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20-641: The name Kokang derives from the Burmese ကိုးကန့် , which itself derives from the Shan ၵဝ်ႈ (kāo, "nine") + ၵူၼ်း (kúun, "family") or ၵၢင် (kǎang, "guard"). In 1997, it was estimated that the Kokang Chinese, together with more recently immigrated Han Chinese from Yunnan , China , constituted 30 to 40 percent of Myanmar's ethnic Chinese population. They constitute around 0.1% of Myanmar's population . Most Kokang are descendants of Chinese speakers who migrated to what

40-659: A glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds such as [p], [t], and [k]. The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide , and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: /ŋ/ , /n/ , /m/ , /k/ , /t/ , /p/ , and /ʔ/ . Some representative words are: Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with

60-504: A Shan-English dictionary. Aside from this, the language is almost completely undescribed in English. Tai Nuea language Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa ( Chinese : 傣那语 ; pinyin : Dǎinàyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทเหนือ , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a] ), also called Dehong Tai ( Chinese : 德宏傣语 ; pinyin : Déhóng Dǎiyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทใต้คง , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ] ) and Chinese Shan ,

80-506: A number of names in different Tai languages and Burmese . The Shan dialects spoken in Shan State can be divided into three groups, roughly coinciding with geographical and modern administrative boundaries, namely the northern, southern, and eastern dialects. Dialects differ to a certain extent in vocabulary and pronunciation, but are generally mutually intelligible. While the southern dialect has borrowed more Burmese words, eastern Shan

100-498: A sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called Tai Yai or Tai Long in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of Tachileik . The number of Shan speakers is not known in part because the Shan population is unknown. Estimates of Shan people range from four million to 30 million, with about half speaking

120-518: A special region of Myanmar. The Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) is a Kokang insurgent group. In August 2009 they clashed with Tatmadaw soldiers in a conflict fanned by controversial interests known as the 2009 Kokang incident , followed by further skirmishes during the 2015 Kokang offensive . This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Shan language The Shan language

140-447: Is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century. The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988,

160-559: Is different from Tai Lue , which is pronounced [tai˥.lɪ˦˧] in Tai Nuea. Another autonym is [tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ), where [taɯ˧˩] means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and [xoŋ˥] means 'the Hong River ' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term [taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] . The language is also known as Tai Mau , Tai Kong and Tai Na. Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into

180-570: Is now Shan State , Myanmar in the 18th century. In the mid-17th century, the Yang clan , a Chinese military house that fled alongside Ming loyalists from Nanjing to Yunnan, and later migrated to the Shan States in eastern Myanmar, formed a feudal state called Kokang . From the 1960s to 1989, the area was ruled by the Communist Party of Burma , and after the dissolution of that party in 1989 it became

200-549: Is often pronounced as /w/ . Initial /f/ only appears in the east, while in the other two dialects it merges with /pʰ/ . J. Marvin Brown divides the three dialects of Shan State as follows: Prominent divergent dialects are considered separate languages, such as Khün (called Kon Shan by the Burmese), which is spoken in Kengtung valley. Chinese Shan is also called Tai Mao, referring to

220-622: Is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China , especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province . It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan . It should not be confused with Tai Lü ( Xishuangbanna Dai). Most Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ , IPA: [tai˥.lə˧] ), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this

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240-556: Is somewhat closer to Northern Thai language and Lao in vocabulary and pronunciation, and the northern so-called " Chinese Shan " is much influenced by the Yunnan-Chinese dialect. A number of words differ in initial consonants. In the north, initial /k/, /kʰ/ and /m/ , when combined with certain vowels and final consonants, are pronounced /tʃ/ (written ky ), /tʃʰ/ (written khy ) and /mj/ (written my ). In Chinese Shan, initial /n/ becomes /l/ . In southwestern regions /m/

260-764: Is the native language of the Shan people and is mostly spoken in Shan State , Myanmar . It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in Northern Thailand , in Yunnan , in Laos , in Cambodia , in Vietnam and decreasingly in Assam and Meghalaya . Shan is a member of the Kra–Dai language family and is related to Thai . It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus

280-574: The tones of syllables. There are five to six tonemes in Shan, depending on the dialect. The sixth tone is only spoken in the north; in other parts it is only used for emphasis. The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. The following table shows an example of the phonemic tones: The Shan tones correspond to Thai tones as follows: The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in

300-573: The Dehong ( 德宏 ) and Menggeng ( 孟耿 ) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers. Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones . * (kʰ) and (tsʰ) occur in loanwords Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs: Tai Nuea has six tones: Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.). The Tai Le script

320-571: The Shan language. Ethnologue estimates that there are 4.6 million Shan speakers in Myanmar; the Mahidol University Institute for Language and Culture gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006, though including refugees from Burma they now total about one million. Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners. The Shan language has

340-462: The consonant ᥝ [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j]. In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone. Tone marks were presented via

360-460: The initial weak syllable /ə/ . Given the present instabilities in Burma, one choice for scholars is to study the Shan people and their language in Thailand, where estimates of Shan refugees run as high as two million, and Mae Hong Son Province is home to a Shan majority. The major source for information about the Shan language in English is Dunwoody Press's Shan for English Speakers . They also publish

380-1137: The old Shan State of Mong Mao . Tai Long is used to refer to the Southern Shan State dialect spoken in southern and central regions west of the Salween River , the Northern Shan State dialect, and the dialect spoken in Laos . There are also dialects still spoken by a small number of people in Kachin State , such as Tai Laing , and Khamti spoken in northern Sagaing Region . Shan has 19 consonants. Unlike Thai and Lao ( Isan ) there are no voiced plosives /d/ and /b/. Shan has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs: [iw], [ew], [ɛw]; [uj], [oj], [ɯj], [ɔj], [ɤj]; [aj], [aɯ], [aw]; [aːj], [aːw] Shan has less vowel complexity than Thai, and Shan people learning Thai have difficulties with sounds such as "ia," "ua," and "uea" [ɯa] . Triphthongs are absent. Shan has no systematic distinction between long and short vowels characteristic of Thai. Shan has phonemic contrasts among

400-524: The spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics. The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters. The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables. Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters: Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with

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