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24-463: It is not a mountain range in the normal sense, because it was formed as a single mountain called Koʻolau Volcano ( koʻolau means " windward " in Hawaiian , cognate of the toponym Tokelau ). What remains of Koʻolau is the western half of the original volcano that was destroyed in prehistoric times when the entire eastern half—including much of the summit caldera —slid cataclysmically into

48-558: A speed advantage and were rarely hindered by adverse winds, freeing steam-powered vessels from the necessity of following trade winds . As a result, cargo and supplies could reach a foreign port in a fraction of the time it took a sailing ship. Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only economically viable for small-scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting and passenger sail excursion ships. In recent decades,

72-590: Is the erosion of remnants of a massive shield volcano, but estimates show evidence that it erupted approximately 2.5 million years ago. Though during the ancient period, the Ko‘olau Range became a sacred area for the Native Hawaiians . In 1795, the newly-formed Hawaiian Kingdom conducted a battle resulting in the triumphant conquest of O'ahu on the range within part of the Nu‘uanu Pali Lookout, under

96-508: Is the side distant from or physically in the lee of the prevailing wind, and typically the drier. In an archipelago windward islands are upwind and leeward islands are downwind of the prevailing winds, such as the trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Age of Sail The Age of Sail is a period in European history that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th (or mid-15th) to

120-506: Is thought to have first erupted on the ocean floor more than 2.5 million years ago. It eventually reached sea level and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago, when the volcano became dormant. The volcano remained dormant for hundreds of thousands of years, during which time erosion ate away at the initially smooth slopes of the shield-shaped mountain; and the entire mass subsided considerably. The highest elevation perhaps exceeded 3,000 meters (9,800 ft); today,

144-456: The Age of Sail , a vessel always sought to use the wind to its advantage, maneuvering if possible to attack from windward. This was particularly important for less maneuverable square-rigged warships, which had limited ability to sail upwind, and sought to "hold the weather gage " entering battle. This was particularly important once artillery was introduced to naval warfare. Ships heel away from

168-424: The Age of Sail , the term weather was used as a synonym for windward in some contexts, as in the weather gage . Since it captures rainfall , the windward side of a mountain tends to be wetter than the leeward side it blocks. The drier leeward area is said to be in a rain shadow . The term "windward" has roots in both Low German and Old English. The word "lee", which means a place without wind, comes from

192-534: The Pacific Ocean . Remains of this ancient volcano lie as massive fragments strewn nearly 100 miles (160 km) over the ocean floor to the northeast of Oʻahu. Kāneʻohe Bay is what remains of the ancient volcano's summit caldera after the slide. The modern Koʻolau mountain forms Oʻahu's windward coast and rises behind the leeward coast city of Honolulu — on its leeward slopes and valleys are located most of Honolulu's residential neighborhoods. The volcano

216-406: The wind . Windward is upwind from the point of reference, i.e., towards the direction from which the wind is coming; leeward is downwind from the point of reference, i.e., along the direction towards which the wind is going. The side of a ship that is towards the leeward is its "lee side". If the vessel is heeling under the pressure of crosswind , the lee side will be the "lower side". During

240-821: The "Golden Age of Sail". The second sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat Experiment , an ex-French lugger ; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813. The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton Aaron Manby , built in 1821 by Aaron Manby at the Horseley Ironworks , and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the English Channel in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h). The first purpose-built steam battleship

264-538: The Honolulu Volcanic Series, or simply Honolulu Volcanics. According to the US Geological Survey, the most recent eruptions in this series of activity occurred between about 70,000 to 100,000 years ago. There is a possibility that Koʻolau volcano could erupt again; however, the chance of such an eruption occurring in "our lifetimes, or even those of many future generations" is remote. The Ko‘olau Range

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288-543: The Old Norse "hle" for "cover" and has been used in marine navigation in Germany since medieval times. The word "wind," meaning "air in motion," comes from Proto-Germanic *winda- and has evolved over time, with pronunciation changes influenced by similar words like "windy." The word "wind" has been associated with emptiness and vanity since the late 13th century. Additionally, "wind" has been used figuratively in phrases like "which way

312-675: The age is inexact and serves only as a general description. The term is used differently for warships and merchant vessels. By the 14th century naval artillery was employed in Europe, documented at the Battle of Arnemuiden (1338). The 15th century saw the Iberian naval ventures all the way along the African Atlantic coast and across the Atlantic Ocean, starting the Age of Discovery . For warships,

336-402: The age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar -propelled galleys played a major role, to the development of steam-powered warships . The period between the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, when sailing vessels reached their peak of size and complexity (e.g. clippers and windjammers ), is sometimes referred to as

360-755: The command of Kamehameha the Great , as his troops forced all of the warriors up the valley to fall to their deaths below the cliffs. The Ko‘olau Range was designated in 1972 as a National Natural Landmark . There are three roads that tunnel through the southern part of the Koʻolau Range, connecting Honolulu to the Windward Coast. From leeward to windward: Windward and leeward In geography and seamanship , windward ( / ˈ w ɪ n d w ər d , ˈ w ɪ n ər d / ) and leeward ( / ˈ l iː w ər d , ˈ lj uː ər d / ) are directions relative to

384-408: The commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in wind assisted ships as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of sustainability . A New Age of Sail has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in energy technology and a desire to reduce carbon emissions from maritime shipping through wind-assisted propulsion . The book Trade Winds: A Voyage to

408-515: The first fight between ironclads. The Suez Canal in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter European-Asian sea route , which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with Agamemnon in 1865. By 1873, the Age of Sail for warships had ended, with HMS  Devastation commissioned in 1871. Devastation

432-445: The mid-19th centuries, in which the dominance of sailing ships in global trade and warfare culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of naval artillery , and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of steam power . Enabled by the advances of the related Age of Navigation , it is identified as a distinctive element of the early modern period and the Age of Discovery . Like most periodic eras , defining

456-506: The same meaning are widely used, particularly upwind and downwind . Among sailing craft, the windward vessel is normally the more maneuverable. For this reason, rule 12 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , applying to sailing vessels, stipulates that where two are sailing in similar directions in relation to the wind, the windward vessel gives way to the leeward vessel. In naval warfare during

480-438: The summit of the tallest peak, Puʻu Kōnāhuanui is only 945 meters (3,100 ft). After hundreds of thousands of years of dormancy, Koʻolau volcano began to erupt again. Some thirty eruptions over the past 500,000 years or so have created many of the landmarks around eastern Oʻahu, such as Diamond Head , Koko Head ( Hanauma Bay ), Koko Crater , Punchbowl Crater , Tantalus , and Āliapaʻakai , and are collectively known as

504-648: The wind blows" to indicate the current state of affairs. The suffix "-ward," meaning "toward," is an adverbial suffix in Old English derived from Proto-Germanic *werda-, which itself comes from the PIE root *wer- meaning "to turn, bend." The original notion of "-ward" is "turned toward." Windward and leeward directions (and the points of sail they create) are important factors to consider in such wind-powered or wind-impacted activities as sailing , wind-surfing , gliding , hang-gliding , and parachuting . Other terms with broadly

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528-419: The wind, so the leeward vessel would expose more of her topsides to shot, in extreme cases even part of her bottom. The terms windward and leeward are used in reference both to sides (and climates ) of individual islands and relative island locations in an archipelago . The windward side of an island is subject to the prevailing wind , and is thus the wetter (see orographic precipitation ). The leeward side

552-753: Was the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850. Multiple steam battleships saw action during the Crimean war , especially the Allied (British, French and Ottoman) fleet Bombardment of Sevastopol as part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) . The first ironclad battleship, Gloire , was launched by the French Navy in November 1859. In the March 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads , the ironclad CSS  Virginia fought USS  Monitor , making this

576-455: Was the first class of ocean-going battleships that did not carry sails. Sailing ships continued to be an economical way to transport bulk cargo on long voyages into the 1920s and 1930s, though steamships soon pushed them out of those trades as well. Sailing ships do not require fuel or complex engines to be powered; thus they tended to be more independent from sophisticated dedicated support bases on land. Crucially though, steam-powered ships held

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