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59-722: Kofiau is an island in the Raja Ampat Islands , in Southwest Papua , Indonesia . The island is primarily raised coral limestone with some volcanic hills, covered in low forest. The island is home to the endemic Kofiau paradise kingfisher and Kofiau monarch . A new form of the Green tree python has been found on Kofiau and Boo Island that retains its neotenic yellow coloration into adulthood. 1°11′S 129°50′E  /  1.183°S 129.833°E  / -1.183; 129.833 This Southwest Papua location article

118-474: A biogeographic crossroads between Indonesia, Micronesia and the Arafura Sea . 1,508 fish species, 537 coral species (a remarkable 96% of all scleractinians recorded from Indonesia are likely to occur in these islands and 75% of all species that exist in the world ), and 699 mollusk species, the variety of marine life is staggering. Raja Ampat is identified as the epicenter of restricted-range reef fishes, in

177-683: A new North Raja Ampat Regency ( Kabupaten Raja Ampat Utara ), and with Misool and Kofiau and their surrounding small islands forming a new South Raja Ampat Regency ( Kabupaten Raja Ampat Selatan ), leaving the residue of the existing Regency to cover the northern part of Salawati Island (the rest of Salawati Island still lies within Sorong Regency) and Batanta Island (which forms Selat Sagawin District). Sultanate of Tidore The Sultanate of Tidore ( Malay : كسلطانن تدوري ‎ , romanized:  Kesultanan Tidore ; sometimes Kerajaan Tidore )

236-405: A recovery time for the reef spanning decades. A zebra shark breeding and release initiative started in 2022, aiming to release 500 sharks by 2032. The wild population was formerly abundant, but a fishing industry that ballooned starting in the 1990s reduced the population to perhaps just 20 individuals. The main occupation for people around this area is fishing since the area is dominated by

295-512: A spirit, while the seventh egg did not hatch and turned to stone and worshipped as a king in Kali Raja (Wawiyai, Waigeo). Historically the 'four' kingdoms were Waigeo , Salawati , Sailolof , Misool , and Waigama . Locally Waigama is not considered one of the Raja Ampat , while Sailolof is not considered one of the Raja Ampat by Tidore . The first recorded sighting and landing by Europeans of

354-573: A whole has a larger Muslim population because of its extensive history with the Sultanate of Tidore . Religion in Raja Ampat (2010) Most of the islands make up the Raja Ampat Regency , a regency ( kabupaten ) forming part of Southwest Papua . It came into existence in 2004, before which the archipelago was part of Sorong Regency . The southern part of the island of Salawati is not part of

413-546: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Raja Ampat Islands The Raja Ampat archipelago straddles the equator and forms part of the Coral Triangle , an area of Southeast Asian seas containing the richest marine biodiversity on earth. The Coral Triangle itself is an approximate area west-southwest of the Philippines , east-northeast and southeast of the island of Borneo , and north, east and west of

472-471: Is composed of four marine areas – the waters around northern Salawati, Batanta, and southwestern Waigeo, Mayalibit Bay in central Waigeo, the waters southeast of Misool, and waters around the Sembilan Islands north of Misool and west of Salawati. The oceanic natural resources around Raja Ampat give the area significant potential as a tourist area, drawing divers, researchers and others with an interest in

531-834: The Habsburg kings, the Portuguese were however able to hang on for the next 24 years and kept several forts on the island. There was also a limited presence of Catholic missionaries in Tidore, who managed to convert a few members of the elite. While there was much mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards and Portuguese, for Tidore the Spanish presence helped resist incursions by their Ternatan enemy. Nevertheless, it lost vital territories in Halmahera by

590-632: The Kei and Aru Islands . After several shifts, Nuku allied with the British , who were at war with the Dutch after 1795 and were in the process of conquering Dutch colonial possessions. In 1797 he captured Bacan and then Tidore itself, expelling the VOC-backed Sultan Kamaluddin. Nuku was enthroned as Sultan Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin. As such he took care to restore the defunct Jailolo sultanate to return to

649-518: The Korano Ngaruha ( lit. Four Kings) or Raja Ampat . The four sub-kings were Kolano Salawati , Kolano Waigeo , Kolano Waigama , and Kolano Umsowol or Lilinta . Furthermore, the Papoua Gam Sio ( lit. The Papua Nine Negeri ) included Sangaji Umka, Gimalaha Usba, Sangaji Barei, Sangaji Boser, Gimalaha Kafdarun, Sangaji Wakeri, Gimalaha Warijo , Sangaji Mar , and Gimalaha Warasay. Lastly,

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708-635: The Mafor Soa Raha ( lit. The Mafor Four Soa) included Sangaji Rumberpon , Sangaji Rumansar, Sangaji Angaradifa, and Sangaji Waropen . Historical tradition also relates that Tidore in 1498 attacked Sran centered on Adi island in West Papua and installed a vassal king (later known by the European title Mayor ). The first vassal ruler, Wanggita, was followed by his descendants for three generations; their influence extended to Karufa and Arguni Bay. However,

767-589: The Raja Ampat Islands and New Guinea . According to records in the Sonyine Malige Museum, the start of Tidore's influence in these quarters was due to his son, al-Mansur or Ibnu Mansur, who bonded a naval leader of Waigeo , Gurabesi from Biak (later known by the European title Kapitan ), as well as with a Sangaji of Patani , Sahmardan. According to tradition they launched an expedition to Papua in 1453 and created bonds with Papuan villages with Gurabesi's assistance. These regions were held separately by

826-457: The Coral Triangle with over 100 species of endemic reef fishes, and also an extremely high diversity of reef coral species (over 600 475 species). The Raja Ampat Islands have at least three ponds containing harmless jellyfish, all in the Misool area. The submarine world around the islands was the subject of the documentary film Edies Paradies 3 (by Otto C. Honegger), which has been broadcast by

885-464: The Dutch authorities allowed a new sultan to be enthroned, Zainal Abidin Alting (r. 1947–1967). After the gaining of Indonesian independence in 1949, old monarchical institutions were abolished. However, the historical status of the sultan played a certain role in bolstering Indonesian claims to Dutch New Guinea. Thus Zainal Abidin was appointed Governor of Irian Barat (Papua) during the years 1956–1961, at

944-539: The Gamrange area in the southeast ( Maba , Weda , and Patani ). At times, Tidore controlled East Seram and laid claims to outlying places such as Buru and Aru . The base of Tidorese society was the soa , socio-political units headed by bobato (headmen). A bobato was a state official but also a guardian of the interests of his community. On the basic level in the outlying areas (Halmahera, etc.) were various kimelaha or gimalaha (local leaders formally appointed by

1003-467: The Mololo Cave site, excavations show that early people were processing tree resins and hunting native animals. Pottery-making communities moved into Raja Ampat about 3500–3000 years ago and may have brought Austronesian languages to the area. The name of Raja Ampat ( Raja means king, and empat means four) comes from local mythology that told of a woman who found seven eggs, in one version this woman

1062-464: The Papuan dependencies were only documented by Europeans in the 17th century. Considering that New Guinea had little economic value for them, the Dutch promoted Tidore as suzerain of Papua. By 1849, Tidore's borders had been extended to the proximity of the current international border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea . Tidore furthermore ruled over parts of Halmahera and islands close by, especially

1121-639: The Papuan lands in subordination, were finally abolished in 1859–1861. The title of sultan lapsed in 1905 and was replaced by a regency. The rights of Tidore in West New Guinea were formally upheld, but the Dutch Residents of Ternate tried to diminish Tidorese's influence in those quarters since it was not considered in the interests of the Papuans. It was only after the outbreak of the Indonesian revolution that

1180-656: The Raja Ampat Islands was by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes and his crew in 1526, en route from Biak , the Bird's Head Peninsula , and Waigeo , to Halmahera ( Ternate ). Islam first arrived in the Raja Ampat Islands in the 15th century due to political and economic contacts with the Bacan Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Maluku -based Sultanate of Tidore had close economic and political ties with

1239-592: The Raja Ampat Regency. Instead, it constitutes the Salawati Selatan and Salawati Tengah Districts of Sorong Regency. Raja Ampat Regency is subdivided into the following districts ( kecamatan ): Note: (a) including the Boo Islands , which lie some distance to the west of Kofiau. (b) Not to be confused with Salawati Tengah District of Sorong Regency, Salawati Tengah District of Rajah Ampat Regency actually forms

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1298-527: The Sino-Japanese pirate lord Koxinga , decided to withdraw from Tidore in 1662. This was effectuated in 1663–1666. With the Spaniards gone, a new contract in 1667 spelled out the relations between the VOC and Tidore. In the 17th century Tidore became one of the most independent kingdoms in the region, resisting direct control by Dutch East India Company (VOC). Particularly under Sultan Saifuddin 's rule (1657–1687),

1357-617: The South in Misool, it ranges from 26 to 28 °C (79 to 82 °F) (Water temperature chart in Misog ol). The islands are part of the Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests ecoregion. The rainforests that cover the islands are the natural habitat of many species of birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects. Two species of bird-of-paradise , the red bird-of-paradise ( Paradisaea rubra ) and Wilson's bird-of-paradise ( Diphyllodes respublica ), are endemic to

1416-634: The Spaniards soon retaliated; they launched a major attack on Ternate from their Philippines base in April 1606 and were assisted by the Tidorese. The enterprise was successful, the power of Ternate was curbed, and Tidore was allowed to take over certain Ternatan dependencies. This in turn alerted the VOC since Spain and the Dutch Republic were at war in Europe, and their rivalry had global implications. The VOC allied with

1475-617: The Swiss television network Schweizer Fernsehen . In March 2017 the 90-metre-long (295 ft) cruise ship Caledonian Sky owned by British tour operator Noble Caledonia got caught in a low tide and ran aground in the reef. An evaluation team estimated that 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft) of the reef was destroyed, which will likely result in a compensation claim of $ 1.28 million – $ 1.92 million. A team of environmentalists and academics estimated much more substantial damage, with potential losses to Indonesia estimated at $ 18.6 million and

1534-407: The Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for spices for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional periphery. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations and had little need to call on the Dutch for military help in governing the kingdom, as Ternate frequently did. Tidore remained an independent kingdom, albeit with frequent Dutch interference, until

1593-495: The Tidore realm. The uprising took on violently anti-Dutch features where Islam was an important ideological glue. In this period, Gebe and Numfor were able to increase their influence, with Gebe serving as a base when Nuku assembled a fleet of 300 perahus for plundering raids. Nuku in particular found allies in Halmahera, Seram, and the Raja Ampat Islands, but also in places that had not been subservient to Tidore, such as

1652-429: The Tidore rulers held a ritual precedence position since their daughters regularly married Ternatan sultans and princes. Together, the two sultanates Ternate and Tidore exercised suzerainty over a huge area from Sulawesi to West Papua . Supposedly, the ninth Tidore ruler Ciri Leliatu invaded the Papuan island Gebe , a local power center, in the late 15th century and thereby gained access to valuable forest products of

1711-541: The Tidorese under Gapi Baguna allied with the Portuguese and allowed them to build a fort on their island in 1578. After the merger of Portugal and Spain in 1581, Spain, already established in the Philippines , took over the Iberian initiative and carried out several more or less abortive interventions in Maluku to strengthen Iberian influence in the region. Since the Spanish and Portuguese realms were administered separately under

1770-427: The destruction this causes among reefs has posed a threat to tourism. The crown-of-thorns starfish, which "can grow around as big as a trash-can lid" and is covered in sharp, stinging spines, has proliferated due to increasing nitrogen in the water from human waste, which in turn causes a spike in phytoplankton on which the starfish feed. In 2019, local divers began the task of reducing starfish populations by injecting

1829-659: The east, there is a strait that separates Batanta from Salawati . In 1759 Captain William Wilson sailing in the East Indiaman Pitt navigated these waters and named a strait the 'Pitt Strait', after his vessel; this was probably the channel between Batanta and Salawati. The islands have a tropical climate, with temperatures ranging from 20 to 33 °C (68 to 91 °F). Water temperature in North Raja Ampat ranges from 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F), while in

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1888-420: The elite. The unrest caused the VOC authorities to depose Jamaluddin in 1779 and to force his successor Patra Alam to conclude a new contract that abrogated the old one from 1667. With this document (1780), Tidore was turned from an ally to a vassal and thus lost its independence. One of the exiled Jamaluddin's sons, Nuku , reacted to this by starting a rebellion in 1780, seeking support in the marginal areas of

1947-577: The end of the 16th century, which had supplied Tidore Island with sago , a vital stock of food. In 1605, the Dutch of the United East India Company (VOC) took over Ambon as a part of their policy to control the lucrative trade in spices. The next step was to invade Tidore and defeat the Portuguese garrison in May in the same year. This was basically the end of the Portuguese presence in Maluku. However,

2006-483: The first kolano (ruler) of Tidore. The term kolano might be a Javanese loanword borrowed from the name of the character in Panji tales , pointing at early cultural influences from Java. The first eight kolanos are proto-historical as there are no contemporary sources on Tidore until the early 16th century. The ninth, Ciri Leliatu , was reportedly converted to Islam by an Arab, Syekh Mansur, and named his oldest son after

2065-513: The form of slaves or their value equivalent in massoy, nutmeg, turtle shell, and other goods) were not met, a punitive Hongi expedition would be launched on behalf of the sultan of Tidore, usually by other rajas of different regions under him. Tidore established a loose alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, starting with the visit of the Magellan expedition in 1521. The aim was to counter

2124-418: The genealogies of the kings of Ternate and Tidore, the inaugural Tidorese king was Sahjati or Muhammad Naqil whose enthronement is dated 1081 in local tradition. However, the accuracy of the tradition that Tidore emerged as a polity as early as the 11th century is considered debatable. Islam was only made the official state religion in the late 15th century through the ninth King of Tidore, Sultan Jamaluddin . He

2183-565: The island of New Guinea, including the seas in between. Thousands of species of marine organisms, from the tiniest cleaner shrimp and camouflaged pygmy seahorses to the majestic cetaceans and whale sharks , thrive in these waters. Administratively, the archipelago is part of the province of Southwest Papua . Most of the islands constitute the Raja Ampat Regency , which was separated from Sorong Regency in 2004. The regency encompasses around 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi) of land and sea, of which 8,034.44 km constitutes

2242-438: The islands of Waigeo, Gam, and Batanta. The recently discovered palm tree Wallaceodoxa raja-ampat is endemic to the Raja Ampat Islands. Raja Ampat is considered the global epicentre of tropical marine biodiversity and is referred to as "The Crown Jewel" of the Bird's Head Seascape, which also includes Cenderawasih Bay and Triton Bay. The region contains more than 600 species of hard corals , constituting about 75% of

2301-535: The islands, especially with Gurabesi . During this period, Islam became firmly established, and local chiefs began adopting Islam. As a consequence of these ties, Raja Ampat was considered a part of the Sultanate of Tidore. After the Dutch invaded Maluku, it was claimed by the Netherlands. The English explorer William Dampier gave his name to Dampier Strait , which separates Batanta Island from Waigeo Island. To

2360-551: The land area and has a population of 64,141 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 66,839. This excludes the southern half of Salawati Island, which is not part of this regency but instead constitutes the Salawati Selatan and Salawati Tengah Districts of Sorong Regency . Archaeological evidence indicates that the Raja Ampat Islands were first visited by humans over 50,000 years ago. At this time, Misool and Salawati were connected to New Guinea , while Waigeo and Batanta formed an island called Waitanta. At

2419-409: The largest extant fish species on earth, also thrive in this region. In the northeast region of Waigeo Island, local villagers have been involved in turtle conservation initiatives by protecting nests or relocating eggs of leatherback , olive ridley , and hawksbill turtles . Their works are supported by the local government and NGOs . Raja Ampat Marine Recreation Park was designated in 2009. It

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2478-486: The late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program ( extirpatie ) to proceed in its territories. This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore as well as its Ternate neighbour and weakened its control over its periphery. A treaty in 1768 forced Sultan Jamaluddin to cede his rights to East Seram which had been granted Tidore in 1700, which created great anger among

2537-518: The marine life there. According to Conservation International , marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat area is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and East Timor . The Coral Triangle is the heart of

2596-511: The new Ternatan sultan and launched their own expedition in 1607 that recovered part of Ternate. As a result, Ternate became heavily dependent on the Dutch, who also made incursions in Tidore over the next years and secured some coastal forts. Sultan Mole Majimu of Tidore held on to his allegiance to Spain, although some Tidorese princes leaned towards Ternate and the VOC. By this time the royal clan had split into two rivalling lineages which made for rapid throne shifts. The Spanish authorities found

2655-401: The power of Ternate, which had allied with the Portuguese since 1512. At the start, this did not mean much due to the rare Spanish visits, and Tidore suffered a series of serious defeats at the hands of the Portuguese in 1524, 1526, 1529, 1536, and 1560. However, the Ternatan sultan Babullah broke with the Portuguese in 1570 and greatly expanded his territory in all directions. Feeling slighted,

2714-509: The preacher. According to European sources, Islam was accepted by the North Malukan elite in about the 1460s–1470s. Ciri Leliatu's son Sultan al-Mansur ruled when the Portuguese first visited Maluku in 1512 and met the remnants of the Magellan expedition in 1521. By that time the sultanate lived in an uneasy and ambiguous relationship with its close neighbour Ternate. Though frequently at war,

2773-470: The sea. They live in a small colony of tribes that spreads around the area. Although traditional culture still strongly exists, they are very welcoming to visitors. Raja Ampat people have similarities with the surrounding Moluccan people and Papuan people , as they speak Papuan and Austronesian languages. The Muslim proportion is much higher compared with other Papuan areas. However, the West Papua province as

2832-578: The southeast portion of Salawati Island. (c) the Ayau Islands (including Ayau District) lie some distance to the north of Waigeo. Taking account of the 2,757 people of Salawati Selatan and Salawati Tengah Districts which are administratively in Sorong Regency , the total population of the archipelago added up to 69,596 in mid 2022. There are proposals to divide the current Raja Ampat Regency into three, with Waigeo and its surrounding small islands forming

2891-502: The starfish with a 10% vinegar solution; the dead starfish can then be eaten by local fish. The high marine diversity in Raja Ampat is strongly influenced by its position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as coral and fish larvae are more easily shared between the two oceans. Raja Ampat's coral diversity, resilience, and role as a source for larval dispersal make it a global priority for marine protection. Its location results in it being

2950-481: The sultan), who in turn stood under sangaji (honoured princes) who lorded as vassals over various territories belonging to the Sultanate. At the center was a state council consisting of 31 members including the 27 bobato , two hukum (magistrates), one kapiten laut (sea lord), and a jojau (chief minister). Moreover, the sultan employed utusan or envoys who visited the various outer areas under Tidore's sway and collected tributes. If these levies (which could be in

3009-501: The sultans to be a nuisance rather than a help to the Spanish power. A relatively pro-VOC sultan, Saifuddin , came to the throne in 1657 by pushing the other royal lineage aside. He agreed with the Dutch to eradicate all clove trees in his realm, in line with the VOC monopoly policy on the spice trade. In return he received a yearly compensation. The Spanish in the Philippines, who needed all available resources for their defense against

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3068-582: The traditional, pre-European quadripartition of Maluku. In 1801 Ternate was captured by the British and Tidorese after a long siege. However, the Peace of Amiens in Europe changed the strategic positions in the next year already, since the Dutch were allowed to retake their positions in Maluku. After the death of Nuku in 1805, his brother, Sultan Zainal Abidin , proved unable to resist the Dutch-Ternatan attacks. Tidore

3127-534: The world's coral reef biodiversity, making Raja Ampat quite possibly the richest coral reef ecosystem in the world. The area's massive coral colonies, along with relatively high sea surface temperatures , also suggest that its reefs may be relatively resistant to threats like coral bleaching and coral disease , which now jeopardize the survival of other coral ecosystems around the world. The Raja Ampat islands are remote and relatively undisturbed by humans. The crown-of-thorns starfish eats Raja Ampat's corals, and

3186-452: The world's known species, and more than 1,700 species of reef fish – including on both shallow and mesophotic reefs. Compared to similarly-sized ecosystems elsewhere in the world, Raja Ampat's biodiversity is arguably the richest in the world. Endangered and rare marine mammals , such as dugongs , whales (such as blue , pygmy blue , Bryde's , Omura's , sperm ), dolphins , and even orcas occur here. Endangered whale sharks,

3245-517: Was Boki Tabai, daughter of Al-Mansur of Tidore and wife to Gurabesi . Three of the seven hatched and became kings who occupied Raja Ampat Islands, the fourth hatched and settled in Waigama but later migrated to Kalimuri ( Seram ). In another version, the fifth egg hatched into a woman (Pin Take) who later washed away to Biak , married Manar Makeri , and later gave birth to Gurabesi . The sixth egg hatched into

3304-735: Was a sultanate in Southeast Asia , centered on Tidore in the Maluku Islands (presently in North Maluku , Indonesia ). It was also known as Duko, its ruler carrying the title Kië ma-kolano (Ruler of the Mountain). Tidore was a rival of the Sultanate of Ternate for control of the spice trade and had an important historical role as binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. According to extant historical records, in particular

3363-458: Was acknowledged by the colonial state. In modern times, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural institution. According to later historical traditions, the four kingdoms of North Maluku ( Ternate , Tidore, Bacan , and Jailolo ) had a common root. A story that arose after the introduction of Islam says that the common ancestor was an Arab , Jafar Sadik, who married a heavenly nymph ( bidadari ) and sired four sons, of whom Sahjati became

3422-522: Was influenced by the preachings of Syekh Mansur, originally from Arabia . In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultans tended to ally with either Spain or Portugal to maintain their political role but were finally drawn into the Dutch sphere of power in 1663. Despite a period of anti-colonial rebellion in 1780–1810 , the Dutch grip on the sultanate increased until decolonization in the 1940s. Meanwhile, Tidore's suzerainty over Raja Ampat and western Papua

3481-506: Was lost in 1806 and the sultan fled, finally dying in exile in 1810. Tidore was subjected to an increasing implementation of colonial rule in the 19th century. A treaty was signed in 1817 where the sultan and grandees received annual subsidies. Tidore was included in the Residency of Ternate together with Ternate, Bacan, Halmahera, and dependencies. The infamous hongi expeditions, which had eradicated unauthorized spice trees in Maluku and kept

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