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86-508: The beatification for the priest commenced on 21 March 1934 and he was later titled as Venerable in 1989. His beatification was celebrated under Pope John Paul II on 27 October 1991 in Saint Peter's Square ; his liturgical feast is not affixed to the date of his death as is the norm but rather on 6 December. Adolph Kolping was born on 8 December 1813 in Kerpen as the fourth of five children to

172-590: A Doctor of the Church due to the spiritual power of his writings. He took a strong interest in fostering the participation of lay people throughout the Catholic Church, especially in the Catholic Action movement. The end of his pontificate was dominated by speaking out against Hitler and Mussolini, and defending the Catholic Church from intrusions into Catholic life and education. Pius XI died on 10 February 1939 in

258-468: A "crime". Pius XI stated that attempts to liberate women from their husbands are a "false liberty and unnatural equality" and that the true emancipation of women "belongs to the noble office of a Christian woman and wife." The Church has a role in discussing the issues related to the social order. Social and economic issues are vital to her not from a technical point of view but in terms of the moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include

344-592: A bearable coexistence made possible. In 1926, worried by the agnosticism of its leader Charles Maurras , Pius XI condemned the monarchist movement Action Française . The Pope also judged that it was folly for the French Church to continue to tie its fortunes to the unlikely dream of a monarchist restoration, and distrusted the movement's tendency to defend the Catholic religion in merely utilitarian and nationalistic terms. Prior to this, Action Française had operated with

430-518: A cardinal from the cardinalate during his pontificate in 1927: the Jesuit Louis Billot . The pope deviated from the usual practice of naming cardinals in collective consistories, opting instead for smaller and more frequent consistories, with some of them being less than six months apart. Unlike his predecessors, he increased the number of non-Italian cardinals. In 1923, Pius XI wanted to appoint Ricardo Sanz de Samper y Campuzano ( majordomo in

516-555: A choral society with the aid of a teacher and the local clergy. It grew rapidly into a Young Workmen's Society with the acknowledged object of fostering the religious life of the members, and at the same time of improving their mechanical skill. In 1847 he became the second president of the Gesellenverein , German Catholic societies for the religious, moral, and professional improvement of young men which gave its members both religious and social support. In 1849 he returned to Cologne as

602-569: A civil ceremony), and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn, the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had veto power over their selection. The Church was not officially obligated to support the Fascist regime; the strong differences remained, but the seething hostility ended. Friction continued over the Catholic Action youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his Fascist youth group . The third document in

688-455: A fair wage: the worker's family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is only possible within the framework of a functioning economy and a sound enterprise. Thus, Pius concludes that cooperation and not conflict is a necessary condition, given the mutual interdependence of the parties involved. Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at

774-595: A future occasion, in fact he never did make the archbishop a cardinal, and it was not until 2007 that the diocese was given a cardinal archbishop. In December 1935, the pope intended to appoint the Jesuit priest Pietro Tacchi Venturi a cardinal. However, he abandoned the idea given that the British government would have regarded the move as a friendly gesture toward Fascism since the priest and Benito Mussolini were considered to be close. The pontificate of Pius XI coincided with

860-460: A head of state since the Papal States fell after the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The concordat that was another of the agreed documents of 1929 recognised Catholicism as the sole religion of the state (as it already was under Italian law, while other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, gave civil recognition to church marriages (previously couples had to have

946-584: A local scale until the thirteenth century before settling at the Council of Trent, which reserved to the pope the right to say who could be venerated. Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) markedly changed the previous Catholic practice of beatification. By October 2004, he had beatified 1,340 people, more than the sum of all of his predecessors since Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590), who established a beatification procedure similar to that used today. John Paul II's successor, Pope Benedict XVI (2005–2013), personally celebrated

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1032-495: A miracle for beatification is waived in the case of someone whose martyrdom is formally declared by the church. The feast day for a beatified person is not universal, but is celebrated only by territories, religious institutes, or communities in which the person receives particular veneration . For instance, Kateri Tekakwitha was especially honored in the United States and Canada during her time as Blessed. John Duns Scotus

1118-405: A negative view of capitalism, especially of the anonymous international finance markets. He identifies certain dangers for small and medium-size enterprises, which have insufficient access to capital markets and are squeezed or destroyed by the larger ones. He warns that capitalist interests can become a danger for nations, which could be reduced to "chained slaves of individual interests" Pius XI

1204-470: A new pope, which proved to be the longest of the 20th century, the College of Cardinals was divided into two factions, one led by Rafael Merry del Val favoring the policies and style of Pope Pius X and the other favoring those of Pope Benedict XV led by Pietro Gasparri . Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who

1290-665: A pragmatic approach toward the different forms of government. In his encyclical Dilectissima Nobis (1933), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in Republican Spain , he proclaimed, Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic. Pius XI argued for

1376-505: A reconstruction of economic and political life on the basis of religious values. Quadragesimo anno (1931) was written to mark 'forty years' since Pope Leo XIII 's (1878–1903) encyclical Rerum novarum , and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity. Pius XI instead envisioned an economy based on co-operation and solidarity. In Quadragesimo anno , Pius XI stated that social and economic issues are vital to

1462-526: A right to redistribution policies. In extreme cases, the Pope grants the state a right of expropriation of private property. A related issue, said Pius, is the relation between capital and labour and the determination of fair wages. Pius develops the following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion of industrial society to have developed sharp opposite camps based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these differences. Three elements determine

1548-490: A total of 464 of the faithful in the course of his pontificate, including Pierre-René Rogue (1934) and Noël Pinot (1926). Pius XI also declared Saints to be Doctors of the Church : Pius XI created a total of 76 cardinals in 17 consistories, including notable individuals such as August Hlond (1927), Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster (1929), Raffaele Rossi (1930), Elia Dalla Costa (1933), and Giuseppe Pizzardo (1937). One of those cardinals he elevated, on 16 December 1929,

1634-579: Is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" / ˈ b l ɛ s ɪ d / (abbreviation "Bl.") before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds". Local bishops had

1720-977: Is located across the street from the Minoritenkirche. In 1932, the Detroit branch of the Kolping society established the Kolping Park and Chapel in Chesterfield Township, Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1996 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Gesellenvereine ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Beatification Beatification (from Latin beatus , "blessed" and facere , "to make")

1806-467: Is said to have responded: "I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state". Ratti was elected pope on the conclave's fourteenth ballot on 6 February 1922 and took the name "Pius XI", explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of

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1892-770: The Apostolic Palace and was buried in the Papal Grotto of Saint Peter's Basilica . In the course of excavating space for his tomb, two levels of burial grounds were uncovered which revealed bones now venerated as the bones of St. Peter . Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti was born in Desio , in the province of Milan , in 1857, the son of the owner of a silk factory. His parents were Francesco Antonio Ratti (1823–1881) and his wife Angela Teresa née Galli Cova (1832–1918); his siblings were Carlo (1853–1906), Fermo (1854–1929), Edoardo (1855–1896), Camilla (1860–1946), and Cipriano. He

1978-735: The Mussolini regime to require Catholic religious education in all schools, even those with a majority of Protestants or Jews. The Pope expressed his "great pleasure" with the move. In 1934, the Fascist government at the urging of the Vatican agreed to expand the probation on public gatherings of Protestants to include even private worship in homes. Pius XI canonised a total of 34 saints during his pontificate including such prominent individuals as: Bernadette Soubirous (1933), Thérèse of Lisieux (1925), John Vianney (1925), John Fisher and Thomas More (1935), as also John Bosco (1934). He also beatified

2064-585: The Papal Household ) to the College of Cardinals but was forced to abandon the idea when King Alfonso XIII of Spain insisted that the pope appoint cardinals from South America despite the fact that Sanz hailed from Colombia . Since Pius XI did not want to appear to be influenced by political considerations, he chose in the December 1923 consistory to name no South American cardinals at all. According to an article by

2150-583: The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: "ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris" (before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell). The encyclical Casti connubii promulgated on 31 December 1930 prohibited Catholics from using contraception . To establish or maintain

2236-561: The Positio from the postulation in 1988. Theologians approved the cause on 15 January 1988 as did the CCS on 18 April 1989; the confirmation of his heroic virtue allowed for Pope John Paul II to name him as Venerable on 13 May 1989. The miracle that led to his beatification was investigated in the diocese of origin and later received C.C.S. validation on 5 December 1987 before a medical board approved it on 24 January 1990. The theologians also approved

2322-778: The Sacred Heart in his encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor (1928). Pius XI was the first pope to directly address the Christian ecumenical movement . Like Benedict XV he was interested in achieving reunion with the Eastern Orthodox (failing that, he determined to give special attention to the Eastern Catholic churches). He also allowed the dialogue between Catholics and Anglicans which had been planned during Benedict XV's pontificate to take place at Mechelen . However, these enterprises were firmly aimed at actually reuniting with

2408-580: The Soviet Union , even to shedding his blood for Russia. Benedict, however, needed Ratti as a diplomat, not as a martyr , and forbade his traveling into the USSR despite his being the official papal delegate for Russia. The nuncio's continued contacts with Russians did not generate much sympathy for him within Poland at the time. After Pope Benedict sent Ratti to Silesia to forestall potential political agitation within

2494-674: The Unsere Besten . Pope John Paul II visited his tomb in November 1980 while visiting the nation. He said:”We need models like Adolph Kolping in today’s Church". "The signs of the times will teach you what to do." "Let's show Christian living in ever more practical ways and the present will be better and the future brighter." "The human life cannot exist without joy, without fun, least of all during youth. Thus joy and fun deserve an essential place in community life." The beatification process opened under Pope Pius XI on 21 March 1934 and Kolping

2580-460: The cathedral's vicar and established Cologne's branch of the Gesellenverein. "Initially his objective was to provide a home-away-from- home for young apprentices and journeymen while they learned a trade that would enable them to make a decent and honest living." The Cologne society soon acquired its own home, and opened therein a hospice for young traveling journeymen. In his efforts to develop

2666-520: The Beatification Mass for his predecessor at St. Peter's Basilica , on the Second Sunday of Easter, or Divine Mercy Sunday , on 1 May 2011, an event that drew more than one million people. Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XI ( Italian : Pio XI ), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti ( Italian: [amˈbrɔ:dʒo daˈmja:no aˈkille ˈratti] ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939),

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2752-879: The Bolshevik advance against Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War , the Pope asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland, while Ratti was the only foreign diplomat who refused to flee Warsaw when the Red Army was approaching the city in August 1920. On 11 June 1921, Benedict XV asked Ratti to deliver his message to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging again peaceful coexistence with neighbouring peoples and stating that "love of country has its limits in justice and obligations". Ratti intended to work for Poland by building bridges to men of goodwill in

2838-404: The Catholic Church other Christians who basically agreed with Catholic doctrine, bringing them back under papal authority. To the broad pan-Protestant ecumenical movement he took a more negative attitude. He rejected, in his 1928 encyclical, Mortalium animos , the idea that Christian unity could be attained by establishing a broad federation of many bodies holding conflicting doctrines; rather,

2924-415: The Catholic Church was the true Church of Christ. "The union of Christians can only be promoted by promoting the return to the one true Church of Christ of those who are separated from it, for in the past they have unhappily left it." The pronouncement also prohibited Catholics from joining groups that encouraged interfaith discussion without distinction. The next year, the Vatican was successful in lobbying

3010-408: The Church not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property in terms of its functions for society and the development of the individual. He defined fair wages and branded the exploitation both materially and spiritually by international capitalism. Pius XI wrote that mothers should work primarily within

3096-800: The Church, as long as it was developed within the framework of orthodoxy and compatible with the Church's teachings. Pius XI was interested in supporting serious scientific study within the Church, establishing the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences in 1936. In 1928 he formed the Gregorian Consortium of universities in Rome administered by the Society of Jesus , fostering closer collaboration between their Gregorian University , Biblical Institute , and Oriental Institute . Pius XI strongly encouraged devotion to

3182-687: The French Catholic Church anti-republican. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State had expelled many religious orders from France, declared all Church buildings to be government property, and had led to the closure of most Church schools. Since that time Pope Benedict XV had sought a rapprochement, but it was not achieved until the reign of Pope Pius XI. In Maximam gravissimamque (1924), many areas of dispute were tacitly settled and

3268-564: The Polish Catholic clergy, the nuncio was asked to leave Poland. On 20 November, when German Cardinal Adolf Bertram announced a papal ban on all political activities of clergymen, calls for Ratti's expulsion climaxed. Ratti was asked to leave. "While he tried honestly to show himself as a friend of Poland, Warsaw forced his departure, after his neutrality in Silesian voting was questioned" by Germans and Poles. Nationalistic Germans objected to

3354-412: The Polish nuncio supervising local elections, and patriotic Poles were upset because he curtailed political action among the clergy. In the consistory of 3 June 1921, Pope Benedict XV created three new cardinals, including Ratti, who was appointed Archbishop of Milan simultaneously. The pope joked with them, saying, "Well, today I gave you the red hat, but soon it will be white for one of you." After

3440-463: The Popes had refused to recognise the Italian state's seizure of the Papal States, instead withdrawing to become prisoners in the Vatican , and the Italian government's policies had always been anti-clerical . Now Pius XI thought a compromise would be the best solution. To bolster his own new regime, Benito Mussolini was also eager for an agreement. After years of negotiation, in 1929, the Pope supervised

3526-457: The Vatican Library. It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his Cardinal Secretary of State . When asked if he accepted his election, Ratti was said to have replied: "In spite of my unworthiness, of which I am deeply aware, I accept". He went on to say that his choice in papal name was because "Pius is a name of peace". It was said after

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3612-522: The Vatican celebration, Ratti went to the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino for a retreat to prepare spiritually for his new role. He accompanied Milanese pilgrims to Lourdes in August 1921. Ratti received a tumultuous welcome on a visit to his home town of Desio , and was enthroned in Milan on 8 September. On 22 January 1922, Pope Benedict XV died unexpectedly of pneumonia . At the conclave to choose

3698-674: The Vatican was taking diplomatic action to attempt to defend the Jews of Germany. In the spring of 1933, Pope Pius XI urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to restrain the anti-Semitic actions taking place in Germany. Mussolini urged Pius to excommunicate Hitler, as he thought it would render him less powerful in Catholic Austria and reduce the danger to Italy and wider Europe. The Vatican refused to comply and thereafter Mussolini began to work with Hitler, adopting his anti-Semitic and race theories. In 1936, with

3784-552: The Vatican. The Church made advances on several fronts in the 1920s, improving relations with France and, most spectacularly, settling the Roman question with Italy and gaining recognition of an independent Vatican state. Pius XI's major diplomatic approach was to make concordats . He concluded eighteen such treaties during the course of his pontificate. However, wrote Peter Hebblethwaite , these concordats did not prove "durable or creditable" and "wholly failed in their aim of safeguarding

3870-430: The agreement paid the Vatican 1.75 billion lira (about $ 100 million) for the seizures of church property since 1860. Pius XI invested the money in the stock markets and real estate. To manage these investments, the Pope appointed the lay-person Bernardino Nogara , who, through shrewd investing in stocks, gold, and futures markets, significantly increased the Catholic Church's financial holdings. The income largely paid for

3956-399: The approach of Benedict XV on the issue of how to deal with the threat of modernism in Catholic theology. The Pope was thoroughly orthodox theologically and had no sympathy with modernist ideas that relativised fundamental Catholic teachings. He condemned modernism in his writings and addresses. However, his opposition to modernist theology was by no means a rejection of new scholarship within

4042-493: The balcony, Urbi et Orbi ("to the city and to the world"), abandoned by his predecessors since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy. Less than a month later, considering that all four cardinals from the Western Hemisphere had been unable to participate in his election, he issued Cum proxime to allow the College of Cardinals to delay

4128-525: The capitalistic greed of international finance, the dangers of socialism / communism , and social justice issues, and Quas primas , establishing the feast of Christ the King in response to anti-clericalism . The encyclical Studiorum ducem , promulgated 29 June 1923, was written on the occasion of the 6th centenary of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas , whose thought is acclaimed as central to Catholic philosophy and theology. The encyclical also singles out

4214-675: The cause on 18 May 1990 as did the CCS on 23 October 1990 while John Paul II issued his definitive approval for it on 22 January 1991. The pope beatified Kolping on 27 October 1991 in Saint Peter's Square . Kolping’s personal witness and apostolate helped prepare for Pope Leo XIII ’s encyclical " Rerum Novarum "—"On the Social Order". The first American branch of the Kolping Society began in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1856. As of 2021, there are branches in over thirty countries. The International Headquarters

4300-478: The dean Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli asked if he assented to the election that Ratti paused in silence for two minutes according to Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier . The Hungarian cardinal János Csernoch later commented: "We made Cardinal Ratti pass through the fourteen stations of the Via Crucis and then we left him alone on Calvary". As Pius XI's first act as pope, he revived the traditional public blessing from

4386-606: The early aftermath of the First World War. Many of the old European monarchies had been swept away and a new and precarious order formed across the continent. In the East, the Soviet Union arose. In Italy , the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini took power, while in Germany, the fragile Weimar Republic collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power. His reign was one of busy diplomatic activity for

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4472-464: The encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno ("We Have No Need)" in 1931. It denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned "pagan worship of the State." It also condemned Fascism's "revolution which snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence". From the earliest days of the Nazi takeover in Germany,

4558-516: The future Bishop of Mainz Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler . Kolping was ordained to the priesthood on 13 April 1845 in Cologne's Minoritenkirche but his father died the night before so his ordination was full of mixed emotions. He first served in Elberfeld – now part of Wuppertal – as a chaplain and religious education teacher from 1845 until 1849. There a number of journeymen carpenters had founded

4644-484: The historian Monsignor Vicente Cárcel y Ortí, a 1928 letter from Alfonso XIII asked the pope to restore Valencia as a cardinalitial see and appoint its archbishop, Prudencio Melo y Alcalde, a cardinal. However, Pius XI responded saying that he could not do so because Spain already had the habitual number of cardinals (set at four) with two of them fixed ( Toledo and Seville ) while the other two were variable appointments. While Pius XI recommended that Alfonso XIII wait for

4730-443: The home , or in its immediate vicinity, and concentrate on household duties. He argued that every effort in society must be made for fathers to possess high enough wages, so that it never becomes a necessity within families for mothers to work. These forced dual income situations in which mothers work he describes as an "intolerable abuse". Pius also criticized egalitarianist stances, describing modern attempts to " liberate women " as

4816-447: The individual and communal level because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The society of individuals becomes the mass class-society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees, through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius displays

4902-445: The institutional rights of the Church" for "Europe was entering a period in which such agreements were regarded as mere scraps of paper". From 1933 to 1936 Pius wrote several protests against the Nazi regime, while his attitude to Mussolini's Italy changed dramatically in 1938, after Nazi racial policies were adopted in Italy. Pius XI watched the rising tide of totalitarianism with alarm and delivered three papal encyclicals challenging

4988-520: The journeymen’s organization had been established and were functioning throughout Europe and in America. He died on 4 December 1865 due to lung cancer ; he had suffered from a severe joint inflammation in his right forearm that spring. His remains are buried in the Saint Maria Empfängnis church (Minoritenkirche). He is remembered as the "Father of All Apprentices" and in 2003 was ranked eleventh in

5074-667: The living conditions of the working class that lived there and this proved to be definitive in influencing his decision to become a priest ; he remained a shoemaker until 1841. Kolping's desire for higher education never ceased. In summer 1834 he attended the Three Kings School and afterwards in 1841 began his theological education in Munich (1841–42) at the college there as well as later in Bonn (1842–44) and Cologne (26 March 1844 – 1845). His time spent on his studies saw him become friends with

5160-595: The long breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. Most of the Papal States had been seized by the forces of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1861–1878) in 1860 at the foundation of the modern unified Italian state , and the rest, including Rome , in 1870. The Papacy and the Italian Government had been at loggerheads ever since:

5246-714: The most successful press organs of his time. He was the editor of the Catholic People's Calendar from 1852 to 1853 and of the Calendar for the Catholic People from 1854 to 1855. In 1862 he became the rector of the Saint Maria Empfängnis church in Cologne. Pope Pius IX titled him as a Monsignor in 1862 – this came about after the pair met in Rome in a private audience in May to discuss the priest's work. By 1865, over 400 local groups of

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5332-431: The nature of private property. Within the Catholic Church, several conflicting views had developed. Pope Pius XI declared private property essential for the development and freedom of the individual, and those who deny private property also deny personal freedom and development. Pius also said that private property has a social function and loses its morality, if it is not subordinated to the common good, and governments have

5418-402: The need for Christian over secular education. Casti connubii ("Chaste Wedlock") (1930) praised Christian marriage and family life as the basis for any good society; it condemned artificial means of contraception, but acknowledged the unitive aspect of intercourse: In contrast to some of his predecessors in the nineteenth century who had favoured monarchy and dismissed democracy, Pius XI took

5504-454: The new creeds: against Italian Fascism Non abbiamo bisogno (1931; "We Do Not Need [to Acquaint You]"); against Nazism Mit brennender Sorge (1937; "With Deep Concern"), and against atheist Communism Divini redemptoris (1937; "Divine Redeemer"). He also challenged the extremist nationalism of the Action Française movement and antisemitism in the United States . France's republican government had long been anti-clerical, and much of

5590-413: The pontificate of John Paul II . In 1911, Ratti was appointed by Pope Pius X Vice-Prefect of the Vatican Library , and in 1914 was promoted to Prefect. In 1918, Pope Benedict XV (1914–1922) appointed Ratti unusually to what was in effect a diplomatic post, as apostolic visitor (that is, in this case unofficial papal representative) in Poland . In the aftermath of the First World War a Polish state

5676-434: The poor shepherd Peter Kolping (d. 12 April 1845) and Anna Maria Zurheyden (d. 4 April 1833). He often lived in the shadow of frail health during his childhood. He proved to be an able student while in school from 1820 to 1826 but his poverty prevented him from furthering his education despite his commitment to pursue additional studies. In 1831 he travelled to Cologne as a shoemaker's assistant and soon became shocked with

5762-401: The position of the Catholic Church, Pius XI concluded a record number of concordats , including the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany , whose betrayals of which he condemned four years later in the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge ("With Burning Concern"). During his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the Italian government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy

5848-496: The power of beatifying until 1634, when Pope Urban VIII , in the apostolic constitution Cœlestis Jerusalem of 6 July, reserved the power of beatifying to the Holy See . Since the reforms of 1983, as a rule, one miracle must be confirmed to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified. Miracles are almost always unexplainable medical healings, and are scientifically investigated by commissions comprising physicians and theologians. The requirement of

5934-431: The rank of papal nuncio and on 3 July appointed him a titular archbishop . Ratti was consecrated as a bishop on 28 October 1919. According to German theologian Joseph Schmidlin 's Papstgeschichte der Neuesten Zeit (Verlag Joseph Kösel & Friedrich Pustet, München 1933–1939. 4 volumes.), Benedict XV and Ratti repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting the Lithuanian and Ruthenian clergy. During

6020-413: The reforming Archbishop of Milan, St. Charles Borromeo . Ratti became head of the Ambrosian Library in 1907 and undertook a thorough programme of restoration and re-classification of its collections. In his spare time, he was also an avid mountaineer , reaching the summits of Monte Rosa , the Matterhorn , Mont Blanc and Presolana . The combination of a scholar-athlete pope would not be seen again until

6106-413: The signing of the Lateran Treaties with the Italian government. According to the terms of the treaty that was one of the agreed documents, Vatican City was given sovereignty as an independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States. Pius XI thus became a head of state (albeit the smallest state in the world), the first Pope who could be termed

6192-448: The start of a conclave for as long as eighteen days following the death of a pope. Pius XI's first encyclical as pope was directly related to his aim of Christianising all aspects of increasingly secular societies. Ubi arcano , promulgated in December 1922, inaugurated the "Catholic Action" movement. Similar goals were in evidence in two encyclicals of 1929 and 1930. Divini illius magistri ("That Divine Teacher's") (1929) made clear

6278-424: The support of a great number of French lay Catholics, such as Jacques Maritain , as well as members of the clergy. Pius XI's decision was strongly criticized by Cardinal Louis Billot who believed that the political activities of monarchist Catholics should not be censured by Rome. He later resigned from his position as Cardinal, the only man to do so in the twentieth century, which is believed by some to have been

6364-399: The ultimate result of Pius XI's condemnation, though these claims have been disputed. Pius XI's successor, Pope Pius XII, repealed the papal ban on the group in 1939, once again allowing Catholics to associate themselves with the movement. However, despite Pius XII's actions to rehabilitate the group, Action Française ultimately never recovered to their former status. Pius XI aimed to end

6450-501: The upkeep of the expensive-to-maintain stock of historic buildings in the Vatican which until 1870 had been maintained through funds raised from the Papal States. The Vatican's relationship with Mussolini's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. In response, Pius issued

6536-453: The work Kolping was energetic and undaunted. He was eloquent both as speaker and writer. He visited the great industrial centres of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Hungary. In 1850 he united the existing associations as the "Rheinischer Gesellenbund" – this fusion was the origin of the present international "Kolpingwerk". In 1854 he founded the newspaper "Rheinische Volksblätter" (or the "Rhine Region People’s Paper") which quickly became one of

6622-415: Was his eventual successor, Eugenio Pacelli, who would become Pope Pius XII . Pius XI, in fact, believed that Pacelli would be his successor and dropped many hints that this was his hope. On one such occasion at a consistory for new cardinals on 13 December 1937, while posing with the new cardinals, Pius XI pointed to Pacelli and told them: "He'll make a good pope!" Pius XI also accepted the resignation of

6708-557: Was honored among the Franciscans , in the Archdiocese of Cologne and other places. Similarly, veneration of Chiara Badano is particular to the Focolare movement. The blessed, elected by popular acclamation (the vox populi) enjoyed only local veneration. While the procedure of canonization was taken in hand from the twelfth century by the papacy in Rome, that of beatification continued on

6794-540: Was ordained a priest in 1879 and his abilities meant he was selected for a life of academic studies within the Church. He obtained three doctorates (in philosophy , canon law and theology ) at the Gregorian University in Rome , and then from 1882 to 1888 was a professor at a seminary in Padua . His scholarly speciality was as an expert paleographer , a student of ancient and medieval Church manuscripts. Eventually, he

6880-401: Was restored, though the process was in practice incomplete, since the territory was still under the effective control of Germany and Austria-Hungary . In October 1918, Pope Benedict was the first head of state to congratulate the Polish people on the occasion of the restoration of their independence. In March 1919, he appointed ten new bishops and on 6 June 1919 reappointed Ratti, this time to

6966-409: Was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction. Cardinal Gaetano de Lai approached Ratti and was believed to have said: "We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state". Ratti

7052-555: Was successfully resolved in the Lateran Treaty of 1929. He was unable to stop the persecution of the Church and the killing of clergy in Mexico , Spain , and the Soviet Union . He canonized important saints, including Thomas More , Peter Canisius , Bernadette of Lourdes , and Don Bosco . He beatified and canonized Thérèse de Lisieux , for whom he held special reverence, and gave equivalent canonization to Albertus Magnus , naming him

7138-621: Was the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939. He also became the first sovereign of the Vatican City State upon its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929. He remained pope until his death in February 1939. Pius XI issued numerous encyclicals , including Quadragesimo anno on the 40th anniversary of Pope Leo XIII 's groundbreaking social encyclical Rerum novarum , highlighting

7224-619: Was the first Pope to utilise the power of modern communications technology in evangelising the wider world. He established Vatican Radio in 1931, and he was the first Pope to broadcast on radio. In his management of the Church's internal affairs, Pius XI mostly continued the policies of his predecessor. Like Benedict XV , he emphasised spreading Catholicism in Africa and Asia and on the training of native clergy in those mission territories. He ordered every religious order to devote some of its personnel and resources to missionary work. Pius XI continued

7310-573: Was titled as a Servant of God . The informative process opened on 21 March 1934 but the circumstances of the times – both political and religious – did not permit the process to continue. After the Second World War these efforts were resumed, with the process being reopened on 12 October 1950. Historians approved the cause on 24 February 1987 while the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) received

7396-567: Was transferred from seminary teaching to work full-time at the Ambrosian Library in Milan , where he worked in the years 1888 to 1911. During this time, Ratti edited and published an edition of the Ambrosian Missal (the rite of Mass used in a wide territory in northern Italy, coinciding above all with the diocese of Milan ). He also engaged in research and writing on the life and works of

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