Konar Sandal is a Bronze Age archaeological site, situated in the valley of the Halil River just south of Jiroft , Kermān Province , Iran .
58-397: The site consists of two mounds a few kilometers apart, called Konar Sandal North and Konal Sandal South with a height of 13 and 21 meters, respectively. Konar Sandal North, the larger of the two, has an area of about 300 meters by 300 meters. The site was first visited by Aurel Stein in 1936. The site was examined in the 1980s as part of an areal survey. Modern palm agriculture has destroyed
116-466: A publica libraria in the Foundation Deed of 12 March 1365, where the valuable books bequeathed by deceased members of the university should be collected. Through many legacies, this collection was subsequently greatly increased and became the basis of the old Libreye that was accommodated in the same building as the student infirmary. In addition, there were libraries in the separate Faculties and in
174-599: A former student while ascending the steps of the university for a class. His murderer was later released by the Nazi regime. Following the Anschluss , the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime , in 1938 the University of Vienna was reformed under political aspects, and a huge number of teachers and students were dismissed for political and "racial" reasons. In April 1945,
232-564: A full proposal to explore, map and study the antiquities of Central Asia as per the recommendations of Hoernle, who personally petitioned both the Government of Punjab and Government of India, lobbying for a quick approval. Within weeks, Stein's proposal was informally approved. In January 1899, Stein received the formal approval and funds for his first expedition. Stein thereafter received approval and support for additional expeditions to Chinese Turkestan , other parts of Tibet and Central Asia where
290-623: A local reading the Shahnama in Turki . During 1901, Stein was responsible for exposing forgeries of Islam Akhun , as well as establishing the details and the authenticity of manuscripts that had been discovered before 1896 in northwest China. Stein's greatest discovery was made at the Mogao Caves , also known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", near Dunhuang in 1907. It was there that he discovered
348-695: A printed copy of the Diamond Sutra , the world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls (all removed by gradually winning the confidence and bribing the Taoist caretaker). He took 24 cases of manuscripts and 4 cases of paintings and relics. He was knighted for his efforts, but Chinese nationalists dubbed him a burglar and staged protests against him, although others have seen his actions as at least advancing scholarship. His discovery inspired other French, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on
406-467: A system of democratic representation. Power in the university was divided equally among three groups: students (the largest group), junior faculty, and full professors. All groups had the right to send representatives to boards, who then voted on almost every issue. From 2002 on, the government of Austria, headed by chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel , reformed the university system, transforming the institutions into legal entities, but also concentrating power in
464-586: A tent in the alpine meadow called Mohand Marg which lies at the mouth atop the Sind Valley . Years earlier, working from this idyllic spot he translated Rajatarangini from Sanskrit into English, which had then been published in 1900. A memorial stone was erected in Mohand Marg on 14 September 2017 where Stein used to pitch his tent. The fourth expedition to Central Asia, however, ended in failure. Stein did not publish any account, but others have written of
522-608: Is a public research university located in Vienna , Austria . Founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest institutions of higher learning in Europe. The university is associated with 17 Nobel Prize winners and has been the home to many scholars of historical and academic importance. The university was founded on March 12, 1365, by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria , hence
580-795: Is buried there in the Sherpur Cantonment . Stein, as well as his rivals Sven Hedin , Sir Francis Younghusband and Nikolai Przhevalsky , were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game . Their explorations were supported by the British and Russian Empires as they filled in the remaining "blank spots" on the maps, providing valuable information and creating " spheres of influence " for archaeological exploration as they did for political influence. The art objects he collected are divided between
638-801: Is rated high in academic reputation and number of international students, but low in terms of faculty-to-student ratio and citations per faculty. An overview of the QS World University Rankings by subjects: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings by subjects: The Shanghai-Ranking in Mathematics: Nobel Prize Laureates who taught at the University of Vienna include Robert Bárány , Julius Wagner-Jauregg , Hans Fischer , Karl Landsteiner , Erwin Schrödinger , Victor Franz Hess , Otto Loewi , Konrad Lorenz and Friedrich Hayek . The University of Vienna
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#1733092789798696-601: Is the result of his travels through central Asia during the 1920s and 1930s. Stein discovered manuscripts in the previously lost Tocharian languages of the Tarim Basin at Miran and other oasis towns, and recorded numerous archaeological sites, especially in Iran and Balochistan . When Stein visited Khotan he was able to render in Persian a portion of the Shahnama after he came across
754-415: Is to the members of the university; however, the library's 350 staff members also provide access to the public. Use of the books in the reading halls is open to all persons without the need for identification, which is only required for checking out books. The library's website provides direct access to information such as electronic journals, online indices, and databases. Rudolf IV had already provided for
812-694: The 1910 King's Birthday Honours , he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) for his service as Inspector-General of Education and Archaeological Surveyor in the North-West Frontier Province . Two years later, in the 1912 Birthday Honours , he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) for his service as Superintendent of the Archaeological Department, North-West Frontier Circle. He
870-747: The British Museum , the British Library , the Srinagar Museum, and the National Museum, New Delhi . Stein received a number of honours during his career. In 1909, he was awarded the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society 'for his extensive explorations in Central Asia, and in particular his archaeological work'. In 1909, he was awarded the first Campbell Memorial Gold Medal by
928-1181: The Medical University of Vienna . Students at the university can select from 181 degree programs: 55 bachelor programs , 110 master programs , 3 diploma programs , and 13 doctoral programmes . In the academic year 2013/14, the university awarded 7,745 first degrees (Bachelors and Diplomas ), 1,424 Master's degrees, and 568 Doctoral degrees. The university offers a number of Master's programs in English, including quantitative economics, management and finance, science-technology-society, environmental sciences, Middle European interdisciplinary master programme in cognitive science, European master in health and physical activity, English language and linguistics, Anglophone literature and culture, East Asian economy and society, economics, botany, ecology and ecosystems, molecular biology, microbial ecology and immunobiology, European master in urban studies, masters in European and international business law, mathematics, etc. Some 6,900 scholars undertake research and teaching activities at
986-762: The Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay . He was awarded a number of other gold medals: the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie in 1923; the Grande Médaille d'or of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1932; and the Gold Medal of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1935. In 1934, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . In
1044-774: The British Academy (FBA). He was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1930 and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1939. A more detailed list of Stein's publications is available in Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK , pp. 49–61. University of Vienna The University of Vienna ( German : Universität Wien )
1102-569: The Duke's College. From the 17th century onwards, interest in the old library, with its manuscripts and incunabulae, went into decline and the modern library in the Jesuit College came to the fore. In 1756, the oldest university library was finally closed down and its books, 2,787 volumes, were incorporated into the Court Library, of which Gerard van Swieten was then director. After the dissolution of
1160-672: The Faculty of Law (Juridicum) and others. The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is housed in the Third District, as are the Department of Biochemistry and related research centers. Also worth mentioning is the Vienna Observatory , which belongs to the university, and the Institute for University Sports (USI), which offers training and recreational possibilities to all students of
1218-755: The Indologist and philologist Rudolf Hoernlé in Vienna at a conference of Orientalists , learning about an ancient mathematical manuscript discovered in Bakhshali ( Peshawar ). In 1887 Stein went to India, where he joined the University of the Punjab as Registrar. Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore . During this time, under his supervision Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Manuscript Library at Jammu
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#17330927897981276-515: The Jesuit order (1773), the new "Academic Library" was created out of the book collections of the five Lower Austrian Colleges and many duplicates from the Court Library. This was opened on 13 May 1777, the birthday of Maria Theresa of Austria, in the building of the Academic College. Initially, the stock consisted of some 45,000 books, and during Emperor Joseph II's dissolution of the monasteries, this
1334-532: The Ringstraße constitutes the university's center and is commonly referred to as "die Uni". Most other larger university facilities and lecture halls are located nearby in the area of Vienna's First and Ninth District : the so-called new Lecture Hall Complex (Neues Institutgebäude, NIG), the lecture hall complex Althanstraße (UZA), the campus on the premises of the Historical General Hospital of Vienna ,
1392-559: The Russians and Germans were already taking interest. He made his famous expeditions with the financial support of Punjab government and the British India government. Stein made four major expeditions to Central Asia —in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 and 1930. He brought to light the hidden treasure of a great civilization which by then was practically lost to the world. One of his significant finds during his first journey during 1900–1901
1450-499: The University of Vienna. A large degree of participation by students and university staff was realized in 1975, however, the University Reforms of 1993 and 2002 largely re-established the professors as the main decision-makers. However, also as part of the 2002 reform, the university, after more than 250 years of being largely under governmental control, finally regained its full legal capacity. The number of faculties and centers
1508-399: The admission of the first female students, Elise Richter became the first woman to receive habilitation , becoming professor of Romance languages in 1907; she was also the first female distinguished professor. In the late 1920s, the university was in steady turmoil because of anti-democratic and anti-Semitic activity by parts of the student body. Professor Moritz Schlick was killed by
1566-504: The bottom. The Magister and Doctors constituted the four faculties and elected the academic officials from amidst their ranks. The students, but also all other Supposita (university members), were divided into four Academic Nations . Their elected board members, mostly graduates themselves, had the right to elect the Rector. He presided over the Consistory which included procurators of each of
1624-469: The city, leading to a sharp decline in enrollment. For Emperor Ferdinand I , this meant that the university should be tied to the church to an even stronger degree, and in 1551 he installed the Jesuit Order there. As time went on, conflicts between the Jesuit school and the university arose. This led Emperor Ferdinand II , in 1623, to pass a law that incorporated the Jesuit College into the university. It
1682-690: The collection. Aurel Stein discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907, dating to the end of the Western Jin dynasty. During his expedition of 1906–1908 while surveying south of the Johnson Line in the Kunlun Mountains , Stein suffered frostbite and lost several toes on his right foot. When he was resting from his extended journeys into Central Asia, he spent most of his time living in
1740-579: The compulsory language of instruction the year later. Significant changes were instituted in the wake of the Revolution in 1848 , with the Philosophical Faculty being upgraded into equal status as Theology, Law and Medicine. Led by the reforms of Leopold, Count von Thun und Hohenstein , the university was able to achieve a larger degree of academic freedom. The current main building on the Ringstraße
1798-583: The deed of foundation that had been sanctioned by Rudolf IV, specifically in relation to the department of theology. This was presumably due to pressure exerted by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor , who wished to avoid competition for the Charles University in Prague . The pope later granted an endowment to the university in 1365, while papal assent was finally received in 1384. This led to the University of Vienna and its Faculty of Catholic Theology being granted
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1856-586: The frustrations and rivalries between British and American interests in China, between Harvard's Fogg Museum and the British Museum, and finally, between Paul J. Sachs and Langdon Warner , the two Harvard sponsors of the expedition. Stein was a lifelong bachelor, but was always accompanied by a dog named "Dash" (of which there were seven). He became a British citizen in 1904. He died in Kabul on 26 October 1943 and
1914-458: The hands of the full professors. The reform also introduced a board of governors and tuition fees. In 2013, those amounted to about €381 per semester for students from Austria, the European Union as well as some non-EU countries, while students from developed non-EU countries usually pay double that amount. The reforms also separated the medical departments into separate medical schools, such as
1972-632: The highest ranking in Mathematics and in Arts and Humanities . In Mathematics it is placed 29th in the world according to the Shanghai-Ranking . In Arts and Humanities it is placed 35th and 54th in the world according to the THE and QS ranking respectively. Outstanding subjects include Geography (ranked 28th globally in 2013), Linguistics and Philosophy (both 46th globally) and Law (ranked 73rd globally). It
2030-573: The main mound in the east. The site of Konar Sandal South occupation has been dated to c. 2880 BC to c. 2200 BC in the Early Bronze Age. Dating of Konar Sandal North occupation pattern is less clear aside from being in the 3rd millennium BC. Based on ceramic and artistic parallels these sites are proposed to belong to a Early Bronze Age Jiroft culture along with Shahr-e Sukhteh , Shahdad , Tal-i-Iblis, and Tepe Yahya . This proposal has been critized on various grounds. Majidzadeh suggests they may be
2088-544: The many small mounds in and around the main mounds that the survey identified and there is notable damage from looting. After objects from the site began appearing on the antiquities market in 2001, professional excavation were conducted from 2002 until 2008 by a team led by Yousef Majidzadeh. Among the finds were a decorated clay statue relief found in Konar Sandal South. In 2006 a 11.5 centimeter by 7 centimeter by 1.8 centimeter inscribed baked brick (with Texts γ / D')
2146-641: The name "Alma Mater Rudolphina". After the Charles University in Prague (1347) and Jagiellonian University in Kraków (1364), the University of Vienna is the third oldest university in Central Europe and the oldest university in the contemporary German-speaking world; it remains a question of definition as the Charles University in Prague was German-speaking when founded, too. However, Pope Urban V did not ratify
2204-466: The nations and the faculty deans, as well as over the University Assembly, in which all university teachers participated. Complaints or appeals against decisions of the faculty by the students had to be brought forward by a Magister or Doctor. Being considered a Papal Institution, the university suffered a setback during the Reformation . In addition, epidemics, economic stagnation, and the first Siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces had devastating effects on
2262-465: The remains of the lost Aratta Kingdom. Other conjectures have connected the site with the obscure city-state of Marhashi . Shimashki has also been suggested. Aurel Stein Sir Marc Aurel Stein , KCIE , FRAS , FBA ( Hungarian : Stein Márk Aurél ; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist , primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He
2320-429: The status of a full university. The first university building opened in 1385. It grew into the biggest university of the Holy Roman Empire , and during the advent of Humanism in the mid-15th century was home to more than 6,000 students. In its early years, the university had a partly hierarchical, partly cooperative structure, in which the Rector was at the top, while the students had little say and were settled at
2378-612: The surplus space was soon filled. Book storage space had to be extended continuously. One hundred years later, the complete library, including departmental and subject libraries, comprised more than 4.3 million volumes. Today, Vienna's University Library is the largest collection of books in Austria, still facing problems of space. In addition to the Main Library, which alone has to cope with an annual growth of 40,000 volumes, it includes three Faculty Libraries, 32 Subject Libraries and 26 Departmental Libraries. The University of Vienna, like all universities and academies in Austria, once featured
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2436-402: The then 22-year-old Kurt Schubert, later acknowledged doyen of Judaic Studies at the University of Vienna, was permitted by the Soviet occupation forces to open the university again for teaching, which is why he is regarded as the unofficial first rector in the post-war period. On 25 April 1945, however, the constitutional lawyer Ludwig Adamovich senior was elected as the official rector of
2494-417: The time, had received more artefacts and manuscripts but was concerned about the circumstances of their discovery and their authenticity. He recommended that Stein prepare an expedition proposal and submit it to the Governments of Punjab and India. Stein sent a draft proposal to Hoernle within a month. Hoernle discussed it with Lt Governor of Punjab (British India), who expressed enthusiasm. Stein then submitted
2552-470: The university. In addition, the University of Vienna maintains facilities outside of Vienna in the Austrian provinces of Lower Austria , Upper Austria , and Carinthia . These are mainly research and experimental departments for Biology, Astrophysics and Sports. The University Library of the University of Vienna comprises the Main Library and the 50 departmental libraries at various university locations throughout Vienna . The library's primary responsibility
2610-543: The university. Of these, approximately 1,000 engage actively in projects financed by third parties. The main fields of research at the university cover a wide spectrum of subjects: Catholic and Protestant theology, law, economic sciences and computer science, philological-cultural studies and historical-cultural studies, social sciences and psychology, life sciences and natural sciences, mathematics, sports sciences, and teacher education. The University of Vienna consists of 15 faculties and 5 centers: The University of Vienna has
2668-411: The unknown symbols, called "Geometric script" by the excavator, ranging decorative gibberish to musical symbols. There has been controversy as well about whether the tables themselves are forgeries. The site of Mahtoutabad is located about 1.4 kilometers southeast of the Konar Sandal North and about 1.3 kilometers northeast of the Konar Sandal South. After the graveyard area was exposed in a 2001 flood it
2726-419: Was also a professor at Indian universities. Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His collection of books and manuscripts bought from Dunhuang caves is important for the study of the history of Central Asia and the art and literature of Buddhism . He wrote several volumes on his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan , Serindia and Innermost Asia . Stein
2784-629: Was born to Náthán Stein and Anna Hirschler, a Jewish couple residing in Budapest in the Kingdom of Hungary , Austrian Empire . His parents and his sister retained their Jewish faith but Stein and his brother, Ernst Eduard, were baptised as Lutherans . At home the family spoke German and Hungarian , Stein graduated from a secondary school in Budapest before going on for advanced study at Universities of Vienna , Leipzig and Tübingen . He graduated in Sanskrit and Persian and received his PhD from Tübingen in 1883. In 1884, he went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. In 1886, Stein met
2842-625: Was built between 1877 and 1884 by Heinrich von Ferstel . The previous main building was located close to the Stuben Gate (Stubentor) on Iganz Seipel Square, the current home of the old University Church ( Universitätskirche ) and the Austrian Academy of Sciences ( Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften ). Women were admitted as full students in 1897, although their studies were limited to Philosophy. The remaining departments gradually followed suit, although with considerable delay: Medicine in 1900, Law in 1919, Protestant Theology in 1923, and finally Roman Catholic Theology in 1946. Ten years after
2900-441: Was established which treasures 5000 rare manuscripts. Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin 's 1898 work Through Asia . In June 1898, he sought the help of Hoernle and a collaboration to find and study Central Asian antiquities. Hoernle was enthusiastic as he had already deciphered the Bower Manuscript and Weber Manuscript by then, found these to be respectively the oldest known birch bark and paper manuscripts of ancient India at
2958-465: Was heavily looted by locals and objects began appearing on the antiquities market. The site was professionally excavated by a team led by Y. Madzjidzadeh from 2006 to 2009. The excavators defined four stratigraphic occupation levels: The site of Hajjiabad-Varamin lies about 5 kilometers southwest of Konar Sandal South. It was an industrial production site and occupied from the late fifth to the late third millennium BC. Several cemetery areas lie adjacent to
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#17330927897983016-399: Was increased to 18, and the whole of the medical faculty was separated into the new Medical University of Vienna . The University of Vienna does not have one single campus. Historically, the university started functioning from the First District near the Jesuit Church. Now, the academic facilities occupy more than sixty locations throughout the city of Vienna. The historical main building on
3074-408: Was made an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the University of Oxford in 1909. He was made an honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) by the University of Cambridge in 1910. He was made an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) by the University of St Andrews in 1939. In 1919, Stein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1921, he was elected Fellow of
3132-475: Was only in the mid-18th century that the Jesuits lost influence over the university and when Empress Maria Theresa ensured that the university went under the control of the monarchy. The university would later focus on the education of physicians and civil servants. Her successor Joseph II continued her reforms and further liberalized the university, abolishing official attire and allowing both Protestants and Jews to enroll by 1782, as well as introducing German as
3190-491: Was soon considerably extended. In contrast to its antecedents, the new library was open to the general public. Between 1827 and 1829, it acquired the classicist extension (Postgasse 9) to the Academic College, in which it was to be accommodated until 1884. In this year, the main library, with some 300,000 books, moved to Heinrich von Ferstel 's new Main Building on the Ring, where stacks for some 500,000 volumes had already been prepared. With an annual growth of up to 30,000 volumes,
3248-528: Was submitted to the excavators, claiming to have found it in his garden (distance from Konar Sandal site is unclear). A small excavation in the garden found the remains of a kiln and three inscribed bricks baked were found. Two of the tablets (texts α / B', β / C') have what could possibly be Linear Elamite symbols on one side and symbols of an unknown nature on the other. The third has only unknown symbols. Text B' bears 5 (or perhaps 6) characters and text C' 6 (or perhaps 7) characters. There has been speculation about
3306-575: Was the Taklamakan Desert oasis of Dandan Oilik where he was able to uncover a number of relics. During his third expedition in 1913–1916, he excavated at Khara-Khoto . Later he explored in the Pamirs , seeking the site of the now-lost Stone Tower which the 2nd century polymath Claudius Ptolemy had noted as the half-way mark of the Silk Road in his famous treatise Geography . The British Library 's Stein collection of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, and documents in Khotanese , Uyghur , Sogdian and Eastern Turkic
3364-1252: Was the cradle of the Austrian School of economics. The founders of this school who studied and later instructed at the University of Vienna included Carl Menger , Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk , Friedrich von Wieser , Joseph Schumpeter , Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek . Other famous scholars who have taught at the University of Vienna are: Theodor W. Adorno , Alexander Van der Bellen , Manfred Bietak , Theodor Billroth , Ludwig Boltzmann , Ulrich Brand , Franz Brentano , Anton Bruckner , Rudolf Carnap , Conrad Celtes , Adrian Constantin , Viktor Frankl , Sigmund Freud , Karl Samuel Grünhut , Eduard Hanslick , Edmund Hauler , Jalile Jalil , Leon Kellner , Hans Kelsen , Adam František Kollár , Johann Josef Loschmidt , Franz Miklosich , Oskar Morgenstern , Otto Neurath , Johann Palisa , Pope Pius II , Karl Popper , Elise Richter , Baron Carl von Rokitansky , Rudolf von Scherer , Peter Schuster , August Schleicher , Moritz Schlick , Ludwig Karl Schmarda , Joseph von Sonnenfels , Josef Stefan , Olga Taussky-Todd , Hans Thirring , Walter Thirring , Walter G. Url , Leopold Vietoris , Carl Auer von Welsbach , and Wilhelm Winkler . There are total 17 Nobel Prize Laureates affiliated to
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