Kometa Corporation is an enterprise of the Russian military-industrial complex specializing in the research, development, production and operation of space information management and intelligence systems.
51-661: On September 8, 1947, the Decree No. 3140-1026 of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union formed the " Special Bureau No. 1 " (SB-1) of the Ministry of Armaments. P. N. Kuksenko was appointed director of the SB-1. One of the bureau's first developments was an air-to-sea guided missile system under the code " Kometa ". In August 1950, SB-1 was transformed into "Design Bureau No. 1" (KB-1). In 1955,
102-442: A native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration
153-572: A "great overlap" between the responsibilities and functions of the Central Committee , Secretariat and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. However, Schapiro was not sure of the Presidium's membership or if the Presidium had any meetings. It is unknown whether the Presidium had any importance for ordinary policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s. Soviet works from that period make no mention of
204-511: A Central Committee plenum which forbade any single person to have the two most powerful jobs in the country: First Secretary (renamed General Secretary during 1966) and Premier of the Council of Ministers. Kosygin, the Premier of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of economic administration while Brezhnev, the General Secretary, cared for other domestic matters. During the later part of
255-645: A Presidium of the Council of Ministers. Professor T.H. Rigby believes that the duties and responsibilities of the Presidium were at the time largely assumed by the Current Affairs Commission of the Council of Ministers and from 1956 possibly by the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers with both Commissions directed by Mikhail Pervukhin . During his visit to the USSR, political scientist Robert C. Tucker asked Mansur Mirza-Akhmedov ,
306-466: A ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the Committee for State Security (KGB). State committees were instrumental in keeping the vast Soviet economic system coherent and integrated. The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was established during March 1953 as a result of the reorganisation of a special bureau formed during 1944 for the purpose of supervising and coordinating
357-606: A network of regional and local sovnarkhoz supervised by the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy . Khrushchev's economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government after Khrushchev's ousting in 1964. The year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished. The second attempt at decentralising
408-402: A vast network of government committees, commissions, and other institutions that reported directly to the Council of People's Commissars . Throughout its existence, the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was a mysterious institution. First World observers knew little of the Presidium's activities and functions, or even the frequencies of its meetings. In Soviet textbooks and by officials it
459-577: Is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by
510-689: Is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only
561-684: The Brezhnev era the job of Premier of the Council of Ministers lost its rank as the second-most powerful in the USSR to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . Nikolai Podgorny 's dismissal as chief of state during 1977 had the effect of reducing Kosygin's role in day-to-day management of government activities as Brezhnev strengthened his control over the government apparatus. Kosygin resigned during 1980, to be succeeded by his First Deputy Chairman Nikolai Tikhonov . After five-years service, by
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#1732884556803612-642: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and Andrei Grechko and Dmitriy Ustinov , the defence ministers . USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between
663-577: The Premier of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , if the Presidium still functioned as an inner policy-making body. The answer he received was yes, and that the Presidium consisted of the Premier , two first deputy chairmen , four deputy chairmen , the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Agriculture . During the 1970s Soviet authorities officially defined
714-401: The open joint stock company "Kometa Corporation of Special Purpose Space Systems" was created (OJSC "Kometa Corporation", since 2014 - JSC ). Kometa Corporation includes seven design bureaus, departments of automation and documentation, scientific and technological, metrology and standardization; departments of calculation and design, reliability and durability; production. The structure of
765-420: The 41st department of KB-1, which dealt with aviation missile weapons, was reorganized into the "Special Design Bureau No. 41" (SKB-41, Специальное конструкторское бюро No. 41 ). Since 1958 it has been headed by Anatoly Savin . On December 30, 1961, SKB-41 was transformed into the "Special Design Bureau No. 41" (OKB-41, Особое конструкторское бюро No. 41 ), and space topics became its main focus. The first task
816-456: The British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958
867-471: The Central Committee at the 25th Party Congress . Nikita Khrushchev 's attempt during the late 1950s to decentralise decision-making by reforming the chain of command that was in use since the early times of the Council of People's Commissars to manage local industries and enterprises resulted in major reorganisation of the USSR ministries. A large number of ministries were eliminated and replaced by
918-682: The Communist Party's Politburo . Article 132 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution and Article 17 of the 1978 USSR Law that regulated the activities of the Soviet Government state that the Premier, the First Deputy, Deputy Chairmen, and other members of the USSR Council of Ministers were members of the Presidium. Regardless, the actual names of its members (other than the Premier) were never disclosed to
969-578: The Council of Ministers during March 1946. At the same time The People's Commissariats were transformed into Ministries . Joseph Stalin 's death began a power struggle within the Soviet government between the Government apparatus managed by Georgy Malenkov as Premier, and the Party apparatus managed by Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary (a job which was named First Secretary from 1953 until 1966). Malenkov lost
1020-409: The Council of Ministers was the collective decision-making body of government. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his First Deputy Chairmen , Deputy Chairmen , ministers, State Committee chairmen, Soviet Republican Council of Ministers chairmen and other unspecified personnel were members of the Presidium . The Council of People's Commissars , the Soviet Government , was transformed into
1071-579: The Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard
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#17328845568031122-653: The National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using
1173-436: The Presidium's responsibilities and membership. The 1977 Soviet Constitution referred to the Presidium as a "permanent" organ of the Council of Ministers, which was established to secure good economic leadership and assume other administrative responsibilities. The few documents published provide evidence that the Presidium emphasised economic planning and decision-making as well as making important decisions lesser than those of
1224-615: The Soviet Union The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Совет министров СССР , romanized : Sovet Ministrov SSSR , IPA: [sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ˌɛsˌɛsˌɛsˈɛr] ), sometimes abbreviated as Sovmin or referred to as the Soviet of Ministers , was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising
1275-439: The Soviet economy was in 1965, with Premier Alexei Kosygin initiating a new economic reform aimed at giving enterprises more economic freedom and incentives to be profitable. Certain major ministries had more influence over the national and international politics of the USSR, with their ministers being full members of Politburo. Among them were notables such as Leon Trotsky , Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Gromyko , heads of
1326-503: The Union. However, the most important decisions were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers. During 1991 the Council of Ministers was dissolved, and replaced by the newly established " Cabinet of Ministers ", which itself disappeared only months later when the USSR
1377-599: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of
1428-513: The corporation is used to detect emergencies, for military purposes, etc. At various times, the enterprise produced missiles , space complexes, and equipment for aircraft control . The enterprise participated in the creation of systems such as: In addition to military equipment, the company produces various medical equipment and highly artistic castings (for example, the bronze sign " Kilometre zero " in Moscow , 1996). Council of Ministers of
1479-597: The council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR . During 1946, the All-Union Council of People's Commissars became the Council of Ministers ( Russian : Совет Министров , tr.: Sovet Ministrov SSSR ), whilst People's Commissars and People's Commissariats became Ministers and Ministries. Ministers were important for ordinary decision-making, with 73 percent of them elected full-members of
1530-523: The decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and
1581-830: The enterprise includes subsidiaries like "Submikron Research Institute" ( Zelenograd ) and "OEP Research Institute" ( Sosnovy Bor ), as well as branches: "Kvazar Design Bureau of Measuring Instruments" ( Nizhny Novgorod ); "Scientific and Design Center for Optoelectronic Observation Complexes" ("SPC OECS", Saint Petersburg ); "Scientific and Technical Implementation Center" ("NTTVC", Zhukov ); "Vostochny" ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur ); "Experimental production and technical center" ("OPTC", Vyshny Volochyok ). Kometa Corporation, with its branches, carries out work on research and development of equipment for systems for monitoring space and ground objects from space (complexes of anti-space defense, monitoring of marine objects, detection of launches of ground-based ballistic missiles , etc.). The equipment created by
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1632-443: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of
1683-456: The main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991. During 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was reorganized as the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the People's Commissariats were renamed as Ministries . The council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power in all republics of
1734-473: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in
1785-502: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate
1836-639: The period between convocations of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of Ministers was accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the Council of Ministers had responsibility for: The Council of Ministers could also issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey
1887-491: The power struggle, and during 1955 he was demoted from his office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was succeeded in his job by Nikolai Bulganin , who was dismissed and replaced by Khrushchev because of his assistance to the Anti-Party Group , which had tried to oust Khrushchev during 1957. After Khrushchev's dismissal from power, the collective leadership organized by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin had
1938-627: The public. Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using
1989-466: The rules established by Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko , Tikhonov was compelled to retire by Mikhail Gorbachev on 27 September 1985. Tikhonov was succeeded by Nikolai Ryzhkov . Ryzhkov was a half-hearted reformer, and was skeptical about de-nationalisation and the monetary reform of 1989; however, he did endorse the creation of a "regulated market" economy. During 1991 Ryzhkov
2040-529: The state committees and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics . The Premier of the Council of Ministers could also recommend people who he found suitable for membership of the Council of Ministers to the Supreme Soviet . The Council of Ministers ended its functions on each first-convocation of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. Responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet and during
2091-494: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but
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2142-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between
2193-657: The use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in
2244-551: Was created on the basis of OKB-41, SKB-39 and the Mospribor Machine-Building Plant. Anatoly Savin was appointed director of the Kometa Central Research Institute. The Institute became the leading organization in the field of anti-satellite weapons and the space echelon of early-warning radars . TsNII "Kometa" worked closely with OKB Chelomei , which created rockets, and NPO Lavochkin , which
2295-451: Was described as an internal organ of the government. Churchward noted in his 1975 book that it was impossible to determine the importance of the Presidium in comparison with other organs of the Council of Ministers. British historian Leonard Schapiro , writes in his book The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union , that the Presidium worked somewhat as an "Inner Cabinet" for policy-making. Historians Hough and Fainsod believed there to be
2346-456: Was disbanded . There were seven Chairmen of the Council of Ministers between 1946 and early 1991, who were in effect the Premier of the USSR . After Nikita Khrushchev 's dismissal from the jobs of First Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier, to be replaced by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin respectively, a Central Committee plenum forbade any person to hold the positions of First Secretary and Premier concurrently. The Presidium of
2397-541: Was in charge of the payload . Since 1979, the enterprise has been called "NPO Kometa"; Since 1985, "TsNPO Kometa"; Since 1999, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) "Kometa Central Research Institute". In 2004, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of Roscosmos . In 2006, the enterprise was given the status of a federal research and production center. In 2012, on the basis of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Kometa Central Research Institute",
2448-458: Was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968,
2499-461: Was succeeded as Premier by Valentin Pavlov . The Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced with the newly established Cabinet of Ministers . The Council of Ministers was the manager of the government's executive part. Formed at a joint meeting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities , it consisted of a Premier , several First Deputies , Deputies , ministers , Chairmen of
2550-559: Was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by
2601-532: Was to develop means for controlling, processing and transmitting information under the Istrebitel Sputnikov program. In 1963, the Flight-1 ( Полёт-1 ) maneuvering satellite was launched, a prototype of space interceptors. On April 26, 1973, by Order No. 245 of the Minister of Radio Technology of the USSR , pursuant to Decree No. 183-63 of March 26, 1973, the "Kometa Central Research Institute" (TsNII "Kometa")
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