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34-845: Historically a sacred site to the local Kootenai Tribe , the falls became a popular tourist destination in the 2010s due to the Kootenai Falls Swinging Bridge just downstream. The bridge was constructed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps to help with the US Forest Service 's firefighting efforts. It has been rebuilt twice, most recently in 2019 to facilitate better safety for the increasing number of visitors. The bridge and falls have made appearances in movies such as The River Wild (1994) and The Revenant (2015). The area's ecology includes large animals such as bighorn sheep and American black bears , while

68-632: A sturgeon hatchery. Kutenai language The Kutenai language ( / ˈ k uː t ən eɪ , - i / ), also Kootenai , Kootenay , Ktunaxa , and Ksanka , is the native language of the Kutenai people of Montana and Idaho in the United States and British Columbia in Canada. It is typically considered a language isolate , unrelated to the Salishan family of languages spoken by neighboring tribes on

102-479: A language learning app available, and First Voices tutor. The FirstVoices Tutor provides lessons and practices in the given language. The Ktunaxa Language app, accessible for iOS and Android devices, is a Ktunaxa dictionary which uses the audio recordings of words and phrases, and provides flashcards with audio, of the vocabulary found on the FirstVoices website. The Ktunaxa nation aims to target younger generations with

136-776: A program called Headstart, which helps adults of children up to the age of six learn about teaching the Ktunaxa culture and language to their children. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation have founded the Salish Kootenai College , a tribal college on the Flathead reservation in Pablo, Montana. The college offers a certificate program in Native American studies, which requires that students have knowledge of

170-475: A rich inventory of consonants and a small inventory of vowels, though there are allophones of the three basic phonemic vowels. The lack of a phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants is much as in other languages of the area. Because Kutenai is on the periphery of this linguistic area, the loss of a rich lateral inventory is consistent with other nearby languages, which now have only one or two lateral consonants. One such language group contains

204-751: A way to track which entities and concepts are particularly central/salient to a story being told and as a grammatical way of clarifying the roles of each entity in sentences with two third-person arguments: "Pronouns, nouns, verbs, and adverbs all take obviative markers", making it particularly different from some more well-known obviation systems (like the Algonquian one, which allows for obviation only on third-person animate nouns). Kutenai also makes use of an inverse system." The language has an overt copula , ʔin ' to be ' . Word order in Kutenai can be flexible in response to discourse and pragmatic concerns. As

238-515: Is a federally recognized tribe of Lower Kootenai people . They are an Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau based in northern Idaho . They are one of five federally recognized tribes in Idaho. The others are Coeur d'Alene , Nez Perce , Shoshone-Bannock , and Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Western Shoshone-Northern Paiute). They have 150 enrolled citizens. Their name for themselves

272-558: Is a simple suspension footbridge that crosses the Kootenai River just downstream of Kootenai Falls. The bridge was first constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression , allowing the US Forest Service to better facilitate firefighter access to the forested mountains just north of the river. The bridge is open to the public and offers visitors elevated views of Kootenai Falls. The original footbridge

306-438: Is also contrastive, so two words can be differentiated just by lengthening or shortening a vowel. Some such minimal pairs are the verbal stem 'to dig something up' [ʔakaːkʼuː] and the noun '(steel animal) trap' [ʔaːkaːkʼuː] and the verbal stem for 'to fall out in this direction/to fall out from somewhere' [ʔakmuːxuː] and 'the place where (someone is) sitting, one's place at a table' [ʔaːkmuːxuː] . Both pairs differ only in

340-510: Is as follows: Historically, Kootenai people have spoken the Kutenai language , a language isolate . It has a dictionary and grammar and is written in the Latin script . The Kootenai people lived along the Kootenai River in Idaho, Montana , and British Columbia . They were hunter-gatherers , and salmon was an important staple to their diets. They have permanent winter villages of cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats. In 1855

374-676: Is composed of " sandstone and thin layers of shale from the Mount Shields Formation of the Belt Supergroup , with folds from compression that dates back to the Sevier Orogeny 50 to 100 million years ago. The rock was deposited 1.5 billion years ago, when much of Montana was covered by water. Ancient ripple marks and large stromatolites (the remains of algae mats) are visible in the canyon." Bald eagles may be spotted in nearby cottonwood trees. The nearby Wildlife Management Area

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408-517: Is home to bighorn sheep , American black bears , moose , and many other animal species, while the plant life is described as "very diverse [...] most coniferous trees common to the Northwest can be found." The Kootenai Falls and Swinging Bridge were featured in the 1994 movie The River Wild , and the falls were featured in the 2015 movie The Revenant . The falls are sometimes used for whitewater kayaking , though most boats need to be portaged, while

442-563: Is ʔaq̓anqmi. They are also called the Idaho Ksanka. The Ktunaxa ( English: / t ʌ ˈ n ɑː h ɑː / tun- AH -hah ; Kutenai pron. [ktunʌ́χɑ̝] ) are also known as Kutenai ( English: / ˈ k uː t ə n eɪ , - t n eɪ , - n i / ), Kootenay (predominant spelling in Canada), and Kootenai (predominant spelling in the United States). The Kootenai Reservation

476-529: The Sahaptian languages , which have had a similar loss of laterals. Nez Perce has /ts/ , believed to be the lateral affricate in the proto-language. Nez Perce, like Kutenai, lies in the eastern periphery of the Northwest Linguistic area. Another typological analysis investigates the lexical category of preverbs in Kutenai. This lexical category distinguishes neighboring Algonquian languages , found to

510-560: The FirstVoices materials to teach fluency in the Kutenai language. One such example is the ʔAq̓am community of the Ktunaxa Nation, also known as St. Mary's band in Cranbrook, British Columbia, which has a private elementary school called the ʔaq̓amnikSchool. This school, as well as providing standard BC curriculum, teaches the Ktunaxa language and cultural traditions of the people to younger generations. It also has an after school program and

544-495: The Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States, seeking federal recognition. Initial demands were for a 128,000-acre (200 sq mi; 520 km ) reservation and compensation for 1,600,000 acres (2,500 sq mi; 6,470 km ) of ancestral lands. They did not engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) of federal land surrounding

578-612: The Ktunaxa language, culture, history, territory, and worldview of who we are as Ktunaxanin̓tik”. While originally intended for the Ktunaxa community, the page has also inspired other Indigenous communities as well as non-Indigenous people to learn about Indigenous culture and language. The wupnik' natanik site is an online social networking site designed to create a space to connect Ktunaxa community members with their language, culture, and history. Community engagement on this platform has resulted in improved access to Ktunaxa font resources for web publishing, and collaboration on identifying

612-406: The Ktunaxa people including Andrew Pierre, Numan Pierre, Joe Mission, Andrew Felix, and the major contributor from the community, a man referred to as Barnaby. Paul L. Garvin did various descriptive work describing the phonemics , morphology , and syllabification in Ktunaxa. He also has two sources of transcriptions of speakers talking. In 1991, Lawrence Richard Morgan wrote a description of

646-641: The Ktunaxa people. Through the use of social media, another example of Indigenous language revitalization efforts is the Instagram page KtunaxaPride created by Aiyana Twigg in the fall of 2020. Twigg, a Ktunaxa and Blackfoot student who recently graduated with a double major from her studies in First Nations and Endangered Languages and Anthropology from the University of British Columbia, stated that "this page will be dedicated to teaching, learning, and talking about

680-584: The Kutenai Language as his PhD dissertation through the University of California, Berkeley . This description is focused on how the language works and specifically defining the working parts of the language. Morgan's work is an exhaustive list of each grammatical particle , morpheme , and affix , with their respective environments and their varying forms. Kutenai has no phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. Vowel length in Ktunaxa

714-599: The Rockies main campus is in Cranbrook B.C on the territory of the Ktunaxa people. As such, the college has collaborated with the Ktunaxa people for 40 years as of 2015 . As well as offering indigenous studies classes, the College of the Rockies offers basic Ktunaxa classes online, KTUN-101 and KTUN-102, using the FirstVoices website as the primary learning resource. They also offer a Ktunaxa Workshop for beginner learners providing basic phrases and pronunciation, and cultural information of

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748-522: The age of 65. As of 2012 , the Ktunaxa people in Canada are working on a language revitalization effort. Tribal councils from the separate communities of the Ktunaxa nation have contributed a selection of audio recordings of Kutenai words and phrases to the FirstVoices website, an online catalogue of the indigenous languages of North America. As of November 2017 , the Ktunaxa webpage had 2500 words and 1114 phrases archived, stories and songs recorded,

782-468: The bridge is a popular tourist attraction. Rainbow trout may be fished above the falls. There is a picnic area nearby sponsored by the Libby chapter of Lions Clubs International . There are trails suitable for hiking, biking, and horseback nearby, and hunting and wildlife viewing are possible depending on species. Kootenai Tribe of Idaho The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho ( Kutenai language : ʔaq̓anqmi )

816-404: The coast and in the interior Plateau. The Kutenai also speak ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam , Ktunaxa Sign Language. Kutenai is typically considered a language isolate . There have been attempts to place Kutenai in either a Macro- Algonquian or Macro- Salishan language family, most recently with Salish, but they have not been generally accepted as proven. Like other languages in the area, Kutenai has

850-594: The early 1800s, David Thompson , a Canadian explorer and employee of the Northwest Company , travelled into the canyon and used the Kootenai River as a navigational guide through the area following Native Americans and game trails. He portaged around the falls, following cairns built by the Kutenai before continuing on upriver. The Kootenai Falls Swinging Bridge , known to locals as just the Swinging Bridge ,

884-647: The east of the Kootenay Rocky Mountains and near the Kutenai linguistic area. Another typological relationship Kutenai could have is the presence of its obviation system. In 1969, the Kutenai language was spoken by 446 registered Indians in Canada. As of 2021 , Statistics Canada reported 210 Ktunaxa speakers. Referring to the Ktunaxa Nation Council (KNC) Traditional Knowledge and Language program findings, Ktunaxa scholar Christopher Horsethief stated that 24 fluent speakers remain and all are over

918-856: The former mission in Bonners Ferry . It was enacted by S. 634, signed by President Gerald Ford in October. Since 1986, the Kootenai Tribe has owned and operated the Kootenai River Inn in Bonners Ferry. It is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and gift shop. Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns

952-488: The geology includes compressed, folded sandstone and shale dating back millions of years, with visible remnants of algae mats and water marks from when Montana was covered by water. The falls are considered a sacred site to the Kutenai Tribe . They see the falls as the centre of the world and a place where tribal members can commune with the spiritual forces that give direction to the tribe and to individual members. In

986-517: The history and culture of the Salish and Ktunaxa people. The curriculum also offers classes in basic Kutenai language pronunciation and grammar. Some sources suggest that the knowledge and preservation of the native communities' culture will contribute to the preservation of the communities language, but there is no evidence yet from the Salish Kootenai College to support this claim. College of

1020-481: The length of the first vowel, [a] vs [a:] . Kutenai is written in the Kutenai alphabet, which is derived from the Latin alphabet. In general terms, Kutenai is an agglutinative language, with many grammatical functions being served by both prefixes and suffixes , primarily on the verb, though some affixes select nouns as well. As mentioned above, a distinctive feature of Kutenai is its use of an obviation system as

1054-399: The place and subjects of Ktunaxa historical photos. The first grammar of Kutenai was compiled by Roman Catholic missionary Philippo Canestrelli, and was published in 1894 in Latin . In 1918, Franz Boas published The Kutenai Tales, a transcription and translation of multiple Ktunaxa stories. The stories were gathered by Alexander F. Pierce in 1891 and Boas in 1914, and told by members of

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1088-494: The tribe refused to sign a treaty with the US government that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The Dawes Act broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments. Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $ 425,000 in a land claims settlement in 1960. On September 20, 1974, the 67 members of

1122-455: Was destroyed during a flood in 1948. Shortly thereafter, a new footbridge was built atop a pair of concrete piers in order to overtake the historic flood stage of the river, and although the bridge was maintained and rehabilitated throughout the following decades, the bridge was rebuilt in 2019 due to its increasing popularity. The new bridge cost between $ 500,000 and $ 600,000 and was completed two months ahead of schedule. The Kootenai River Gorge

1156-480: Was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974. The reservation is 2,695 acres (4.2 sq mi; 10.9 km ) in Boundary County , along U.S. Route 95 . Their reservation is 2,200 acres large. The tribe's headquarters is in Bonners Ferry, Idaho . The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration

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