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68-727: It is named after the town of Kolomyia , in the Hutsul region of east Galicia , in what is now part of western Ukraine. It was historically popular among the Ukrainians and Poles , and is also known (as the kalamajka ) in north-eastern Slovakia where some Ukrainians settled in Austro-Hungarian times. Kolomyikas are still danced in Ukraine and Poland as a tradition on certain holidays, during festivities, or simply for fun. In Ukraine's west, they are popular dances for weddings . The kolomyika can be

136-569: A civil servant. He attended the Sharhorod Religious Boarding School from 1876 until 1880. He continued his studies at the Kamianets-Podilskyi Theological Seminary, but in 1882 he was expelled from the school for his political activities within the socialist movement. Already he had been influenced by the awakening Ukrainian national idea. His first attempts at writing prose in 1884 were also written in

204-503: A combination of tune, song, and dance with some recordings having a line of singing alternating with a line of instrumental melody, whilst others are purely instrumental. The text tends to be in rhyming couplets and is a humorous commentary on everyday life. Its simple 2/4 rhythm and structures make the kolomyika very adaptable, and the text and melodies of thousands of different versions have been annotated. One collection done by Volodymyr Shukhevych in 1905, contains more than 8,000. Although

272-457: A cradle to a grave, its traditions and beliefs, its social and ethnic ideals. The first known records of kolomyika specimens date back to the 17th century, but there is documentary evidence of their existence in ancient times. This original variety of Ukrainian folk songs has long attracted the attention of Slavic scholars. Beginning in the first third of the 19th century, translations of kolomyikas and scientific investigations into them appeared in

340-513: A dance song, which is still sung before dancing, and has become a favorite form of lyric song in Western Ukraine, especially in Pokut, where it has gradually supplanted other song forms. It has a dance character and a free combination of stanzas of common or related content, sometimes based only on a closer or further association of thoughts and poetic images." Its name indicates the place of fixation:

408-656: A deputy mayor stopped them. The Ukrainians prepared lists of Jews they wanted to see punished. On 1 August the town became part of the German controlled Generalgouvernement and the anti Jewish measures increased. In October, the Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries arrested 3000 Jews according to the lists prepared by the Ukrainians. These Jews were taken by truck to the Szeparowce Forest where they were shot. The Great Synagogue in

476-644: A former professional stage dancer, Director of the Kule Centre for Ukrainian and Canadian Folklore, and Huculak Chair of Ukrainian Culture and Ethnography at the University of Alberta , kolomyiky as practised in Canada are a separate genre of dance from what is known in Ukraine. The diasporic kolomyika developed from the old country folk dance but with a prevailing influence from stage dancing. Originating in Western Canada in

544-430: A paper mill, a clothes factory on Valova St, a printing house on Mazepa St., and a canned fruit plant. Most of these companies were widely known in the former Soviet Union and abroad, as they were highly advanced in terms of equipment, skilled workers, and engineering staff. These enterprises produced many products, with people working in several shifts, and providing the village with received significant tax revenues. It

612-470: A private tutor in and near Vinnytsia . There, he could study life in traditional Ukrainian villages, which was something he often came back to in his stories including the 1891 Na Viru (Ukrainian: На віру) and the 1901 Dorohoiu tsinoiu (Ukrainian: Дорогою ціною). During large parts of the years 1892 to 1897, he worked for a commission studying the grape pest phylloxera in Bessarabia and Crimea . During

680-599: A relatively new tradition the Canadian kolomyika is an important symbol of Ukrainian culture in Canada and that the dynamism of this type of Ukrainian dance helps to interest young people in Canada in retaining Ukrainian culture. Related dances: Similar song types Kolomyia Kolomyia , formerly known as Kolomea ( Ukrainian : Коломия , pronounced [koloˈmɪjɐ] ; Polish : Kołomyja ; German : Kolomea ; Romanian : Colomeea ; Yiddish : קאָלאָמיי ‎ , romanized :  Kolomey ),

748-484: A stone-built church there. In 1405 the town's town rights were confirmed and it was granted with the Magdeburg Law , which allowed the burghers limited self-governance. This move made the development of the area faster and Kołomyja, as it was called then, attracted many settlers from many parts of Europe. Apart from the local Ukrainians and Poles , many Armenians , Jews , and Hungarians settled there. In 1411

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816-604: A summer theatre in the present Trylovskoho park (formerly named Kirov park). A film store of regional importance also closed down. As a result, many people found themselves unemployed, and many town residents felt forced to move abroad to find work. Those companies that have remained from the Soviet era barely function. These include a curtain factory, a paper mill, Metalozavod , Plant PRUT (programmable electronic educational terminals),a cheese factory, "Kolomyiasilmash", Kolomyia Plant management of building materials, Kolomyia Motor Company,

884-445: A very old form they continue to be popular due to their fast, energetic, and exciting melodies, often with syncopation. The kolomyika-style verse of the song is syllabic, consisting of two lines of 14 syllables (or of four lines: 8 + 6 + 8 + 6). This is typical not only for a kolomyika, but also for historical, everyday, ballad, and other Ukrainian folk songs. It was very often used by Taras Shevchenko . The National Anthem of Ukraine

952-541: Is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( province ), in western Ukraine . It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion ( district ). The city rests approximately halfway between Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi , in the centre of the historical region of Pokuttia , with which it shares much of its history. Kolomyia hosts the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada , one of

1020-562: Is a sister village of Nysa in Poland, to which many of its former inhabitants had to move after the war. Since late 2015, Kolomyia has been the headquarters of the Ukrainian 10th Mountain Brigade . Until 18 July 2020, Kolomyia was incorporated as a town of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kolomyia Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of

1088-484: Is a museum, which opened in 1983, containing Kotsiubinsky’s manuscripts, photos, magazines and family relics as well as information about other Ukrainian writers. Several Soviet movies have been based on Kotsiubynsky’s novels such as Koni ne vynni (1956), Dorohoiu tsunoiu (1957) and Tini zabutykh predkiv (1967) . In January 1896, he married Vira Ustymivna Kotsiubynska (nicknamed "Deisha"; 1863–1921). One of his sons, Yuriy Mykhailovych Kotsiubynsky (1896–1937),

1156-700: Is probably the Ukrainian Kolomyjka dance-songs" (Bela Bartok), "Concerning the origin of the Rumanian (b) 1 and (c) types, let us indicate two alternatives, however, in principle equally possible. They may have originated directly from either the Verbunkos music or the Ukrainian Kolomyjka. The latter alternative is likely because of the comparatively long frontier between Rumanian and Ukrainian linguistic territory." (Bela Bartok) According to Andriy Nahachewsky ,

1224-552: Is the beginning "Oh, the cuckoo flew (peacock, swallow)", "On a high wormwood", "Oh, green oak" and others. Complaints about forced labor, bitter soldiering, poor breadlessness, forced emigration, protest against peasant lawlessness, and rebellious prayers are heard in the kolomyika about the people's past. The largest array of songs are on "eternal themes" which includes personal life, experiences, and moods throughout social life, thereby being applicable to any time period. eighbors, its social condition, its public and individual life from

1292-1045: The USSR Law "On the inclusion of the Western Ukraine in the Soviet Union to the reunification of the Ukrainian SSR " (1 November 1939) at the request of the Commission of the Plenipotentiary of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine . The decision to file motions stipulated in the Declaration "On joining of Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic " was adopted by the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine in Lviv , 27 October 1939. On 14 November 1939,

1360-474: The hromadas of Ukraine. The population is 60,821 (2022 estimate). The city is a notable railroad hub, as well as an industrial centre ( textiles , shoes, metallurgical plant, machine works, wood and paper industry). It is a centre of Hutsul culture. Until 1925 the town was the most populous town in the region. Before the Holocaust about half the town’s population was Jewish . The settlement of Kolomyia

1428-497: The 1950s and 60s, the kolomyika is considered the highlight of Ukrainian weddings and dances in Canada: when any attendees who have experience as stage dancers perform their favourite "tricks" involving lifts, spins, high kicks, even building human pyramids . It is a chance for individuals and groups to "show off" their most impressive or dangerous moves so as to entertain the audience and win approval. Nahachewsky suggests that despite being

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1496-634: The Austrians, and many Jewish homes were ransacked and destroyed. The Russian advance occupied the town in September 1914. In 1915 the Austrians retook the town. As a result of the collapse of Austria-Hungary , both the town itself and the surrounding region became disputed between renascent Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic . However, during the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919, it

1564-516: The Moldavian prince Stephen the Great , and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. Besides Kolomyia, these rebellions saw the capture of other cities of Pokuttia , and reached as far west as Lviv, but without capturing the latter. With the death of Stephen the Great of Moldavia, the neighbouring state started to experience both internal and external pressure from

1632-451: The Moldavian prince as support in his battles, which he won in the end. In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by modern Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, such as Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians ( Romanians ). Known as Mukha's Rebellion , this series of battles was supported by

1700-740: The Russian tsarist regime, which can be seen in Vin ide (Ukrainian: Він іде) and Smikh (Ukrainian: Сміх), both from 1906, and Persona grata from 1907. Fata Morgana , in two parts from 1904 and 1910, is probably his best-known work. Here he describes the typical social conflicts in the life of the Ukrainian village. About twenty novels were published during Kotsiubynsky's life. Several of them have been translated into other European languages. English translations of Mykhaylo Kotsyubynsky’s works include: Due to heart disease, Kotsiubynsky spent long periods at different health resorts on Capri from 1909 to 1911. During

1768-510: The Szeparowce Forest or sent to Belzec. Only about 200 Jews were still alive when the Red Army liberated Kolomyia from the German invaders on 28 March 1944. Other Jews who had been deported or fled to the Soviet Union survived there. After liberation, many construction workers, teachers, doctors, engineers and other skilled professionals began to arrive to restore the ruined town. They arrived from

1836-682: The Third Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Soviet of USSR decided: "Accept Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , and thus reunite the great Ukrainian people in a unified Ukrainian state." In 1940 part of the local population, Jews and Christians alike, were arrested by the NKVD , and sent to the Gulag system or to various Soviet prisons that contained Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Hungarians, and many others. In June 1941,

1904-524: The Turks. As a consequence of border skirmishes, as well as natural disasters, the town was struck by fires in 1502, 1505, 1513, and 1520. Władysław II Jagiełło , needing financial support in his battles against the Teutonic Knights , used the region as a guarantee in a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia , who thus gained control of Pokuttia in 1388. Therefore, it became the feudal property of

1972-480: The Ukrainian language: Andriy Soloviyko (Ukrainian: Андрій Соловійко). From 1888 to 1890, he was a member of the Vinnytsia Municipal Duma . In 1890, he visited Galicia , where he met several other Ukrainian cultural figures including Ivan Franko and Volodymyr Hnatiuk . It was there in Lviv that his first story Nasha Khatka (Ukrainian: Наша хатка) was published. During this period, he worked as

2040-598: The Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish press. Serious studies devoted to this genre belong to I. Franko, F. Kolessa, V. Hnatyuk, M. Zhynyk, M. Hrinchenko and other folklorists. Hnatyuk advised writers to learn to create highly artistic artistic images in Kolomyia, using the vernacular, its characteristic inversions, comparisons. Ideological and aesthetic qualities of kolomyikas were highly appreciated by Lesya Ukrainka and M. Kotsyubynsky . Kolomyikas inspired themes, images, motives for many literary works. They are especially organic in

2108-435: The administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six, the town of Kolomyia was merged into Kolomyia Raion. Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : Kolomyia is twinned with: Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky Mykhailo Mykhailovych Kotsiubynsky ( Ukrainian : Михайло Михайлович Коцюбинський ; 17 September 1864 – 25 April 1913)

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2176-411: The castle on the hill above the town to Maria, widow of Prince Iliaș of Moldavia as a dowry. In exchange, she refurbished the castle and reinforced it. In 1456 the town was granted yet another privilege. This time the king allowed the town authorities to stop all merchants passing by the town, and force them to sell their goods at the local market. This gave the town an additional boost, especially as

2244-458: The city of Kolomyia , Stanisławów , now Ivano-Frankivsk region in the vicinity of Hutsul-populated areas of the Carpathians. Kolomyia has been historically popular among Poles , Ukrainians and is also known (dance) in northeastern Slovenia (as kalamajka ). The size of the kolomyika (only two lines in which the words should be placed so that each line had fourteen syllables) contributed to

2312-454: The defence were slaughtered, while the rest were forced to pay high indemnities. The town was returned to Poland soon afterwards, but the city's growth lost its momentum. In 1620, another Polono-Turkish war broke out. After the Polish defeat at Țuțora , Kolomyia was yet again seized by the Turks. In 1626 the town was burned to the ground, while all of residents were enslaved in a jasyr . After

2380-418: The development of conciseness, stable poetic formulas, economic and accurate use of tropes. Kolomyikas have a two-dimensional structure: the image of nature of the first line by analogy or contrast enhances the semantic and emotional meaning of the thought expressed in the second line. Sometimes the first line acts as a traditional spice, the content of which is not always related to the next line. Most often it

2448-534: The development of infrastructure, the town became a major railroad hub, as well as the garrison village of the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment . In the interbellum period, every Thursday a market took place at the main square of the town. The town had a monument to Polish poet Franciszek Karpinski , a monument to Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz , and an obelisk near the town, located in a spot where in 1485 hospodar Stephen III of Moldavia paid tribute to king Kazimierz IV Jagiellon . In 1920-30s workers' strikes took place in

2516-566: The eastern part of Ukraine and other parts of the Soviet Union. But the Jewish community was not revived. During the Cold War the town was the headquarters of the 44th Rocket Division of the Strategic Rocket Forces , which had previously been the 73rd Engineer Brigade RVGK at Kamyshin . The division was disbanded on 31 March 1990. It is now a part of Ukraine , independent since 1991. By

2584-408: The end of that century, commerce attracted even more inhabitants from all over Galicia . There were established publishers and print houses. Moreover, a new Jesuit Catholic church was built in Kolomyia, as it was called by German authorities, along with a Lutheran church built in 1874. By 1901 the number of inhabitants grew to 34,188, approximately half of them Jews. In 1900 the Jewish population

2652-551: The fortress-town was given away for 25 years to the Vlach Hospodar Olexander as a gift for his support in the war against Hungary. In 1443, a year before his death, King Wladislaus II of Poland granted the town yet another privilege which allowed the burghers to trade salt , one of the most precious minerals of the Middle Ages . Since the castle gradually fell into disarray, in 1448 King Casimir IV of Poland gave

2720-462: The ghetto, being fit to work. Those in hiding were shot, and others sent to Belzec to be murdered. Jews from surrounding villages were brought to the ghetto and they too, with more Kolomyia Jews, were sent to Belzec. In February 1943, the last Jews, who had been kept behind as laborers were killed by clubbing and shooting. Overall, more than 70,000 Jews from Kolomyia and the area were killed in Kolomyja and

2788-412: The history of Galicia can be read in the article Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . However, as it provided very little profit, Kolomyia was sold to the castellan of Bełz , Ewaryst Kuropatnicki , who became the town's owner. The magnate financed a new Our Lady's Church, but he lacked the financial means to accelerate the town`s growth. Prosperity returned to the town in the mid-19th century, when it

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2856-580: The next 15 years, until Petru Rareș's death. The following year, hetman Jan Tarnowski recaptured the town and defeated the Moldavians in the Battle of Obertyn . This victory secured the city's existence for the following years, but the Ottoman power grew and Poland's southern border remained insecure. In 1589, the Turks crossed the border and seized Kolomyia almost immediately. All the burghers who had taken part in

2924-572: The northern shores of the Black Sea . This became a direct threat to Moldavia. In search of allies, its ruler Stephen the Great came to Kolomyia and paid homage to the Polish king, thus becoming a vassal of the Polish Crown . For the ceremony, both monarchs came with roughly 20,000 knights, which was probably the biggest festivity ever held in the town. After the festivity most knights returned home, apart from 3,000 under Jan Karnkowski, who were given to

2992-472: The other for Orthodox . In 1388 the king Władysław Jagiełło was forced by the war with the Teutonic Order to pawn the area of Pokuttia to the hospodar of Moldavia , Petru II . Although the town remained under Polish sovereignty, the income of the customs offices in the area was given to the Moldavians, after which time the debt was repaid. In 1412 the king erected a Dominican order monastery and

3060-510: The princes of Moldavia , but remained within the Kingdom of Poland . After the Battle of the Cosmin Forest , in 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great , annexed and retained by Moldavia until the Battle of Obertyn in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's hetman Jan Tarnowski , who defeated Stephen's son Petru Rareș . Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for

3128-515: The region was one of three salt-producing areas in Poland (the other two being Wieliczka and Bochnia ), both not far from Kraków . The area was relatively peaceful for the next century. However, the vacuum after the decline of the Golden Horde started to be filled by yet another power in the area: the Ottoman Empire . In 1485 Sultan Beyazid II captured Belgorod and Kilia , two ports on

3196-533: The same period, he visited Greece and the Carpathians . In 1911 he was granted a pension from the Society of Friends of Ukrainian Scholarship, Literature, and Art that enabled him to quit his job and solely concentrate on his writings, but he was already in poor health and died only two years later. During the Soviet period, Kotsiubynsky was honoured as a realist and a revolutionary democrat . A literary-memorial museum

3264-688: The same period, he was a member of the secret Brotherhood of Taras . He moved to Chernihiv in 1898 where he worked as a statistician at the statistics bureau of the Chernihiv zemstvo. He also was active in the Chernigov Governorate Scholarly Archival Commission and headed the Chernihiv Prosvita society from 1906 to 1908. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 , Kotsiubynsky could be more openly critical of

3332-400: The stories and novels of I. Franko , L. Martovych, P. Kozlanyuk. Hungarian composer Bela Bartok's first concerto for piano and orchestra incorporates a rhythmic and melodic scheme that has a symmetrical structure, combining two measure units, that move typically in a narrow stepwise motion and often use scalar patterns and note repetitions. In Hungary, this rhythmic type is associated with

3400-499: The swineherd dance that Bartok believed was derived from the Ukrainian kolomyika. Bartok also considered the swineherd songs to be the source of the popular kuruc song repertoire and of the instrumental verbunkos (recruiting song and dance tye), suggesting that these too were based on kolomyika melodies: "the latter (Verbunkos), again, seems at least partially a derivation from the so-called Hungarian Shepherd dance melodies whose source

3468-505: The time of independence the vast majority of industrial enterprises of Kolomyia had closed or had been eliminated: Plant "Kolomyiasilmash", "Zahotzerno", plant "Elektroosnastka", factory "17 September", a shoe factory, a woodworking factory, plant KRP (complete switchgears),the printing house on Valova St.,a brush manufacturer, a weaving factory and many others. Also shut down were movie theatres; there had been four: Irchan movie theatre, Kirov movie theatre, movie theatre "Yunist" (Youth), and

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3536-401: The town was bombed by Nazi Germany airforce. This caused many Jews and young people to flee east. Briefly, the town was occupied by Hungary, a German ally. During their occupation, the Ukrainian townspeople launched a pogrom against Jews, beating, robbing, and humiliating them. Several hundred were forced to remove Lenin's statue from the town square. Ukrainians were preparing to shoot many when

3604-681: The town was burned. The next month, 2000 more were taken to the same forest by the Germans and their Ukrainian allies and shot and in December another 1200 suffered the same fate. More Aktions followed in January though March 1942 so that the Jewish population of the town, which had been 30,000 before June was now only 17,000. At this point, the Germans established a ghetto forcing Jews to move there within 24 hours. In April 5000 Jews were rounded up and sent to Belzec , where they were immediately murdered. In September 1942, more than 1000 Jews were selected to stay in

3672-525: The town was occupied by the Red Army . As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the occupied town became a part of the Soviet Union as a region of the Ukrainian SSR . The accession of the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union (Reunion of Western Ukraine and USSR ) – the adoption of the Soviet Union in Western Ukraine with the adoption of an Extraordinary Session V of the Supreme Soviet of

3740-537: The village, possibly organized by the Communist Party of Western Ukraine that was established in Kolomyia in 1923. In 1921 a music school was established in Kolomyia. After the outbreak of World War II with the Invasion of Poland of 1939, the town was thought of as one of the centres of Polish defence of the so-called Romanian Bridgehead . However, the Soviet invasion from the east made these plans obsolete, and

3808-537: The war the area yet again returned to Poland. With the town in ruins, the starosta of Kamieniec Podolski fortress financed its reconstruction – slightly further away from the Prut River . The town was rebuilt, but never regained its power and remained one of many similar-scaled centres in the area. During the Khmelnytskyi Uprising in 1648–54, the Kolomyia county became a centre of a peasant unrest (Pokuttia Uprising) led by Semen Vysochan. The rebels' centre

3876-627: Was seized without a fight by the Romanian Land Forces under General Iacob Zadik , and handed over to Polish authorities. According to the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia , it was taken over by the Polish bourgeoisie and land owners. During the Polish-Bolshevik 1919 war in Ukraine, a Polish division under General Zeligowski tore through Bessarabia and Bukovina and stopped in Kolomyia during its winter march to Poland. Kolomyia

3944-485: Was 16,568, again nearly 50% of the town's population. The Jewish community had a Great Synagogue, and about 30 other synagogues. In 1910 Jews were prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages. In 1911 they were prohibited from salt and wine occupations. After the outbreak of World War I , the town saw fierce battles between the forces of the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary . Jews were abused for supposedly supporting

4012-666: Was a Ukrainian author whose writings described typical Ukrainian life at the start of the 20th century. Kotsiubynsky's early stories were described as examples of ethnographic realism ; in the years to come, with his style of writing becoming more and more sophisticated, he evolved into one of the most talented Ukrainian impressionist and modernist writers. The popularity of his novels later led to some of them being made into Soviet movies. He grew up in Bar , Vinnytsia region and several other towns and villages in Podolia , where his father worked as

4080-399: Was a town of Otynia . With the help of incoming Cossack forces, Vysochan managed to overtake the important local fortress of Pniv (today – a village of Nadvirna Raion ) and eventually managed to take under its control most of cities and villages in the region providing great support for the advancing Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi . Soon however with advancing Polish troops, Vysochan

4148-402: Was also written in kolomyika verse. A dance similar to kolomyika is hutsulka. Hutsulkas have a faster rhythm than kolomyikas and originated later, approximately in 16th century. Hutsulka or kozachok often constitutes the final phase of a dance, after the kolomyika has reached its climax. The specificity of kolomyika was once determined by the folklorist F. Kolessa : Kolomyika is originally

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4216-477: Was annexed to Poland by King Casimir III following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , along with the rest of the Kingdom of Rus' . Sometime in the 1340s, another fortress was erected there. In a short time the settlement became one of the most notable centres of commerce in the area. Because of that, the population rose rapidly. Prior to 1353 there were two parishes in the settlement, one for Catholics and

4284-600: Was first mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in 1240 and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in 1241 a time of the Mongol invasion of Rus' . Initially part of Kievan Rus' , it later belonged to one of its successor states , the principality of Halych-Volhynia . On the order of Boroldai , the town fortress was burnt down in 1259. Since the mid-13th century it was known for its salt mining industry. In 1340 it

4352-432: Was forced to retreat to the eastern Podillya where he continued to fight under commands of Ivan Bohun and Ivan Sirko . In the 17th century the town`s outskirts saw another peasant rebellion led by Oleksa Dovbush . The rebels were known as opryshky . As a result of the first of Partitions of Poland (Treaty of St. Petersburg dated 5 July 1772), Kolomyia was attributed to the Habsburg monarchy . More details about

4420-404: Was linked to the world through the Lemberg - Czernowitz railroad. In 1848 in Kolomyia was built a public library which was one of the first in eastern Galicia. In 1861 there was opened a gymnasium where studied among others Petro Kozlaniuk, Vasyl Stefanyk , Marko Cheremshyna . By 1882 the town had almost 24,000 inhabitants, including roughly 12,000 Jews, 6,000 Ruthenians, and 4,000 Poles. Until

4488-401: Was opened in Vinnytsia in 1927 in the house where he was born. Later, a memorial was created nearby the museum. The house in Chernihiv where he lived for the last 15 years of his life was turned into a museum in 1934; the Chernihiv Regional Literary- Museum of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky in Vinnytsia  [ uk ] . The house contains the author’s personal belongings. Adjacent to the house

4556-421: Was the Bolshevik and the Red Army commander during the 1917–1921 Civil War. Later, he held several high positions within the Communist Party of Ukraine , but in 1935, he was expelled from the party. In October 1936, he was accused of having counter-revolutionary contacts and together with other Bolsheviks have organized a Ukrainian Trotskyist Centre. The year after, he was sentenced to death and executed. He

4624-514: Was then temporarily occupied by the Romanians and the border was near the town (shtetl) Otynia between Stanislav and Kolomyia. After the Polish-Soviet War it remained in Poland as a capital of a powiat within the Stanisławów Voivodship . By 1931 the number of inhabitants grew to over 41,000. The ethnic mixture was composed of Jews, Poles, Ukrainians (including Hutsuls), Germans, Armenians, and Hungarians, as well as of descendants of Valachians and other nationalities of former Austria-Hungary . With

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