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92-735: The area which later became Komoro Domain was repeated contested between the Uesugi clan , the Takeda clan and the Later Hōjō clan during the Sengoku period , changing hands repeatedly. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi annihilated the Hōjō clan in the Siege of Odawara in 1590, he awarded Komoro as a 50,000 koku holding to Sengoku Hidehisa . The marked the start of Komoro Domain. He was confirmed in his status by Tokugawa Ieyasu after

184-449: A Tozama daimyō worth 300,000 koku . The domain, located far from the capital in the Tōhoku region , was considered fairly representative of what might be given to daimyō considered "outsiders" by the shogunate. Yonezawa had minimal direct control from the shogunate, but was not urbanized and was largely an agricultural domain. Despite agricultural advances and generally high growth in

276-461: A conflict arose among the shugo daimyo as to whether Yoshimi or Yoshihisa would be the next shogun. The Hatakeyama and Shiba clans were also divided into two opposing factions over succession within their own clans, and Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen , who were father-in-law and son-in-law, were politically at odds with each other. In 1467, these conflicts finally led to the Ōnin War between

368-458: A descendant of the Taira clan , was approached for the position of shogun a month before his death. The shogun's officials were collectively referred to as the bakufu ( 幕府 , IPA: [baꜜkɯ̥ɸɯ] ; "tent government") ; they were the ones who carried out the actual duties of administration, while the imperial court retained only nominal authority. The tent symbolized the shogun's role as

460-523: A member of the sekkan family , as the fourth shogun. In 1232, the Goseibai Shikimoku was enacted, the first codified law by a warrior class government in Japan. In 1246, Hojo Tokiyori became the fifth shikken , and in 1252 he installed Prince Munetaka as the sixth shogun. The appointment of a member of the imperial family as shogun made the shogun more and more like a puppet. After retiring from

552-399: A new palace and established four new administrative bodies. However, the nobles who had long been out of politics and the newly appointed samurai were unfamiliar with administrative practices, and the court was unable to handle the drastic increase in lawsuits. Emperor Go-Daigo gave high positions and rewards only to the nobles, and the warriors began to swear allegiance to Ashikaga Takauji, who

644-496: A raid, defeating many of his enemies, but eventually ran out of strength and was killed. The Azuchi-Momoyama period refers to the period when Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were in power. They and Tokugawa Ieyasu are the three unifiers of Japan. The name "Azuchi-Momoyama" comes from the fact that Nobunaga's castle, Azuchi Castle , was located in Azuchi, Shiga , and Fushimi Castle , where Hideyoshi lived after his retirement,

736-452: A rival clan forced the two rival branches of the Uesugi to become allies. In 1537, the city of Kawagoe fell to the Hōjō clan. By 1545, the united Uesugi launched a campaign to regain their power in the region and retake lost possessions. However, the Ōgigayatsu branch would ultimately come to an end with the death of Uesugi Tomosada during a failed siege of Kawagoe castle later that year. Near

828-495: Is a Japanese samurai clan which was at its peak one of the most powerful during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (14th to 17th centuries). At its height, the clan had three main branches: the Ōgigayatsu, Inukake, and Yamanouchi. Its most well-known member is the warlord Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578). During the Edo period , the Uesugi were a tozama or outsider clan, in contrast with

920-476: Is no consensus among the various authors since some sources consider Tajihi no Agatamori the first, others say Ōtomo no Otomaro , other sources assure that the first was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro , while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo . Originally, the title of sei-i taishōgun ("Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against

1012-654: Is often said that one must be of the Minamoto lineage to become a shogun, but this is not true. While it is true that the Minamoto lineage was respected as a lineage suitable for the position of shogun, the fourth and fifth shoguns of the Kamakura shogunate were from the Fujiwara lineage (although their mothers were from the Minamoto lineage), and the sixth through ninth shoguns were from the imperial lineage. Oda Nobunaga , who claimed to be

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1104-543: Is often translated generalissimo and is also used for such military leaders of foreign nations by the Japanese. Though shogun ( 将軍 ) now predominantly refers to the historical position sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 ) in Japanese, this term simply means "a general" in other East Asian languages, such as Chinese ( simplified Chinese : 将军 ; traditional Chinese : 將軍 ; pinyin : jiāngjūn ; Jyutping : zoeng1 gwan1 ). In fact, since sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 )

1196-475: Is the abbreviation of the historical title sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 ): Thus, a literal translation of sei-i taishōgun would be 'Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians'. The term originally referred to the general who commanded the army sent to fight the tribes of northern Japan, but after the twelfth century, the term was used to designate the leader of the samurai . The term

1288-472: The fudai or insider daimyō clans which had been hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan. The clan claims descent from the Fujiwara clan , specifically Fujiwara no Yoshikado , who was a daijō-daijin during the 9th century. Kanjūji Shigefusa was a 13th generation descendant of the clan's great progenitor and the originator of the clan's name. Near the end of the 13th century, he received

1380-531: The Battle of Sekigahara , and his son, Sengoku Tadamasa was transferred to Ueda Domain in 1622. Komoro was part of the holdings of Kōfu Domain from 1622-1624, but was revived as an independent domain for Matsudaira Norinaga from 1624-1647. On his death without an heir, the domain was placed under Matsumoto Domain for a year, until the transfer of Aoyama Munetoshi , who was raised from hatamoto status. He subsequently served as Osaka jōdai from 1662, and Komoro

1472-692: The Boshin War (1868–69), to repay this favor, the Yonezawa Domain rose to assist the Aizu Domain in its time of crisis. Alongside the Sendai Domain ( Date clan ), they led the Northern Alliance ( Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei ) and fought against the new government forces, but after repeated defeats, they eventually surrendered. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 brought the abolition of the han system, that is,

1564-550: The Heiji rebellion and became the first samurai-born aristocratic class, eventually becoming daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest position of the aristocratic class, and the Taira clan monopolized important positions at the imperial court and wielded power. The seizure of political power by Taira no Kiyomori was the first instance of the warrior class leading politics for

1656-598: The Hōjō clan and kanrei ( 管領 ) of the Hosokawa clan . In addition, Taira no Kiyomori and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were leaders of the warrior class who did not hold the position of shogun, the highest office of the warrior class, yet gained the positions of daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) and kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent) , the highest offices of the aristocratic class. As such, they ran their governments as its de facto rulers. The office of shogun

1748-541: The Taira clan became Kokushi ( 国司 ) , or overseers of various regions, and accumulated wealth by taking samurai from various regions as their retainers. In the struggle to succeed Emperor Toba, former Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Go-Shirakawa , each with his samurai class on his side, fought the Hōgen rebellion , which was won by Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had Taira no Kiyomori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo on his side. Later, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo in

1840-618: The Three Sacred Treasures (Imperial regalia , 三種の神器). On the other hand, Ashikaga Takauji installed Emperor Kōmyō as the new emperor without the Three Sacred Treasures in 1336. Ashikaga Takauji tried to make peace with Emperor Go-Daigo, but the negotiations failed when Emperor Go-Daigo refused. Emperor Go-Daigo moved to Yoshino , and the country entered the Nanboku-cho period (1336-1392), in which two emperors existed at

1932-507: The Uesugi domain in Tango Province and adopted the name "Uesugi" after arriving and establishing himself there. Throughout the Muromachi period , members of the clan were appointed as shugo (provincial governors) and would also regularly hold sway over the post Kantō Kanrei (shogun's deputy in Kantō). Through their dominance of this position, the clan gained a large amount of power in

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2024-403: The daimyo of various regions fought to expand their own power. Daimyo who became more powerful as the shogunate's control weakened were called sengoku daimyo ( 戦国大名 ) , and they often came from shugo daimyo , shugodai ( 守護代 , deputy shugo) , and kokujin or kunibito ( 国人 , local masters) . In other words, sengoku daimyo differed from shugo daimyo in that sengoku daimyo

2116-457: The 13th shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru , the shogun already had few direct fiefs and direct military forces, and his sphere of influence was limited to a few lands around Kyoto, losing both economic and military power. As a result, Ashikaga Yoshiteru was often chased out of Kyoto by the sengoku daimyo Miyoshi Nagayoshi and his forces, and was finally killed in an attack by the forces of Miyoshi Yoshitsugu and Matsunaga Hisahide . Ashikaga Yoshiteru

2208-402: The 17th century, Yonezawa, like most parts of the country, experienced a considerable drop in growth after 1700. The official koku revenue of the Uesugi daimyō was cut in half in 1664, but the family maintained its same expensive lifestyle as before. After Yonezawa entered debt and experienced famine in the 1750s, the current daimyō Uesugi Shigesada considered giving the territory back to

2300-454: The 5th Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasutomo was the eldest son of Makino Yasuyori and became daimyō on his father's death in 1794. In 1798 he was appointed a Sōshaban . However, he was sickly and could only walk with a cane. He died of beriberi in Edo in 1800 at the age of 27. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Nobuhiro of Akashi Domain . Makino Yasunaga ( 牧野康長 , 1796 – January 28, 1868)

2392-478: The 5th shogun, died of illness at the age of 19, so the 6th shogun was chosen from among Yoshimochi's four brothers, and to ensure fairness, a lottery was held. The sixth shogun was Ashikaga Yoshinori . However, he was not educated to be a shogun, and his temperamental and despotic behavior caused resentment, and he was assassinated by Akamatsu Mitsusuke during the Kakitsu Rebellion . This led to instability in

2484-483: The 8th Makino daimyō of Komoro. His name is also sometimes transliterated as "Yasunori". Yasunobu was the sixth son of Makino Tadakiyo of Nobeoka Domain and was adopted as heir to Makino Yasuakira . He became daimyō in 1827; however, he died at the clan's Edo residence at Hamamachi in 1832 at the age of 24. His wife was a daughter of Ishikawa Fusasuke of Kameyama Domain ; however, he had no male heir. Makino Yasutoshi ( 牧野康哉 , November 15, 1818 – July 28, 1863)

2576-453: The Ashikaga shogunate system. Ashikaga Yoshimasa , the 8th shogun, tried to strengthen the power of the shogun, but his close associates did not follow his instructions, leading to political chaos and increasing social unrest. Since he had no sons, he tried to install his younger brother Ashikaga Yoshimi as the ninth shogun, but when his wife Hino Tomiko gave birth to Ashikaga Yoshihisa ,

2668-512: The Barbarians") was given to military commanders during the early Heian period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi , who resisted the governance of the Kyoto -based imperial court. Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) was a Japanese general who fought against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro

2760-512: The Eastern Army, led by Hosokawa Katsumoto and including Hatakeyama Masanaga , Shiba Yoshitoshi, and Ashikaga Yoshimi, and the Western Army, led by Yamana Sōzen and including Hatakeyama Yoshinari, Shiba Yoshikado, and Ashikaga Yoshihisa.　In 1469, the war spread to the provinces, but in 1473, Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen, the leaders of both armies, were dead, and in 1477, the war ended when

2852-528: The Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians") , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor , shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamakura period and Sengoku period when the shoguns themselves were figureheads, with real power in the hands of the shikken ( 執権 ) of

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2944-585: The Fujiwara regime. Taira no Masakado , who rose to prominence in the early 10th century, was the first of the local warrior class to revolt against the imperial court. He had served Fujiwara no Tadahira as a young man, but eventually won a power struggle within the Taira clan and became a powerful figure in the Kanto region . In 939, Fujiwara no Haruaki , a powerful figure in the Hitachi province , fled to Masakado. He

3036-461: The Hōjō for control of the Kantō region. Kenshin's adopted son Uesugi Kagekatsu eventually became head of the Uesugi clan. However, his support of Ishida Mitsunari during the battle of Sekigahara would result in a devastating blow to the power of the Uesugi, as Mitsunari's forces were crushed by Tokugawa Ieyasu and his supporters. During the Edo period, the Uesugi were given the domain of Yonezawa ,

3128-456: The Kantō region. In 1449, Kantō Kanrei Ashikaga Shigeuji killed his Uesugi deputy in order to check the family's power. However, Uesugi forces rose up throughout the region and drove out Shigeuji. After ousting the Kanrei, they asked the shogunate in Kyoto for a different deputy to be placed in power. The Uesugi's deposition of Shigeuji left them as the predominant power in the Kantō region, and

3220-480: The Realm) , reaching their peak at the end of the 10th century under Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi . Later, in the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo weakened the power of the sesshō and kampaku by presiding over politics himself, and when the next emperor, Shirakawa , abdicated and became a cloistered emperor and began a cloistered rule , the sesshō and kampaku lost their real political authority and became nominal, effectively ending

3312-484: The Southern court, ending the 58-year Nanboku-cho period. Yoshimitsu continued to hold power after passing the shogunate to his son Ashikaga Yoshimochi in 1395, becoming daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest rank of the nobility, and remaining in power until his death in 1408. In 1428, Ashikaga Yoshimochi , the fourth shogun, was ill and the question of his succession arose. Ashikaga Yoshikazu ,

3404-485: The Taira clan from Kyoto, and although initially welcomed by the hermit Emperor Go-Shirakawa, he became estranged and isolated due to the disorderly military discipline and lack of political power under his command. He staged a coup, overthrew the emperor's entourage, and became the first of the Minamoto clan to assume the office of Sei-i Taishōgun (shogun) . In response, Minamoto no Yoritomo sent Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune to defeat Yoshinaka, who

3496-718: The Yamanouchi were aligned with the Nagao clan . While the Ōgigayatsu were less numerous than the Yamanouchi, they held on to power due to Ōta Dōkan 's construction of the Edo Castle in the 1450s. At the same time as the Uesugi branches continued to compete for power with themselves, the Hōjō clan began to gain power in the lower area of the Kantō region. The first head of this rising clan, Hōjō Sōun , allied himself with Nagao Tamekage , Deputy Constable of Kamakura , and would go on to become one of their strongest rivals. This rapid expansion of

3588-504: The age of 46. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Nobuhide of Kameyama Domain . After her death, he remarried to a daughter of Kutsuki Tsunaeda of Fukuchiyama Domain . Makino Yasumasa ( 牧野康済 , January 31, 1841 – January 15, 1918) was the 10th (and final) Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasutoshi was the second son of Makino Yasutoshi and was received in formal audience by Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi in 1859. He became daimyō on his father's death in 1863 and from 1864 his courtesy title

3680-408: The areas they controlled. The shugo shared their newfound wealth with the local samurai, creating a hierarchical relationship between the shugo and the samurai, and the first early daimyo ( 大名 , feudal lords) , called shugo daimyo ( 守護大名 ) , appeared. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , the third shogun, negotiated peace with the Southern court, and in 1392 he reunited the two courts by absorbing

3772-453: The clan and the Kantō region almost as soon as the split occurred. This conflict would continue for roughly twenty-five years until around the end of the Ōnin War in 1477, which brought the end of the Ashikaga shogunate. Though the Ōgigayatsu and Yamanouchi branches both survived this conflict, the Inukake did not. Traditionally, the Ōgigayatsu branch allied themselves with the Ōta clan , while

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3864-590: The clan was able to grow rapidly. They eventually split into their three main branches, which were named after their traditional homelands. The Ōgigayatsu controlled Kawagoe Castle , the Yamanouchi were centered in Hirai , and the Inukake held a castle in the region as well. Each of these branch families can trace their lineage to Uesugi Kiyoko , mother of Ashikaga Takauji , the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate . These three branches would commence infighting for dominance within

3956-584: The domain in direct conflict with its parent house at Nagaoka Domain . In September 1869, he also had to suppress a revolt by followers of the failed Mito rebellion within his domain. Later in 1869, he was appointed imperial governor of Komoro by the new Meiji government . On the abolition of the han system in July 1871, he changed his name to Yasutomi (康民). He retired from public life in 1883 and died in 1918. List of Han Uesugi clan The Uesugi clan ( 上杉氏 , Uesugi-shi, historically also Uyesugi )

4048-537: The end of the Sengoku period, the Uesugi would undergo major changes in their leadership. Uesugi Norimasa , holder of a castle which had fallen in 1551 to the Hōjō, took up arms with his retainer Nagao Kagetora . Kagetora would go on to change his name to Uesugi Kenshin after campaigning against the Hōjō in Sagami Province . Kenshin would later become one of Sengoku's most prominent generals, continuing to wage war against

4140-504: The end of the domains, the feudal lords, and the samurai class. During this period, the head of the clan was Uesugi Mochinori . While the han system ended, the Uesugi clan survives to this day. Its present head, Uesugi Kuninori (born 1942), is a professor at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Ministry of Education. The clan crest of the Uesugi was two flying sparrows in bamboo. Uesugi Kenshin had several personal standards:

4232-438: The first shikken ( 執権 , Regent) and assuming actual control of the shogunate. Hojo Yoshitoki later assassinated Minamoto no Yoriie. However, Hojo Tokimasa lost influence in 1204 when he killed Hatakeyama Shigetada , believing false information that his son-in-law Shigetada was about to rebel, and lost his position in 1205 when he tried to install his son-in-law Hiraga Tomomasa as the fourth shogun. Hojo Yoshitoki became

4324-549: The first character in Bishamonten (毘, bi), a flag of divine appointment, an open fan horse insignia, and the suspended and chaotically written dragon character (龍). [REDACTED] Media related to Uesugi clan at Wikimedia Commons Shogun Shogun ( English: / ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ ʌ n / SHOH -gun ; Japanese : 将軍 , romanized :  shōgun , pronounced [ɕoːɡɯɴ] ), officially sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 , " Commander-in-Chief of

4416-517: The first time. In 1731 he was appointed bugyō to oversee ceremonies at Nikkō Tōshōgū . In 1742, the domain suffered from severe damage due to storms and he applied for a loan of 2000 ryō from the shogunate. In 1751, he turned to the parent house of the Makino clan at Nagaoka Domain for financial assistance. His wife was a daughter of Rokugō Masaharu of Honjō Domain . He died in 1758. Makino Yasumitsu ( 牧野康満 , October 29, 1732 – August 26, 1801)

4508-551: The forces of Emperor Go-Daigo, turned to the emperor's side and attacked Rokuhara Tandai . Then, in 1333, Nitta Yoshisada invaded Kamakura and the Kamakura shogunate fell, and the Hōjō clan was destroyed. Around 1334–1336, Ashikaga Takauji helped Emperor Go-Daigo regain his throne in the Kenmu Restoration . Emperor Go-Daigo rejected cloistered rule and the shogunate and abolished the sesshō and kampaku in favour of an emperor-led government. He also began building

4600-459: The growing fame of Ashikaga Takauji and ordered Nitta Yoshisada and others to defeat Ashikaga Takauji. In response, Takauji led a group of samurai against the new government and defeated the imperial court forces. This ended Emperor Go-Daigo's new regime in 1336 after only two years. After the failure of the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Go-Daigo fled to Enryaku-ji Temple on Mount Hiei with

4692-422: The help of samurai called gokenin ( 御家人 ) , lords in the service of the shogunate. However, since the war was a war of national defense and no new territory was gained, the shogunate was unable to adequately reward the gokenin , and their dissatisfaction with the shogunate grew. In 1285, during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki , the ninth shikken and eighth tokusō , Adachi Yasumori and his clan, who had been

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4784-423: The imperial court was in charge of politics. From the mid-9th century to the mid-11th century, the Fujiwara clan controlled political power. They excluded other clans from the political center and monopolized the highest positions in the court, such as sesshō ( 摂政 , Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors) , kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors) , and daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of

4876-424: The main vassals of the Kamakura shogunate, were destroyed by Taira no Yoritsuna, further strengthening the ruling system of the tokusō , which emphasized blood relations. As tokusō's ruling system was strengthened, the power of the title of naikanrei ( 内管領 ) , tokusō' s chief retainer, increased, and when tokusō was young or incapacitated, naikanrei took control of the shogunate. Taira no Yoritsuna during

4968-552: The military's field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. Nevertheless, the institution, known in English as the shogunate ( / ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ ə n eɪ t / SHOH -gə-nayt ), persisted for nearly 700 years, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867 as part of the Meiji Restoration . The term shogun ( 将軍 , lit.   ' army commander ' )

5060-547: The next 700 years. However, when Taira no Kiyomori used his power to have the child of his daughter Taira no Tokuko and Emperor Takakura installed as Emperor Antoku , there was widespread opposition. Prince Mochihito , no longer able to assume the imperial throne, called upon the Minamoto clan to raise an army to defeat the Taira clan, and the Genpei War began. In the midst of the Genpei War, Minamoto no Yoshinaka expelled

5152-475: The political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate. Hojo Masako 's (Yoritomo's wife) family, the Hōjō , seized power from the Kamakura shoguns. In 1199, Yoritomo died suddenly at the age of 53, and the 18-year-old Minamoto no Yoriie took over as second shogun. To support the young Yoriie, the decisions of the shogunate were made by a 13-man council, including Hojo Tokimasa and his son Hojo Yoshitoki , but this

5244-483: The population by having his own children vaccinated first to set an example. From 1855, he attempted to institute numerous rural reforms based on the teachings of Ninomiya Sontoku and to create stockpiled against future bad harvests. He also encouraged the development of a washi paper industry. In 1858, he was appointed a wakadoshiyori , and was a strong supporter of the Tairō Ii Naosuke . He died in 1863 at

5336-405: The prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the shugo ( 守護 ) , which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the jitō ( 地頭 ) , which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about

5428-450: The reign of Hojo Sadatoki, and Nagasaki Takatsuna and Nagasaki Takasuke during the reign of Hojo Takatoki , the fourteenth shikken and ninth tokusō , were naikanrei who took control of the Kamakura shogunate. 　In other words, Japanese politics was a multiple puppet structure: Emperor, shogun, shikken, tokusō, and naikanrei. In response to gokenin' s dissatisfaction with the shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo planned to raise an army against

5520-690: The same time in two different imperial courts, the Southern Court in Yoshino and the Northern Court in Kyoto. In 1338, Ashikaga Takauji , like Minamoto no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Minamoto princes, was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun by Emperor Kōmyō and established the Ashikaga shogunate , which nominally lasted until 1573. The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, and

5612-531: The second shikken , and the shogunate was administered under the leadership of Hojo Masako . In 1219, the third shogun, Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated for unknown reasons. In 1221, war broke out for the first time in Japan between the warrior class government and the imperial court, and in this battle, known as the Jōkyū War , the shogunate defeated former Emperor Go-Toba . The shogunate exiled former Emperor Go-Toba to Oki Island for waging war against

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5704-550: The shikkens, he used his position as head of the Hojo clan's main family, tokusō ( 得宗 ) , to dominate politics, thus shifting the source of power in the shogunate from the shikken to tokusō . During the reign of Hojo Tokimune , the eighth shikken and seventh tokusō , the shogunate twice defeated the Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281. The shogunate defeated the Mongols with

5796-457: The shogun a puppet of the Hosokawa clan . Hosokawa Takakuni , who came to power later, installed Ashikaga Yoshiharu as the 12th shogun in 1521. In 1549, Miyoshi Nagayoshi banished the 12th shogun and his son Ashikaga Yoshiteru from Kyoto and seized power. From this point on, the Miyoshi clan continued to hold power in and around Kyoto until Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in 1568. By the time of

5888-413: The shogunate, but his plan was leaked and he was exiled to Oki Island in 1331. In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki Island and again called on gokenin and samurai to raise an army against the shogunate. Kusunoki Masashige was the first to respond to the call, sparking a series of rebellions against the shogunate in various places. Ashikaga Takauji , who had been ordered by the shogunate to suppress

5980-475: The shogunate. Instead, he allowed his adopted son Uesugi Harunori to take over as daimyō . Through agricultural and moral reforms, as well as other strict policies, Harunori was able to restore a measure of prosperity to the domain. After his death, the shogunate officially praised Yonezawa as an example of good governance. When the Uesugi clan faced the threat of abolition due to the sudden death of Tsunakatsu (1639–64), they were saved by Hoshina Masayuki . In

6072-502: The shogunate. The shogunate learned its lesson and set up an administrative body in Kyoto called the Rokuhara Tandai ( 六波羅探題 ) to oversee the imperial court and western Japan. After the sudden death of Hojo Yoshitoki in 1224, Hojo Yasutoki became the third shikken , and after the death of Hojo Masako in 1225, the administration of the shogunate returned to a council system. In 1226, Hojo Yasutoki installed Kujo Yoritsune ,

6164-409: The term bakufu to the shogunate government was therefore heavy with symbolism, connoting both the explicitly military character of the shogunal regime and its (at least theoretically) ephemeral nature. Historically, similar terms to sei-i taishōgun were used with varying degrees of responsibility, although none of them had equal or more importance than sei-i taishōgun . Some of them were: There

6256-406: The time during which they ruled is also known as the Muromachi period . Between 1346 and 1358, the Ashikaga shogunate gradually expanded the authority of the shugo ( 守護 ) , the local military and police officials established by the Kamakura shogunate, giving the shugo jurisdiction over land disputes between gokenin ( 御家人 ) and allowing the shugo to receive half of all taxes from

6348-404: The western lords, including Hatakeyama Yoshinari and Ōuchi Masahiro , withdrew their armies from Kyoto. The war devastated Kyoto, destroying many aristocratic and samurai residences, Shinto shrines , and Buddhist temples, and undermining the authority of the Ashikaga shoguns, greatly reducing their control over the various regions. Thus began the Sengoku period , a period of civil war in which

6440-481: The year the Kamakura shogunate was established. Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai , gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba and

6532-405: Was able to rule the region on his own, without being appointed by the shogun. In 1492, Hosokawa Masamoto , the kanrei ( 管領 ) , second in rank to the shogun in the Ashikaga shogunate, and the equivalent of Shikken ( 執権 ) in the Kamakura shogunate, staged a coup, banished the 10th shogun, Ashikaga Yoshitane , from Kyoto, and installed Ashikaga Yoshizumi as the 11th shogun, making

6624-510: Was effectively dismantled shortly afterwards when one of the key members lost his political position and two others died of illness. When Minamoto no Yoriie fell ill in 1203, a power struggle broke out between the Hojo clan and Hiki Yoshikazu , and Hojo Tokimasa destroyed the Hiki clan . Tokimasa then installed the 12-year-old Minamoto no Sanetomo as the third shogun, puppeting him while himself becoming

6716-529: Was forced to suppress an attempted coup d’etat within his own domain. In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system , Komoro Domain briefly became Komoro Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Nagano Prefecture . As with most domains in the han system , Komoro Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Makino Yasushige ( 牧野康重 , October 18, 1677 – January 4, 1723)

6808-562: Was given to Sakai Tadayoshi, formerly of Isesaki Domain . Sakai was demoted to Tanaka Domain in Suruga Province in 1679. The next ruler of Komoro was Nishio Tadanari , formerly of Tanaka Domain. He made great efforts to undo the damage caused by the misgovernment of Sakai Tadayoshi, but was transferred to Yokosuka Domain in 1682. Komoro was then given to a junior branch of the Matsudaira clan from 1679 to 1702. In 1702, Makino Yasushige

6900-472: Was in practice hereditary, although over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during the Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Yoritomo gained political ascendency over Japan in 1185, the title was revived to regularize his position, making him the first shogun in the usually understood sense. It

6992-507: Was independent of the imperial court and called himself the Shinnō ( 新皇 , New Emperor) . In response, the imperial court sent a large army led by Taira no Sadamori to kill Masakado. As a result, Masakado was killed in battle in February 940. He is still revered as one of the three great onryō ( 怨霊 , vengeful spirits) of Japan. During the reigns of Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba ,

7084-408: Was killed within a year of becoming shogun. In 1185, the Taira clan was finally defeated in the Battle of Dan-no-ura , and the Minamoto clan came to power. There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 ) . Later,

7176-473: Was known as a great swordsman and was a student of Tsukahara Bokuden , who was known as one of the strongest swordsmen. According to Yagyū Munenori , a swordsmanship instructor in the Tokugawa Shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiteru was one of the five best swordsmen of his time. According to several historical books, including Luís Fróis ' Historia de Japam , he fought hard with naginata and tachi during

7268-567: Was located in Momoyama. Although the two leaders of the warrior class during this period were not given the title of sei-i taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 , shogun) , Oda Nobunaga was given a title almost equal to it, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi a higher one. This era began when Oda Nobunaga expelled Ashikaga Yoshiaki from Kyoto and destroyed the Ashikaga shogunate. Adopting an innovative military strategy using tanegashima ( 種子島 , matchlock gun) and an economic policy that encouraged economic activity by

7360-459: Was originally a specific type of general, this is an example of semantic widening . The shogunate's administration was known as the bakufu ( 幕府 ) , literally meaning "government from the curtain ". In this context, "curtain" is a synecdoche for a type of semi-open tent called a maku , a temporary battlefield headquarters from which a samurai general would direct his forces, and whose sides would be decorated with his mon . The application of

7452-426: Was promoted to Tōtōmi-no-kami . However, among his retainers, there was a strong faction which supported his younger brother Nobunosuke (later Honda Tadanao, daimyō of Okazaki Domain ), and was forced to suppress an attempted coup. He also faced possible overthrow when he sided with the imperial faction in the Boshin War and ordered his forces against the pro-Tokugawa army at the Battle of Hokuetsu , as this placed

7544-570: Was the 3rd Makino daimyō of Yoita Domain in Echigo Province and the 1st Makino daimyō of Komoro Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate . Ieshige was the fifth son of Honjō Munesuke of Ashikaga Domain and his mother was a princess of the Nijō clan . In 1688 he was adopted by Makino Yasumichi , and became daimyō of Yoita on the latter's retirement the following year. In 1702, he received an increase in kokudaka of 5000 koku , and

7636-530: Was the 3rd Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasumitsu was the eldest son of Makino Yasuchika and was born in Komoro. He became daimyō on his father's death in 1758. In 1762 he was appointed a sōshaban , holding that position until his retirement in 1784. He retired to Edo, where he devoted his days to poetry, painting and drinking until his death in 1801. His wife was a daughter of Makino Sadamichi of Nobeoka Domain . Makino Yasuyori ( 牧野康陛 , 1750 – December 8, 1794)

7728-402: Was the 4th Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasuyori was the eldest son of Makino Yasumitsu and became daimyō on his father's retirement in 1784. In 1786 he was appointed Osaka kaban . He died at the clan's Edo residence at Koishikawa in 1794 at the age of 45. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Chikamitsu of Kitsuki Domain . Makino Yasutomo ( 牧野康儔 , April 7, 1773 – August 16, 1800) was

7820-443: Was the 6th Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasunaga was the eldest son of Makino Yasutomo and became daimyō on his father's death in 1800. In 1802 he established a han school . He received the courtesy title of Naizen-no-kami in 1814. He retired citing illness in 1819, but lived to 1868. He never took a formal wife. Makino Yasuakira ( 牧野康明 , February 25, 1800 – September 15, 1827) was the 7th Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasuakira

7912-501: Was the 9th Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasutoshi was born in Hibiya , Edo as the sixth son of Makino Sadamoto of Kasama Domain and was adopted as posthumous heir to Makino Yasunobu in 1832. At the time, the domain was suffering greatly form the Great Tenpō famine , and also from a smallpox epidemic. Yasunobu brought doctors with smallpox vaccine from Edo, and led the effort vaccinate

8004-515: Was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the Yamato State . For his military feats he was named sei-i taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history. (Note: according to historical sources Ōtomo no Otomaro also had the title of sei-i taishōgun). The shoguns of this period had no real political power, and

8096-401: Was the second son of Makino Yasutomo and became daimyō on his brother's retirement in 1819. He received the courtesy title of Naizen-no-kami in 1822. He died at the clan's Edo residence at Koishikawa in 1827 at the age of 28. His wife was a daughter of Torii Tadateru of Mibu Domain ; however, he had no male heir. Makino Yasunobu ( 牧野康命 , December 27, 1809 – August 13, 1832) was

8188-566: Was transferred to Komoro from Yoita Domain in Echigo Province . This at last brought stability to the administration of the domain, as the Makino clan continued to rule until the Meiji restoration . During the Boshin War , the 10th daimyō , Makino Yasumasu quickly supported the imperial side, and participated in the Battle of Hokuetsu and was assigned to guard Usui Pass . However, in September 1869 he

8280-422: Was transferred to Komoro. His wife was a daughter of Ogasawara Tadakata of Kokura Domain . He died in 1723. Makino Yasuchika ( 牧野康周 , 1707 – February 15, 1758) was the 2nd Makino daimyō of Komoro. Yasuchika was the eldest son of Makino Yasushige . He was received in formal audience by Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1720, and became daimyō on his father's death in 1722. In 1725 he visited his domain for

8372-467: Was wanted for tyranny by Fujiwara no Korechika , a Kokushi ( 国司 , imperial court official) who oversaw the province of Hitachi province, and Fujiwara no Korechika demanded that Masakado hand over Fujiwara no Haruaki. Masakado refused, and war broke out between Masakado and Fujiwara no Korechika, with Masakado becoming an enemy of the imperial court. Masakado proclaimed that the Kanto region under his rule

8464-418: Was willing to give up his personal fortune to give them such rewards. During the Kenmu Restoration, after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, another short-lived shogun arose. Prince Moriyoshi (Morinaga), son of Go-Daigo, was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun . However, Prince Moriyoshi was later put under house arrest and, in 1335, killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi . Emperor Go-daigo did not like

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