served since July 1, 2002. ASU has four campuses and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona , and campuses located in Los Angeles , Washington, D.C. and Hawaii . Unlike most multi-campus institutions, however, ASU describes itself as "one university in many places", inferring there is "not a system with separate campuses, and not one main campus with branch campuses". The university considers each campus "distinctive" and academically focused on certain aspects of

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2838-524: Is 13,361 km in the northern hemisphere and 17,698 km in the southern hemisphere, giving a total area of 31,059 km . The extent to which any or all of these permanently shadowed areas contain water ice and other volatiles is not currently known, so more data is needed about lunar ice deposits, its distribution, concentration, quantity, disposition, depth, geotechnical properties and any other characteristics necessary to design and develop extraction and processing systems. The intentional impact of

2967-666: Is a volcanic complex on the far side of the Moon . It was found by a gamma-ray spectrometer in 1998 and is an area of concentrated thorium , a 'fertile' element. Rare-earth elements are used to manufacture everything from electric or hybrid vehicles, wind turbines , electronic devices and clean energy technologies. Despite their name, rare-earth elements are – with the exception of promethium – relatively plentiful in Earth's crust . However, because of their geochemical properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in rare-earth minerals ; as

3096-671: Is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". ASU has nearly 145,000 students attending classes, with more than 62,000 students attending online, and 112,000 undergraduates and nearly 30,000 postgraduates across its five campuses and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. ASU offers 350 degree options from its 17 colleges and more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes for undergraduates students, as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs. The university

3225-451: Is a relatively fast process, occurring in a few tens of minutes. In contrast, oxygen extraction from lunar glass requires several hours. Cumulative evidence from several orbiters strongly indicate that water ice is present on the surface at the Moon poles, but mostly on the south pole region. However, results from these datasets are not always correlated. It has been determined that the cumulative area of permanently shadowed lunar surface

3354-425: Is abundant in all mare basalts (~14–17% per weight) but is mostly locked into silicate minerals (i.e. pyroxene and olivine ) and into the oxide mineral ilmenite in the lowlands. Extraction would be quite energy-demanding, but some prominent lunar magnetic anomalies are suspected as being due to surviving Fe-rich meteoritic debris. Only further exploration in situ will determine whether or not this interpretation

3483-724: Is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . ASU is one of only four universities in the country to offer a certificate in veterans studies . The 2025 U.S. News & World Report ratings ranked ASU tied for 121st among universities in the United States and tied for 179th globally. It was also tied for 61st among public universities in the United States, and was ranked 1st among "most innovative schools", tied for 16th in "best undergraduate teaching", 131st in "best value schools", and tied for 191st in "top performers on social mobility" among national universities in

3612-413: Is an abundant metalloid in all lunar material, with a concentration of about 20% by weight. It is of enormous importance to produce solar panel arrays for the conversion of sunlight into electricity, as well as glass, fiber glass, and a variety of useful ceramics. Achieving a very high purity for use as semi-conductor would be challenging, especially in the lunar environment. Converting silica into silicon

3741-430: Is an energy-intensive process. On earth this is usually done via carbothermic reduction , a process that requires carbon, an element in comparatively short supply on the moon. Calcium (Ca) is the fourth most abundant element in the lunar highlands, present in anorthite minerals (formula CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ). Calcium oxides and calcium silicates are not only useful for ceramics, but pure calcium metal

3870-564: Is being developed for reliable electric power generation that could enable long-duration crewed bases on the Moon, Mars and destinations beyond. This system is ideal for locations on the Moon and Mars where power generation from sunlight is intermittent. Uranium and thorium are both present on the Moon, but due to the high energy density of nuclear fuels, it could be more economical to import suitable fuels from Earth rather than producing them in situ . Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are another form of nuclear power which use

3999-420: Is composed of a blend of silica and iron-containing compounds that may be fused into a glass-like solid using microwave radiation. The European Space Agency working in 2013 with an independent architectural firm, tested a 3D-printed structure that could be constructed of lunar regolith for use as a Moon base. 3D-printed lunar soil would provide both " radiation and temperature insulation. Inside,

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4128-404: Is considered urban, and is approximately 660 acres (2.7 km ) in size. It is arranged around broad pedestrian malls and is completely encompassed by an arboretum. The Tempe campus is also the largest of ASU's campuses, with more than 70,000 students enrolled in at least one class on campus in fall 2017. The campus is considered to range from the streets Rural Road on the east to Mill Avenue on

4257-452: Is correct, and how exploitable such meteoritic debris may be. Hematite, a mineral composed of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), has been found on the Moon. This mineral is a product of a reaction between iron, oxygen, and liquid water. Oxygen from the Earth's atmosphere may cause this reaction as indicated by there being more hematite on the side of the Moon facing the Earth. Free iron also exists in

4386-503: Is divided in two phases. Phase 1 is the launch and operation of KPLO, which is the first lunar probe by South Korea, meant to develop and enhance South Korea's technological capabilities, as well as map natural resources from orbit. The key goals of the KPLO orbiter mission include investigation of lunar geology and space environment, exploration of lunar resources, and testing of future space technology which will assist in future human activities on

4515-470: Is estimated at 45% by weight. Studies from Apollo 17's Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment (LACE) show that the lunar exosphere contains trace amounts of hydrogen (H 2 ), helium (He), argon (Ar), and possibly ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and methane (CH 4 ). Several processes can explain the presence of trace gases on the Moon: high energy photons or solar winds reacting with materials on

4644-455: Is flexible and an excellent electrical conductor in the absence of oxygen. Anorthite is rare on the Earth but abundant on the Moon. Calcium can also be used to fabricate silicon-based solar cells , requiring lunar silicon, iron, titanium oxide, calcium and aluminum. When combined with water, lime ( calcium oxide ) produces significant amounts of heat. hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) meanwhile absorbs carbon dioxide which can be used as

4773-456: Is found with a concentration in the range of 10–18% by weight, present in the mineral anorthite ( CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ), the calcium endmember of the plagioclase feldspar mineral series. Aluminum is a good electrical conductor , and atomized aluminum powder also makes a good solid rocket fuel when burned with oxygen. Extraction of aluminum would also require breaking down plagioclase (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ). Silicon (Si)

4902-602: Is home to more than 130 bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in professional, technical science, humanities, social science and pre-health programs through the W. P. Carey School of Business /Morrison School of Management and Agribusiness, Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College , Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering , and College of Integrative Sciences and Arts. The campus — a desert arboretum — includes outdoor learning labs and spaces as well as leading-edge simulators and indoor lab spaces to support teaching and research in various fields of study . The 600-acre (2.4 km ) campus

5031-835: Is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in 26 varsity-level sports in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big 12 Conference . Sun Devil teams have won 165 national championships, including 24 NCAA trophies. 179 Sun Devils have made Olympic teams, winning 60 Olympic medals : 25 gold, 12 silver and 23 bronze. As of February 2024, ASU reported that its faculty of more than 5,000 scholars. This included 5 Nobel laureates, 11 MacArthur Fellows , 10 Pulitzer Prize winners, 11 National Academy of Engineering members, 26 National Academy of Sciences members, 28 American Academy of Arts and Sciences members, 41 Guggenheim fellows, 163 National Endowment for

5160-659: Is in southeast Mesa, Arizona , approximately 25 miles (40 km) southeast of the Tempe campus , and 33 miles (53 km) southeast of downtown Phoenix. The Polytechnic campus sits on the former Williams Air Force Base and is adjacent to the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and Chandler-Gilbert Community College (Williams campus). The Downtown Phoenix campus was established in 2006 on the north side of Downtown Phoenix . The campus has an urban design , with several large modern academic buildings intermingled with commercial and retail office buildings. In addition to

5289-598: Is lined by 111 palm trees; Charles Trumbull Hayden Library; the University Club building; Margaret Gisolo Dance Theatre; Arizona State University Art Museum; and University Bridge. Furthermore, the Tempe campus is home to Barrett, The Honors College. In addition, the campus has an extensive public art collection; It was named "the single most impressive venue for contemporary art in Arizona" by Art in America magazine . Against

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5418-576: Is mostly due to solar wind carbon implanted in bulk regolith. Carbon is present in carbon-bearing ices at the lunar poles in concentrations as high as 20% by weight. However, most carbon-bearing ices have a 0–3% by weight carbon concentration. Carbon-bearing compounds that could exist include carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methanol (CH 3 OH), methane (CH 4 ), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and toluene (C 7 H 8 ). These compounds form roughly 5000 ppm of elemental carbon in soil samples brought back from

5547-652: Is one of the newest units of "Arizona State University Knowledge Enterprise." The flagship campus was in Glendale, Arizona , at Thunderbird Field No. 1 , a former military airfield from which it derives its name, until 2018 when the Thunderbird School relocated to the Downtown area. Following a nearly 15-year presence in Washington, D.C., through more minor means, ASU opened the Barrett and O'Connor Center in 2018 to solidify

5676-489: Is planning and developing a series of landers, rovers and orbiters for prospecting and science exploration, and to eventually employ in situ resource utilization (ISRU) methods with the intent to construct and operate their own crewed lunar base in the 2030s. The US has been studying the Moon for decades and in 2019 it started to implement the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program to support

5805-640: Is the site of many of the university's simulators and laboratories dedicated for project-based learning. The West Valley campus is focused on interdisciplinary degrees and the liberal arts, while maintaining professional programs with a direct impact on the community and society. The Downtown Phoenix campus focuses on direct urban and public programs such as nursing, public policy, criminal justice, mass communication, and journalism. ASU recently relocated some nursing and health related programs to its new ASU-Mayo Medical School campus. Inter-campus shuttles and light rail allow students and faculty to easily travel between

5934-460: Is unclear and controversial. The five treaties and agreements of international space law cover "non-appropriation of outer space by any one country, arms control, the freedom of exploration, liability for damage caused by space objects, the safety and rescue of spacecraft and astronauts, the prevention of harmful interference with space activities and the environment, the notification and registration of space activities, scientific investigation and

6063-458: Is unlikely to be present in the form of thick, pure ice deposits. Water may have been delivered to the Moon over geological timescales by the regular bombardment of water-bearing comets , asteroids and meteoroids or continuously produced in situ by the hydrogen ions ( protons ) of the solar wind impacting oxygen-bearing minerals. The lunar south pole features a region with crater rims exposed to near constant solar illumination, where

6192-471: Is up 647 percent. On May 1, 2014, ASU was listed as one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by Barack Obama's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault. The publicly announced investigation followed two Title IX suits. In July 2014,

6321-497: The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program for exploring the Moon and is investigating the prospect of lunar mining, specifically looking for the isotope helium-3 for use as an energy source on Earth. Not all authors think the extraterrestrial extraction of helium-3 is feasible, and even if it was possible to extract helium-3 from the Moon, no useful fusion reactor design has produced more fusion power output than

6450-460: The Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) on 7 November 2022. KPLO carries six science instruments with a total mass of approximately 40 kg (88 lb). Five instruments are from South Korea and one from NASA: ShadowCam is a hypersensitive optical camera designed to collect images of permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) near the Moon's poles. This allows ShadowCam to map

6579-476: The LCROSS orbiter into the crater Cabeus was monitored to analyze the resulting debris plume, and it was concluded that the water ice must be in the form of small (< ~10 cm), discrete pieces of ice distributed throughout the regolith, or as a thin coating on ice grains. This, coupled with monostatic radar observations, suggest that the water ice present in the permanently shadowed regions of lunar polar craters

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6708-569: The Thunderbird School of Global Management became the Thunderbird School of Global Management at ASU. Partnerships for education and research with Mayo Clinic established collaborative degree programs in health care and law, and shared administrator positions, laboratories and classes at the Mayo Clinic Arizona campus. The Beus Center for Law and Society, the new home of ASU's Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law , opened in fall 2016 on

6837-425: The exploitation of natural resources in outer space and the settlement of disputes." Arizona State University Arizona State University ( Arizona State or ASU ) is a public research university in Tempe, Arizona , United States. Founded in 1885 as Territorial Normal School by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature , the university is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in

6966-646: The regolith is estimated at 45% by weight. Oxygen is often found in iron-rich lunar minerals and glasses as iron oxide . Such lunar minerals and glass include ilmenite, olivine, pyroxene, impact glass, and volcanic glass. Various isotopes of oxygen are present on the Moon in the form of O, O, and O. At least twenty different possible processes for extracting oxygen from lunar regolith have been described, and all require high energy input: between 2–4 megawatt-years of energy (i.e. (6–12) × 10   J ) to produce 1,000 tons of oxygen. While oxygen extraction from metal oxides also produces useful metals, using water as

7095-602: The 1960s, under G. Homer Durham , the university's 11th president, ASU began to expand its curriculum by establishing several new colleges and, in 1961, the Arizona Board of Regents authorized doctoral degree programs in six fields, including Doctor of Philosophy . By the end of his nine-year tenure, ASU had more than doubled enrollment, reporting 23,000 in 1969. The next three presidents— Harry K. Newburn (1969–71), John W. Schwada (1971–81) and J. Russell Nelson (1981–89), including and Interim President Richard Peck (1989)—led

7224-529: The 2020–21 Center for World University Rankings. Money magazine ranked ASU 124th in the country out of 739 schools evaluated for its 2020 "Best Colleges for Your Money" edition. The Wall Street Journal ranks ASU 5th in the nation for producing the best-qualified graduates, determined by a nationwide poll of corporate recruiters. ASU's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication has been named one of America's top 10 journalism schools by national publications and organizations for more than

7353-459: The 2022–23 academic year was 3.54. Barrett, The Honors College is ranked among the top honors programs in the nation. Although there are no set minimum admissions criteria for Barrett College, the average GPA of Fall 2017 incoming freshmen was 3.78, with an average SAT score of 1380 and an average ACT score of 29. The Honors college has 7,236 students, with 719 National Merit Scholars . ASU enrolls 10,268 international students , 14.3% of

7482-464: The 21st century, China's Chinese Lunar Exploration Program , is executing a step-wise approach to incremental technology development and scouting for resources for a crewed base, projected for the 2030s, according to Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency . India's Chandrayaan programme is focused in understanding the lunar water cycle first, and on mapping mineral location and concentrations from orbit and in situ . Russia's Luna-Glob programme

7611-446: The 4+1 accelerated program, which allows students in their senior year to attain their master's degree the following year. The 4+1 accelerated program is not associated with all majors; for example, in the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College the 4+1 accelerated program only works with Education Exploratory majors. ASU uses a plus-minus grading system with highest cumulative GPA awarded of 4.0 (at time of graduation). Arizona State University

7740-584: The ASU campuses, an increase of 3.2% from 2021. Just over 61,000 students were enrolled in ASU Online courses and programs as of August 2022, an increase of roughly 7% in online student enrollment from the previous year. According to the U.S. News & World Report , for the 2022–2023 academic year ASU admitted 88% of all freshman applicants and classified the school's admissions in the “selective” category. The average high school GPA of incoming first-year students for

7869-466: The Arizona legislature, the West Valley campus sits on 277.92 acres (1.1247 km ) in a suburban area of northwest Phoenix. The West Valley campus lies about 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Downtown Phoenix , and about 18 miles (29 km) northwest of the Tempe campus. The West Valley campus is designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride and is nearly completely powered by a solar array . The campus serves more than 4,000 students enrolled in at least

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7998-574: The Barrett & O'Connor Washington Center are connected to classrooms in Arizona through video-conferencing technology. The Barrett and O'Connor center is located at 1800 I St NW, Washington, DC 20006, close to the White House . ASU operates its "California Center" in Los Angeles at the Herald Examiner Building . The center offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs, executive education, workshops and seminars. In 2022, ASU acquired

8127-539: The Downtown Phoenix campus, relocating faculty and students from the Tempe campus to the state capital. In September 2024, ASU announced several cuts in response to state budget cuts, including the closure of the Lake Havasu City campus, a reduction of the Arizona Teachers Academy and the addition of a "tuition surcharge." The Arizona Board of Regents (ABOR) governs Arizona State University as well as

8256-583: The Earth's atmosphere occurs at 7.2 parts per trillion (ppt). A number of people since 1986 have proposed to exploit the lunar regolith and use the helium-3 for nuclear fusion . Although as of 2020, functioning experimental nuclear fusion reactors have existed for decades – none of them has yet provided electricity commercially. Because of the low concentrations of helium-3, any mining equipment would need to process large amounts of regolith. By one estimate, over 150 tons of regolith must be processed to obtain 1 gram (0.035 oz) of helium 3. China has begun

8385-709: The Humanities fellows, and 289 Fulbright Program American Scholars. Arizona State University was established as the Territorial Normal School at Tempe on March 12, 1885, when the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature passed an act to create a normal school to train teachers for the Arizona Territory . The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George and Martha Wilson. Classes began with 33 students on February 8, 1886. The curriculum evolved over

8514-426: The Moon lasts approximately two weeks, followed by approximately two weeks of night, while both lunar poles are illuminated almost constantly. The lunar south pole features a region with crater rims exposed to near constant solar illumination, yet the interior of the craters are permanently shaded from sunlight. Solar cells could be fabricated directly on the lunar soil by a medium-size (~200 kg) rover with

8643-410: The Moon ). Solar power , oxygen , and metals are abundant resources on the Moon. Elements known to be present on the lunar surface include, among others, hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti). Among the more abundant are oxygen, iron and silicon. The atomic oxygen content in the regolith

8772-578: The Moon and beyond. Phase 2 will include a lunar orbiter, a lunar lander , and a 20 kg rover , to be launched together on a KSLV-3 [1] South Korean launch vehicle from the Naro Space Center , by 2032. The main objectives of this mission are to enhance the South Korean technological capabilities on the ground and in outer space , and to "increase both the national brand value and national pride". The specific technological objectives are: From

8901-447: The Moon's poles show a higher concentration of hydrogen of about 45 ppmw. There are various theories to explain the presence of hydrogen on the Moon. Water, which contains hydrogen, could have been deposited on the Moon by comets and asteroids. Additionally, solar winds interacting with compounds on the lunar surface may have led to the formation of hydrogen-bearing compounds such as hydroxyl and water. The solar wind implants protons on

9030-583: The Moon. In 2024, an American startup called Interlune announced plans to mine Helium on the Moon for export back on Earth. The first mission plans to use NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to arrive on the Moon. The extensive lunar maria are composed of basaltic lava flows. Their mineralogy is dominated by a combination of five minerals: anorthites (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ), orthopyroxenes ( (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 ), clinopyroxenes ( Ca(Fe,Mg)Si 2 O 6 ), olivines ( (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ), and ilmenite ( FeTiO 3 ), all abundant on

9159-544: The Moon. It has been proposed that smelters could process the basaltic lava to break it down into pure calcium, aluminium, oxygen, iron, titanium, magnesium, and silica glass. The European Space Agency has awarded funding to Metalysis in 2020 to further develop the FFC Cambridge process to extract titanium from regolith while generating oxygen as a byproduct. Raw lunar anorthite could also be used for making fiberglass and other ceramic products. Another proposal envisions

9288-612: The Moon. These polar regions contain C, H, and O which can serve as propellant sources for methalox spacecraft. Nitrogen (N) was measured from soil samples brought back to Earth, and it exists as trace amounts at less than 5 ppm. It was found as isotopes N, N, and N. As much as 87% of nitrogen found in lunar regolith may come from non-solar sources (not from the Sun ) or from other planets. Comets and meteorites contribute less than ~10% of nitrogen from non-solar sources. Carbon and fixed nitrogen would be required for farming activities within

9417-466: The Tempe campus. During the Great Depression , Ralph Waldo Swetman was hired to succeed President Matthews, coming to Arizona State Teachers College in 1930 from Humboldt State Teachers College where he had served as president. He served a three-year term, during which he focused on improving teacher-training programs. During his tenure, enrollment at the college doubled, topping the 1,000 mark for

9546-458: The U.S. The innovation ranking, new for 2016, was determined by a poll of top college officials nationwide asking them to name institutions "that are making the most innovative improvements in terms of curriculum, faculty, students, campus life, technology or facilities." ASU is ranked 42nd–56th in the U.S. and 101st–150th in the world among the top 1000 universities in the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities , and 67th U.S./183rd world by

9675-468: The United States. It was 1 of about 180 " normal schools " founded in the late 19th century to train teachers for the rapidly growing public common schools. Some closed, but most steadily expanded their role and became state colleges in the early 20th century, then state universities in the late 20th century. One of three universities governed by the Arizona Board of Regents , Arizona State University

9804-697: The campus added the Sun Devil Fitness Center in conjunction with the original YMCA building. ASU's Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law relocated from Tempe to the Downtown Phoenix campus in 2016. In response to demands for lower-cost public higher education in Arizona, ASU developed the small, undergraduate-only college in Lake Havasu City . ASU Colleges are teaching-focused and provide a selection of popular undergraduate majors. The Lake Havasu City campus offers undergraduate degrees at lower tuition rates than other Arizona research universities and

9933-421: The campuses. In addition to the physical campuses, ASU's "virtual campus" at the university's SkySong Innovation Center , provides online and extended education. In 2018, the Arizona Board of Regents reported that the ASU facilities inventory totaled more than 23 million gross square feet. ASU's Tempe campus is in downtown Tempe, Arizona , about eight miles (13 km) east of downtown Phoenix . The campus

10062-453: The capabilities for heating the regolith, evaporation of the appropriate semiconductor materials for the solar cell structure directly on the regolith substrate, and deposition of metallic contacts and interconnects to finish off a complete solar cell array directly on the ground. This process however requires the importation of potassium fluoride from Earth to purify the necessary materials from regolith. The Kilopower nuclear fission system

10191-412: The cast basalt method, and 3D printing . Glass and glass fiber are straightforward to process on the Moon, and it was found regolith material strengths can be improved by using glass fiber, such as 70% basalt glass fiber and 30% PETG mixture. Successful tests have been performed on Earth using some lunar regolith simulants , including MLS-1 and MLS-2 . The lunar soil , although it poses

10320-469: The construction of several buildings on the Tempe campus. He also guided the development of the university's graduate programs; the first Master of Arts in Education was awarded in 1938, the first Doctor of Education degree in 1954 and 10 non-teaching master's degrees were approved by the Arizona Board of Regents in 1956. During his presidency, the school's name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, and finally to Arizona State University in 1958. At

10449-428: The craters' interior are permanently shaded from sunlight, allowing for natural trapping and collection of water ice that could be mined in the future. Water molecules ( H 2 O ) can be broken down to form molecular hydrogen ( H 2 ) and molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) to be used as rocket bi-propellant or produce compounds for metallurgic and chemical production processes. Just the production of propellant,

10578-424: The crewed Artemis program , both aimed at scouting and exploiting lunar resources to facilitate a long-term crewed base on the Moon, and depending on the lessons learned, then move on to a crewed mission to Mars . NASA's lunar Resource Prospector rover was planned to prospect for resources on a polar region of the Moon, and it was to be launched in 2022. The mission concept was in its pre-formulation stage, and

10707-636: The electrical power input, defeating the purpose. However, on 13 December 2022, the United States Department of Energy announced that "...Monday, December 5, 2022, was a historic day in science thanks to the incredible people at Livermore Lab and the National Ignition Facility" and that the National Ignition Facility, "conducted the first controlled fusion experiment in history to reach this milestone, also known as scientific energy breakeven, meaning it produced more energy from fusion than

10836-424: The energy and infrastructure available to support their extraction. For in situ resource utilization (ISRU) to be applied successfully on the Moon, landing site selection is imperative, as well as identifying suitable surface operations and technologies. Scouting from lunar orbit by a few space agencies is ongoing, and landers and rovers are scouting resources and concentrations in situ (see: List of missions to

10965-465: The event of an accident. Protests by the general public therefore often focus on the phaseout of RTGs (instead recommending alternative power sources), due to an overestimation of the dangers of radiation. A more theoretical lunar resource are potential fuels for nuclear fusion . Helium-3 has received particular media attention as its abundance in lunar regolith is higher than on Earth. However, thus far nuclear fusion has not been employed by humans in

11094-678: The fact that for the first time in the school's history, during the Fall Semester of 2021 Hispanic students comprised over 25% of the university's total undergraduate enrollment. ASU offers over 350 majors to undergraduate students, and more than 100 graduate programs leading to numerous masters and doctoral degrees in the liberal arts and sciences , design and arts , engineering , journalism , education , business , law , nursing , public policy , technology , and sustainability . These programs are divided into 16 colleges and schools that are spread across ASU's six campuses. ASU also offers

11223-478: The first time. Matthews also conceived of a self-supported summer session at the school at Arizona State Teachers College, a first for the school. In 1933, Grady Gammage , then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff , became president of Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe, beginning a tenure that would last for nearly 28 years, second only to Swetman's 30 years at the college's helm. Like President Porter Eric Gasvoda before him, Gammage oversaw

11352-500: The laser energy used to drive it." The downside remains that Helium-3 is a limited lunar resource that can be exhausted once mined. Carbon (C) would be required for the production of lunar steel , but it is present in lunar regolith in trace amounts (82 ppm ), contributed by the solar wind and micrometeorite impacts. Due to extremely low temperatures, permanently shadowed regions of the Moon's poles have cold traps which possibly contain solid carbon dioxide. The presence of carbon

11481-447: The lunar science perspective, understanding the water cycle on the Moon is critical to mapping and exploitation. Solar wind protons can chemically reduce the abundant iron oxides present the lunar soil, producing native metal iron (Fe) and a hydroxyl ion (OH) that can readily capture a proton to form water (H 2 O). Hydroxyl and water molecules are thought to be transported throughout

11610-459: The lunar surface by mysterious unknown mechanisms, and they seem to accumulate at permanently shadowed areas that offer protection from heat and solar radiation. To test the experimental system of the “ space Internet ”, Danuri successfully forwarded a number of photos taken, as well as several video files, including, BTS ’ “Dynamite” from outer space to Earth at Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT , Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and

11739-536: The lunar surface composition, including Clementine , Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), Artemis orbiter , SELENE , Lunar Prospector , Chandrayaan , and Chang'e , to name a few, while the Soviet Luna programme and Apollo Program brought lunar samples back to Earth for extensive analyses. As of 2019, a new "Moon race" is ongoing that features prospecting for lunar resources to support crewed bases . In

11868-421: The lunar surface, evaporation of lunar regolith, material deposits from comets and meteoroids, and out-gassing from inside the Moon. However, these are trace gases in very low concentration. The total mass of the Moon's exosphere is roughly 25,000 kilograms (55,000 lb) with a surface pressure of 3×10 bar (2×10 torr). Trace gas amounts are unlikely to be useful for in situ resource utilization. Daylight on

11997-430: The material requiring transport from Earth. NASA is also looking at a different technique that would involve the sintering of lunar dust using low-power (1500 watt) microwave radiation. The lunar material would be bound by heating to 1,200 to 1,500 °C (2,190 to 2,730 °F), somewhat below the melting point, in order to fuse the nanoparticle dust into a solid block that is ceramic -like, and would not require

12126-433: The mineral ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) in the range of 5–8% by weight. Ilmenite minerals also trap hydrogen (protons) from the solar wind , so that processing of ilmenite will also produce hydrogen, a valuable element on the Moon. The vast flood basalts on the northwest nearside ( Mare Tranquillitatis ) possess some of the highest titanium contents on the Moon, with 10 times as much titanium as rocks on Earth. Aluminum (Al)

12255-585: The ministry, this new name implies a big hope and desire for the success of South Korea's first Moon mission. South Korea's space agency, called Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), together with NASA produced a lunar orbiter feasibility study in July 2014. The two agencies signed an agreement in December 2016 where NASA will collaborate with one science instrument payload, telecommunications, navigation, and mission design. The Korean Lunar Exploration Program (KLEP)

12384-484: The moon would need a supply of those elements — whether sourced in situ or brought from elsewhere e.g. earth. By one estimate, the solar wind has deposited more than 1 million tons of helium-3 ( He) on the Moon's surface. Materials on the Moon's surface contain helium-3 at concentrations estimated between 1.4 and 15 parts per billion (ppb) in sunlit areas, and may contain concentrations as much as 50 ppb in permanently shadowed regions. For comparison, helium-3 in

12513-705: The natural decay of radioisotopes rather than their induced fission. They have been used in space—including on the Moon—for decades. The usual process is to source the suitable substances from Earth, but plutonium-238 or strontium-90 could be produced on the Moon if feedstocks such as spent nuclear fuel are present (either delivered from Earth for processing or produced by local fission reactors). RTGs could be used to deliver power independent of available sunlight, for both lunar and non-lunar applications. RTGs do contain harmful toxic and radioactive materials, which leads to concerns of unintentional distribution of those materials in

12642-566: The new buildings, the campus included the adaptive reuse of several existing structures, including a 1930s era Post Office that is on the National Register of Historic Places . Serving 11,465 students, the campus houses the College of Health Solutions, College of Integrative Science and Arts, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, College of Public Service and Community Solutions , Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, and Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication . In 2013,

12771-480: The northwest edge of campus is the Mill Avenue district (part of downtown Tempe ), which has a college atmosphere that attracts many students to its restaurants and bars. Students also have Tempe Marketplace , a shopping, dining and entertainment center with an outdoor setting near the northeast border of the campus. The Tempe campus is also home to all of the university's athletic facilities. Established in 1984 by

12900-413: The overall university mission. The Tempe campus is the university's research and graduate school center. Undergraduate studies on the Tempe campus are research-based programs that prepare students for graduate school , professional school , or employment. The Polytechnic campus is designed with an emphasis on professional and technological programs for direct workforce preparation. The Polytechnic campus

13029-646: The president of the university, who is considered the institution's chief executive officer and the chief budget officer. The president executes measures enacted by the Board of Regents, controls the university's property, and acts as the university's official representative to the Board of Regents. The chief executive officer is assisted through the administration of the institution by the provost, vice presidents, deans, faculty, directors, department chairs, and other officers. The president also selects and appoints administrative officers and general counsels. The 16th ASU president

13158-627: The reflectance of these regions to search for evidence of ice deposits, observe seasonal changes, and measure the terrain inside the craters. The instrument is based on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC narrow angle camera (NAC), but it is 200 times more sensitive to allow for capturing details within the permanently shadowed regions. ShadowCam was developed by scientists at Arizona State University and Malin Space Science Systems . The first released ShadowCam image showed

13287-575: The regolith (0.5% by weight) naturally alloyed with nickel and cobalt and it can easily be extracted by simple magnets after grinding. This iron dust can be processed to make parts using powder metallurgy techniques, such as additive manufacturing , 3D printing , selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM). Titanium (Ti) can be alloyed with iron, aluminium , vanadium , and molybdenum , among other elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace use. It exists almost exclusively in

13416-455: The regolith, forming a protonated atom, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen (H). Although bound hydrogen is plentiful, questions remain about how much of it diffuses into the subsurface, escapes into space or diffuses into cold traps. Hydrogen would be needed for propellant production, and it has a multitude of industrial uses. For example, hydrogen can be used for the production of oxygen by hydrogen reduction of ilmenite . Iron (Fe)

13545-439: The school earlier in a variety of roles beginning in 1939, including director of graduate studies, college registrar, dean of instruction, dean of the College of Education and academic vice president. Although filling the role of acting president of the university for just nine months (Dec. 1959 to Sept. 1960), Richardson laid the groundwork for the future recruitment and appointment of well-credentialed research science faculty. By

13674-421: The school was given all-college student status. The first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision in 1902. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use. Matthews envisioned an "evergreen campus", with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of 110 Mexican Fan Palms on what is now known as Palm Walk , a century-old landmark of

13803-424: The second stage reignited for a second engine startup or escape burn. As KPLO uses ballistic lunar transfer (BLT) to transfer to a Moon orbit, it took the spacecraft about 135 days to reach the Moon, with a lunar-orbit insertion on 16 December 2022 (UTC). After insertion, the spacecraft will conduct a set of phasing-burns to reduce the orbit's eccentricity from elliptic to circular, reaching low-lunar orbit. This

13932-474: The state's other public universities; University of Arizona and Northern Arizona University . The board is composed of 12 members including 11 who are voting members, and one non-voting member. Members of the board include the state governor and superintendent of public instruction acting as ex-officio members, eight volunteer Regents members with eight-year terms who are appointed by the governor, and two student regents, each with two-year terms, and each serving

14061-513: The time, two other names were considered: Tempe University and State University at Tempe . Among Gammage's greatest achievements in Tempe was the Frank Lloyd Wright -designed construction of what is Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium/ASU Gammage . One of the university's hallmark buildings, ASU Gammage was completed in 1964, five years after the president's (and Wright's) death. Gammage was succeeded by Harold D. Richardson , who had served

14190-467: The total student population. The international student body represents more than 150 nations. The Institute of International Education ranked ASU as the top public university in the U.S. for hosting international students in 2016–2017. In June 2022, Arizona State University was designated a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) by the United States Department of Education in recognition of

14319-519: The transport of a binder material from Earth. There are several models and proposals on how to exploit lunar resources, yet few of them consider sustainability. Long-term planning is required to achieve sustainability and ensure that future generations are not faced with a barren lunar wasteland by wanton practices. To be truly sustainable, lunar mining would have to adopt processes that do not use nor yield toxic material, and would minimize waste through recycling loops. Numerous orbiters have mapped

14448-447: The understanding of the potential for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) at the Moon, but that knowledge is not yet sufficient to fully justify the commitment of large financial resources to implement an ISRU-based campaign. The determination of resource availability will drive the selection of sites for human settlement. Lunar materials could facilitate continued exploration of the Moon, facilitate scientific and economic activity in

14577-552: The university continued its campaign to expand the West Valley and Polytechnic Campuses, and establish a low-cost, teaching-focused extension campus in Lake Havasu City . As of 2011, an article in Slate reported that, "the bottom line looks good", noting that: Since Crow's arrival, ASU's research funding has almost tripled to nearly $ 350 million. Degree production has increased by 45 percent. And thanks to an ambitious aid program, enrollment of students from Arizona families below poverty

14706-563: The university expanded its West Valley and Polytechnic campuses. ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus was also expanded, with several colleges and schools relocating there. The university established learning centers throughout the state, including the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City and programs in Thatcher, Yuma, and Tucson. Students at these centers can choose from several ASU degree and certificate programs. During Crow's tenure, and aided by hundreds of millions of dollars in donations, ASU began

14835-657: The university to increased academic stature, the establishment of the ASU West Valley campus in 1984 and its subsequent construction in 1986, a focus on computer-assisted learning and research, and rising enrollment. Under the leadership of Lattie F. Coor , president from 1990 to 2002, ASU grew through the creation of the Polytechnic campus and extended education sites. Increased commitment to diversity, quality in undergraduate education , research, and economic development occurred over his 12-year tenure. Part of Coor's legacy to

14964-580: The university was a successful fundraising campaign: through private donations, more than $ 500 million was invested in areas that would significantly impact the future of ASU. Among the campaign's achievements were the naming and endowing of Barrett, The Honors College , and the Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts ; the creation of many new endowed faculty positions; and hundreds of new scholarships and fellowships. In 2002, Michael M. Crow became

15093-603: The university's 16th president. At his inauguration, he outlined his vision for transforming ASU into a " New American University " —one that would be open and inclusive, and set a goal for the university to meet Association of American Universities criteria and to become a member. Crow initiated the idea of transforming ASU into "One university in many places"—a single institution comprising several campuses, sharing students, faculty, staff and accreditation. Subsequent reorganizations combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced staff and administration as

15222-781: The university's contacts with the capital city. The center houses ASU's D.C.-based academic programs, including the Washington Bureau of the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication , the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Rule of Law and Governance program, the Capital Scholars program, and the McCain Institute's Next Generation Leaders program, among many others. In addition to hosting classes and internships on-site, special lectures and seminars taught from

15351-437: The university's research facilities. The economic downturn that began in 2008 took a particularly hard toll on Arizona, resulting in large cuts to ASU's budget. In response to these cuts, ASU capped enrollment, closed some four dozen academic programs, combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced university faculty, staff and administrators; with an economic recovery underway in 2011, however,

15480-528: The use of fluorine brought from Earth as potassium fluoride to separate the raw materials from the lunar rocks. Although Luna landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and United States flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts , no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface, and the international legal status of mining space resources

15609-405: The various minerals found in regolith. The Moon is known to be poor in carbon and nitrogen , and rich in metals and in atomic oxygen , but their distribution and concentrations are still unknown. Further lunar exploration will reveal additional concentrations of economically useful materials, and whether or not these will be economically exploitable will depend on the value placed on them and on

15738-801: The vicinity of both Earth and Moon (so-called cislunar space), or they could be imported to the Earth's surface where they would contribute directly to the global economy. Regolith ( lunar soil ) is the easiest product to obtain; it can provide radiation and micrometeoroid protection as well as construction and paving material by melting. Oxygen from lunar regolith oxides can be a source for metabolic oxygen and rocket propellant oxidizer. Water ice can provide water for radiation shielding , life-support , oxygen and rocket propellant feedstock. Volatiles from permanently shadowed craters may provide methane ( CH 4 ), ammonia ( NH 3 ), carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO). Metals and other elements for local industry may be obtained from

15867-488: The wall the and floor of Shackleton crater . Science objectives of the ShadowCam experiment: Originally planned for a December 2018 launch, KPLO was placed into orbit by a Falcon 9 launch vehicle on 4 August 2022. Because Danuri was launched as a dedicated Falcon 9 mission, the payload along with Falcon 9's second stage was placed directly on an Earth escape trajectory and into heliocentric orbit when

15996-545: The west, and Apache Boulevard on the south to Rio Salado Parkway on the north. The Tempe campus is ASU's original campus, and Old Main , the oldest building on campus, still stands. Today's university and the Tempe campus were founded as the Territorial Normal School when first constructed, and was originally a teachers college. There are many notable landmarks on campus, including Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium , designed by Frank Lloyd Wright ; Palm Walk, which

16125-441: The years and the name was changed several times; the institution was also known as Tempe Normal School of Arizona (1889–1903), Tempe Normal School (1903–1925), Tempe State Teachers College (1925–1929), Arizona State Teachers College (1929–1945), Arizona State College (1945–1958) and, by a 2–1 margin of the state's voters, Arizona State University in 1958. In 1923, the school stopped offering high school courses and added

16254-526: Was a change of plan from the previous one, where the orbiter would have performed at least three highly elliptical orbits of Earth , each time increasing its velocity and altitude until it reaches escape velocity , initiating a trans-lunar injection . The spacecraft's main propulsion is from four 30- newton thrusters, and for attitude control (orientation) it uses four 5-newton thrusters. Lunar resources Insights about lunar resources gained from orbit and sample-return missions have greatly enhanced

16383-501: Was estimated by a joint panel of industry, government and academic experts, identified a near-term annual demand of 450 metric tons of lunar-derived propellant equating to 2,450 metric tons of processed lunar water, generating US$ 2.4 billion of revenue annually. Slopes on the lunar surface that face the Moon's poles show a higher concentration of hydrogen. This is because pole facing slopes have less exposure to sunlight that will cause vaporization of hydrogen. Additionally, slopes closer to

16512-570: Was launched on 4 August 2022 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle . It was inserted into orbit around the Moon on 16 December 2022 (UTC). On 23 May 2022, the South Korean Ministry of Science and ICT officially named the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (시험용 달 궤도선, 試驗用月軌道船) as "Danuri" (다누리). Danuri is a portmanteau of two Korean words, dal (달) which means moon and nurida (누리다) which means enjoy. According to

16641-454: Was ranked in the Top 4 for Best Online Bachelor's Programs by U.S. News & World Report . Online students are taught by the same faculty and receive the same diploma as on-campus students. ASU online programs allow students to learn in highly interactive environments through student collaboration and through technological personalized learning environments. In April 2015, ASU Online announced

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