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32-572: The gallery's first exhibition presented the work of Carl Andre to European audiences. The gallery has focused on minimal art , conceptual art and arte povera since its founding. The gallery has exhibited contemporary artists including Bernd and Hilla Becher , Wolfgang Laib , Jim Lambie , Sol LeWitt , Bruce Nauman , Manfred Pernice, Thomas Schütte , Gregor Schneider , Robert Smithson , and Paloma Varga Weisz . Artists who had their first solo exhibitions with him included Richard Long , Hanne Darboven , Lawrence Weiner and On Kawara . During

64-562: A brakeman would be responsible for no more than two cars. Brakemen were also required to watch the train when it was underway to look for signs of hot boxes (a dangerous overheating of axle bearings) or other damage to rolling stock, as well as for people trying to ride the train for free and cargo shifting or falling off. A brakeman's job was historically very dangerous with numerous reports of brakemen falling from trains, colliding with lineside structures or being run over or crushed by rolling stock. As rail transport technology has improved,

96-484: A brakeman's duties have been reduced and altered to match the updated technology, and the brakeman's job has become much safer than it was in the early days of railroading. Individually operated car brakes were replaced by remotely-operated air brakes , eliminating the need for the brakeman to walk atop a moving train to set the brakes. Link and pin couplings were replaced with automatic couplings, and hand signals are now supplemented by two-way radio communication. After

128-405: A couple next door, are reported to have heard Mendieta scream "No" the same night, and Andre was also seen with multiple scratches on his face after that night. Andre was quoted from a 9-1-1 call after her death to have said, "What happened was we had … my wife is an artist and I am an artist and we had a quarrel about the fact that I was more, eh, exposed to the public than she was and she went to

160-470: A former classmate from Phillips Academy, Frank Stella , in 1958. Andre shared studio space with Stella from 1958 through 1960. Andre cited Brâncuși as an inspiration for his early wood sculptures, but his conversations with Stella about space and form led him in a different direction. While sharing a studio with Stella, Andre developed a series of wooden "cut" sculptures (such as Radial Arm Saw cut sculpture , 1959 and Maple Spindle Exercise , 1959). Stella

192-664: A typewriter using mainly poetry and free-form essay-like texts. Andre's concrete poetry has been exhibited in the United States and Europe, a comprehensive collection of which is in the collection of the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam. In 1965, Andre had his first public exhibition of his work in the Shape and Structure show curated by Henry Geldzahler at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery . In

224-531: Is noted as having said to Andre (regarding hunks of wood removed from Andre's sculpture), "Carl, that's sculpture, too." From 1960 to 1964, Andre worked as a freight brakeman and conductor in New Jersey for the Pennsylvania Railroad . His experience with blue collar labor and the ordered nature of conducting freight trains would later influence Andre's sculpture and artistic personality. For example, it

256-632: The Art Workers Coalition . In 1970, he had a solo exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . In 1972, Britain's Tate Gallery acquired Andre's Equivalent VIII , an arrangement of 120 firebricks . The piece was exhibited several times without incident, but became the center of controversy in 1976 after being featured in an article in The Sunday Times and later being defaced with blue food dye . The "Bricks controversy" became one of

288-429: The driver, made this role redundant, although the name lives on, for example, in the United States where brakemen carry out a variety of functions both on the track and within trains. In Germany, the brakemen occupied brakeman's cabins on several or even all wagons in a train and would operate the wagon brakes when signaled by the engine driver . It was a dangerous and uncomfortable role, especially in winter when it

320-677: The 1970’s, the gallery expanded its operations, with spaces in Zurich and Rome (with the Italian art dealer Gian Enzo Sperone). Between 1975 and 1982, Konrad Fischer was a partner in Sperone Westwater Fischer, a New York gallery that later re-branded as Sperone Westwater. In 2007 the gallery opened an additional space in Berlin. In 2019, it moved to a new space in an old transformer station. The state of North Rhine-Westphalia acquired 250 works from

352-816: The Quincy public school system and studied art at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts , from 1951 to 1953. While at Phillips Academy, he became friends with Hollis Frampton , who would later influence Andre's radical approach to sculpture through their conversations about art and through introductions to other artists. Andre served in the U.S. Army in North Carolina from 1955 to 1956, and moved to New York City in 1956. While in New York, Frampton introduced Andre to Constantin Brâncuși , through whom Andre became re-acquainted with

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384-429: The advent of automatic brakes meant the primary role of the brakeman was no longer to control the train with hand brakes, the role became effectively that of the conductor's assistant. Brakemen gave hand signals to the engine crew and operated the couplers when coupling and uncoupling cars, assisted the conductor with loading and unloading cargo, and stood behind the train with a flag or lantern if it had to stop where there

416-500: The bedroom and I went after her and she went out of the window". The same night Andre was charged with second-degree murder . He elected to be tried before a judge with no jury. In 1988, he was acquitted of all charges related to Mendieta's death. Museums that exhibit Andre's work have been met with outrage from Mendieta's supporters. The 2022 podcast Death of an Artist detailed a culture of secrecy around Mendieta's death and Andre's potential involvement. In 2017, protestors attended

448-521: The brakeman in throwing hand-operated track switches to line up for switching moves and assisting in cuts and hitches as cars are dropped off and picked up. A brakeman is sometimes seen as an assistant to the conductor in a train's operations. In North American passenger service, the brakeman (called trainman or assistant conductor) collects revenue, may operate door "through switches" for specific platforming needs, makes announcements, and operates trainline door open and close controls when required to assist

480-399: The brakes of the caboose quickly and easily, which would help to slow the train. In rare cases, such as descending a long, steep grade, brakemen might be assigned to several cars and be required to operate the brakes from atop the train while the train was moving. By the start of the 20th century, some local U.S. labor laws noted that enough brakemen would be staffed on every train such that

512-426: The conductor. A passenger service trainman is often required to qualify as a conductor after 1 to 2 years experience. The rear end trainman signals to the conductor when all the train's doors are safely closed, then boards and closes his/her door. Scenic railways , particularly in the form of side friction roller coasters , require a brakeman to ride with the train around the track to slow it down at certain points on

544-454: The estate of the gallery's founders in 2014. Konrad Fischer Galerie represents numerous living artists, including: In addition, the gallery manages various artist estates, including: This article related to an art display, art museum or gallery in Germany is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Carl Andre Carl Andre (September 16, 1935 – January 24, 2024)

576-498: The fall. He was acquitted of a second-degree murder charge in a 1988 bench trial , causing uproar among feminists in the art world; supporters of Mendieta have protested at his subsequent exhibitions. Andre was born on September 16, 1935, in Quincy, Massachusetts , the youngest of the three children of George (a master designer of freshwater plumbing for ships ) and Margaret (Johnson) Andre. He completed primary and secondary schooling in

608-416: The guard would apply brakes on downhill gradients. With longer trains, the job included notifying the driver (by waving a lamp) that the back of the train had started moving along with the rest of the train, or stopped with the rest of the train. As trains were sometimes required to run in reverse, the guard was further tasked with ensuring the tail lamp shone white instead of red in these cases. In 1968, with

640-613: The late 1960s, entrepreneur Karl Ströher from Darmstadt , Germany, acquired three major works from Andre to give them on loan to the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt . Peter Iden then acquired these works for the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt in 1981. The works have since been shown in various "Change of Scene" exhibitions (1992–2002) at the museum in Frankfurt and internationally. In 1969, Andre helped organize

672-529: The layout, particularly bends; as the trains are not mechanically held onto the track. The brakeman is responsible for slowing the train down when necessary and stopping it in the station at the end of the ride. There are only a few examples of such rides now left in existence; the Scenic Railway at Luna Park, Melbourne , Australia , and the Roller Coaster at Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach , UK , are two of

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704-526: The most famous public debates in Britain about contemporary art. Andre's Lever consists of a single line of 137 firebricks. The work concisely divides a space as the bricks hug the floor. The exhibition of Lever at the 1966 exhibition Primary Structures at the Jewish Museum in New York brought considerable recognition to Carl Andre. The gradual evolution of consensus about the meaning of Andre's art

736-514: The opening of his exhibition at The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA in Los Angeles, distributing postcards that read, "Carl Andre is at MOCA Geffen. ¿Dónde está Ana Mendieta? " ( ' Where is Ana Mendieta? ' ). Brakeman A brakeman is a rail transport worker whose original job was to assist the braking of a train by applying brakes on individual wagons. The advent of through brakes , brakes on every wagon which could be controlled by

768-419: The prevalence of diesel and electric trains where the guard could ride in the rear cab of the locomotive, as well as the rising prelevance of fully braked trains that did not require a separate vehicle for braking, the legal requirement for brake vans was eliminated. In the United States, the brakeman was a member of a railroad train's crew responsible for assisting with braking a train when the engineer wanted

800-725: The third in the death of his wife ( see below ). In 1999 he married artist Melissa Kretschmer . Andre died in Manhattan on January 24, 2024, at the age of 88. In 1979 he met his third wife, artist Ana Mendieta , through a mutual friendship with artists Leon Golub and Nancy Spero at AIR Gallery in New York City. Andre and Mendieta married in January 1985. Mendieta fell to her death from Andre's 34th-story apartment window in September 1985, after an argument with Andre. Their neighbors,

832-589: The train to line switches, or scout industries and how the cars are located. As of 2012, 24,380 "railroad brake, signal, and switch operators" jobs were staffed in the U.S., with 93% of them employed in the rail transport industry with much of the remainder employed by supporting companies. By 2018, the total number had dropped to 14,270, with the highest employment rates in Texas, Illinois, Georgia, Missouri, and New York. In North America, freight and yard crews consisting of conductor, engineer, and brakeman usually employ

864-421: The train to slow down or stop. A brakeman's duties also included providing flag protection from following trains if the train were to stop, ensuring that the couplings between cars were properly set, lining switches , and signaling to the train operators while performing switching operations. The brakemen rode in the caboose , the last car in the train, which was built specially to allow a crew member to apply

896-437: Was a danger of another train hitting it. On passenger trains, brakemen were in charge of lighting and heating, as well as opening the doors and assisting the conductor to collect tickets and fares. Today the brakeman job is also commonly known as the assistant conductor, helper, or the 3rd man. They assist the conductor in their duties. On some railroads, the brakeman drives a company pickup truck, allowing them to drive ahead of

928-824: Was an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks (such as Stone Field Sculpture , 1977, in Hartford, Connecticut , and Lament for the Children , 1976, in Long Island City , New York), to large interior works exhibited on the floor (such as 144 Magnesium Square , 1969 ), to small intimate works (such as Satier: Zinc on Steel , 1989, and 7 Alnico Pole , 2011 ). In 1985 his third wife, contemporary artist Ana Mendieta , fell from their 34th-floor apartment window and died. Neighbors heard an argument and Mendieta shouting "no" immediately before

960-440: Was compiled in the book About Carl Andre: Critical Texts Since 1965 , published by Ridinghouse in 2008. The most significant essays and exhibition reviews were collated into this volume, including texts written by some of the most influential art historians and critics: Clement Greenberg , Donald Kuspit , Lucy R. Lippard , Robert C. Morgan , Barbara Rose and Roberta Smith . Andre's first two marriages ended in divorce, and

992-425: Was not uncommon for Andre to dress in overalls and a blue work shirt, even to the most formal occasions." During this period, Andre focused mainly on writing, and there is little notable sculpture of his on record between 1960 and 1965. His poetry resurfaced later, most notably in a book published in 1980 by NYU Press called 12 Dialogues , in which Andre and Hollis Frampton took turns responding to one another at

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1024-461: Was not uncommon for brakemen to freeze to death in the unheated cabins. The function was abolished in the 1920s with the introduction of air brakes , which could be controlled by the engine driver . In the UK, "brakeman" was an alternative term for the position more often referred to as the guard , originally tasked with stopping the train from the brake van if a coupler broke. As rail lines extended,

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