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83-764: The town was founded in the 11th century by the Dregoviches , who erected a large fort and a tribal centre there. In the 14th century the town became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the wake of the Polish–Lithuanian Unions . In the 1506 Battle of Kleck , the Polish-Lithuanian forces under Michał Gliński defeated the Tartar armies and saved

166-531: A residentially segregated society in which black people and white people inhabit different neighborhoods of significantly different quality. Many of these neighborhoods are located in Northern and Western cities where African Americans moved during the Great Migration (1914–1970), a period when over a million African-Americans moved out of the rural southern United States to escape the widespread racism of

249-604: A decree ordering the dissolution of all Jüdische Wohnbezirke /ghettos in the East and their transference to Nazi concentration camps or their extermination. The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture  – even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of The Final Solution ; they were intended as

332-500: A dramatic decline of manufacturing jobs, which had formerly provided good livings for unionized, working-class blacks and whites. The once thriving northern and western industrial cities survived by a gradual shift to service and financial occupations. Subsidized highways and suburban development in the postwar period had pulled many middle and upper-class families and related businesses to the suburbs . Those who could not afford to move were left with disrupted neighborhoods and economies in

415-411: A growing urban populace, group conflict and competition over limited jobs and space, the inability for many residents to compete for new technology-based jobs, and tensions between the public and private sectors left to the formation and growth of U.S. ghettos. The cumulative economic and social forces in ghettos give way to social, political and economic isolation and inequality, while indirectly defining

498-544: A large increase in the residential racial segregation and urban decay in the United States. The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example, Birmingham, Alabama 's interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in

581-580: A lease of the inns and other sources of revenue in Klyetsk. The next mention of the Kletzk community, as it was known in Yiddish , is found in a document dated 21 January 1529, which imposes military duties on its inhabitants, as well as on those of other towns. On 15 June 1542 the boyar Grishko Kochevich brought suit against Zachariah Markovich, a Jew of Kletzk, the latter's oxen having broken into Grishko's field and injured

664-581: A local ghetto and then sent to various extermination camps by 21 August 1942. The Holocaust brought an end to a vibrant Jewish life. Among the monuments of the Jewish past destroyed during World War II were the Jewish cemetery , a large synagogue founded by Prince Radziwiłł in 1796; the Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva , a bet ha-midrash built in the early 18th century; and fifteen smaller houses of prayer. After

747-406: A minority making up less than a third of the local population. By 2001, two London boroughs— Newham and Brent —had " minority majority " populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population. Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of Golders Green and other parts of

830-476: A particular ethnicity or race, vulnerability to crime, social problems, governmental reliance and political disempowerment. Sharon Zukin explains that through these reasons, society rationalizes the term "bad neighborhoods." Zukin stresses that these circumstances are largely related to "racial concentration, residential abandonment, and de-constitution and reconstitution of communal institutions." Many scholars diagnose this poorly facilitated and fragmented view of

913-552: A pattern of socioeconomic polarization. Ghettos, in short, instill a cultural adaptation to social and class-based inequalities, reducing the ability of future generations to mobilize or migrate . An alternative theory put forward by Thomas Sowell in Black Rednecks and White Liberals asserts that modern urban black ghetto culture is rooted in the white Cracker culture of the North Britons and Scots-Irish who migrated from

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996-569: A result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities. In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as that of Rome ) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders. During World War II ,

1079-466: A separation between superior and inferior status of groups. In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking , insurance , access to jobs, access to health care , or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of redlining , and

1162-599: A transitional stage – first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of Łódź , persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the Budapest Ghetto and the Theresienstadt Ghetto , existed until the end of the war in 1945. There are many Roma ghettos in

1245-511: Is white , has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different ethnic groups and religious groups . Analysis of data from Census 2001 revealed that only two wards in England and Wales , both in Birmingham , had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where whites were

1328-434: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ukrainian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ghetto A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished than other areas of

1411-512: Is a loanword from Baltic languages "dreguva" meaning ' swamp '), because the Dregoviches used to live in the marshlands . Linguists consider that they are "undoubtedly" related to a South Slavic tribe with a similar name, Drougoubitai . The first known reference to the Dregoviches is in the Primary Chronicle , where they are listed among the 12 tribes. However, there is a reference in

1494-542: Is a suburb of a large city . Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper . For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris area live outside the city of Paris . Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor — Versailles , Le Vésinet , Maisons-Laffitte and Neuilly-sur-Seine are affluent banlieues of Paris , while Clichy-sous-Bois , Bondy and Corbeil-Essonnes are less so. However, since

1577-522: Is dependent upon prejudice and segregationist patterns established in the South prior to World War I, where most African Americans were disenfranchised by the turn of the century and deprived of political power. After the exodus of African Americans to the North during and after World War I, they had to compete with numerous European immigrants; thus, African-Americans were diminished to unskilled jobs. The slow rate of advancement in black communities outlines

1660-645: Is from the Italian Egitto (' Egypt ', from Latin: Aegyptus ), possibly in memory of the exile of the Israelites in Egypt. The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the diaspora . Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of segregated ghettos instituted by

1743-530: Is usually used to refer to areas in developing countries that suffer from absolute poverty , while the term ghetto is used to refer to areas of developed countries that suffer from relative poverty . The word ghetto comes from the Jewish area of Venice , the Venetian Ghetto in Cannaregio (1516–1797). By 1899, the term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. The etymology of

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1826-590: The De Administrando Imperio of Constantine Porphyrogenitus to "δρουγουβίται", "Drougoubitai". Since the reference appears in a passage describing the "Druguvitai" as one of the Slavic peoples who pay tribute to the princes of Kievan Rus' , and they are named alongside the Severians and Krivichians , it was suggested these are the same people as the Dregoviches. By the 12th century, they were assimilated into

1909-656: The Dregovichi , were an East Slavic tribal union. They inhabited the territories along the lower Pripyat River and the northern parts of the right bank of the Dnieper River (more exact extents of the tribe's domain are still unknown). The name of the tribe most probably derives from the Proto-Slavic word "*drъgъva" (found only in Southern Belarusian as "dregva" and Northern Ukrainian as "dragva, dryagva", which

1992-590: The Byelorussian SSR . From 26 June 1941 until 4 July 1944, Klyetsk was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . During the German occupation, a large massacre of local Jews took place in the town on 6 October 1941, with about 4,000 people murdered. The remaining Jews of the area (approximately 2,000 people) were massed in

2075-639: The Duchy of Klieck which was in direct ownership of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in the 14th and 15th century. The hunting horn symbolizes the Radzivil magnate family which owned Klieck since 1588. The horn is an element of the Radzivils' Traby coat of arms . Before the last war, the town's oldest building was the mid-16th-century Trinity cathedral. It was seriously damaged during World War II and eventually blown up by

2158-687: The European Union . The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the Czech Republic . During the period 2010–2021, the word ghetto was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable social housing areas in the country. The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. The term

2241-579: The Final Solution of Nazi Germany . The term ghetto acquired deep cultural meaning in the United States , especially in the context of segregation and civil rights . It has been widely used in the country since the 20th century to refer to poor neighborhoods of largely minority populations. It is also used in some European countries, such as Romania and Slovakia , to refer to poor neighborhoods largely inhabited by Romani people . The term slum

2324-749: The London Borough of Barnet , and the West Indian community of Notting Hill ), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the East End of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant British Bangladeshi populace. In Northern Ireland , towns and cities have long been segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines . The two main communities of Northern Ireland are: Ghettos emerged in Belfast during

2407-462: The Nazis established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of concentration camp to confine Jews and Romani into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler issued

2490-468: The Red Summer because of the widespread racial outbreaks and white attacks on mainly African Americans. Two main factors ensured further separation between races and classes, and ultimately the development of contemporary ghettos: the relocation of industrial enterprises, and the movement of middle to upper class residents into suburban neighborhoods. Between 1967 and 1987, economic restructuring resulted in

2573-418: The intergenerational diffusion of status within families and neighborhoods, for instance, prove the rise in socioeconomic polarization between classes to be the creator of American ghetto; not racism . Furthermore, the culture of poverty theory, first developed by Oscar Lewis , states that a prolonged history of poverty can itself become a cultural obstacle to socioeconomic success, and in turn can continue

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2656-540: The riots that accompanied the Irish War of Independence . For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the 1969 riots and beginning of the " Troubles ." In August 1969 the British Army was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called " peace lines ." Many of the ghettos came under the control of paramilitaries such as

2739-631: The suburbs after World War II. These ethnic ghetto areas included the Lower East Side in Manhattan, New York , which later became notable as predominantly Jewish , and later still as Chinese and Latino. East Harlem was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large Puerto Rican community. Little Italys across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as Pilsen of Chicago and Polish Hill of Pittsburgh . Since

2822-589: The "urban crisis" during the 1970s and 1980s, the transition stressed regional divisions according to differences in income and racial lines—white "donuts" around black holes. Hardly coincidental, the steady separation occurred during the period of civil rights laws, urban riots and Black Power . In addition, the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences stresses the various challenges developed by this "urban crisis", including: [P]oorly underserviced infrastructures, inadequate housing to accommodate

2905-462: The (republican) Provisional Irish Republican Army and the (loyalist terrorist organisation ) Ulster Defence Association . One of the most notable ghettos was Free Derry . The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different waves of immigration and internal urban migration. The Irish and German immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form ethnic enclaves in United States cities. This

2988-571: The 1970s, banlieues increasingly means, in French of France , low-income housing projects ( HLMs ) in which mainly foreign immigrants and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived poverty traps . The existence of ethnic enclaves in the United Kingdom is controversial . Southall Broadway , a predominantly Asian area in Greater London , where less than 12 percent of the population

3071-596: The 19th century, including in 1817, 1845, 1865, and 1886. In 1903 Klyetsk had a total population of about 8,000, of which about 6,000 were Jews. From 1921 until 1939, Klyetsk ( Kleck ) was part of the Second Polish Republic . The town was a parish (gmina) centre in Nieśwież county (powiat) of Nowogródek Voivodeship . On 17 September 1939, Klyetsk was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into

3154-507: The South; to seek out employment opportunities in industrial cities; and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better quality of life in the North and West, such as New York City , Detroit , Cleveland , Chicago , Pittsburgh , Los Angeles , Oakland , Portland , and Seattle . African Americans found they had to struggle with white ethnic groups in Northern and Midwestern cities; many of them more recent European immigrants. Often they were restricted to areas of older and poor housing in

3237-673: The Soviets in the 1950s. Its ruins are still visible, however. Currently, the town's main architectural landmark is the Church of the Resurrection, which was built in the provincial Baroque style in 1683. In Klyetsk, there is the Museum of the History of Kletchina with 10.7 thousand museum items of the main fund. In 2016 it was visited by 12.3 thousand people. Dregoviches The Dregoviches , also called

3320-504: The United States as the "age of extremes." This term argues that inequalities of wealth and power reinforce spatial separation; for example, the growth of gated communities can be interconnected with the continued "ghettoization" of the poor. Another characteristic to African-American or Black ghettos and spatial separation is the dependence on the state, and lack of communal autonomy ; Sharon Zukin refers to Brownsville, Brooklyn , as an example. This relationship between racial ghettos and

3403-486: The ability of black people to move from inner cities to the suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working-class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages ( VA , FHA , Home Owners' Loan Corporation ). These made it easier for families to buy new houses in

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3486-418: The appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc. The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light. The term "ghetto" was controversial during

3569-588: The black middle class. Two dominant theories arise pertaining to the production and development of U.S. ghettos: race-based and class-based; as well as an alternative theory put forward by Thomas Sowell . First are the race-based theorists, who argue the importance of race in ghettos. Their analysis consists of the dominant racial group in the U.S. ( White Anglo-Saxon Protestants ) and their use of certain racist tactics in order to maintain their hegemony over black people and lengthen their spatial separation. Race-based theorists offset other arguments that focus on

3652-508: The city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. Residential segregation was further perpetuated because whites were willing to pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas. Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of suburbanization and decentralization are instances of white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of environmental racism . Following

3735-479: The city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people. The term was originally used for the Venetian Ghetto in Venice, Italy , as early as 1516, to describe the part of the city where Jewish people were restricted to live and thus segregated from other people. However, other early societies may have formed their own versions of

3818-417: The constitution of community-established public housing, anti-poverty organizations, and social service facilities—all, in their own way, depend on state resources. However, certain dependence contradicts society's desires to be autonomous actors in the market. Moreover, Zukin implies, "the less 'autonomous' the community—in its dependence on public schools, public housing and various subsidy programs—the greater

3901-433: The definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021. In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen , announced its intention to "end the existence of parallel societies and ghettos by 2030." A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of integration , including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in

3984-427: The demographics of American ghettos is the prevalence of poverty. Poverty constitutes the separation of ghettos from other, suburbanized or private neighborhoods. The high percentage of poverty partly justifies the difficulty of emigration , which tends to reproduce constraining social opportunities and inequalities in society. The term ghettos has been commonly used for some time, but ghettos were around long before

4067-459: The designated stratum of African-Americans in the labor force was placed even below the working class; low-skill urban jobs were now given to incoming immigrants from Mexico or the Caribbean . Additionally, Zukin notes, "Not only have social services been drastically reduced, punitive and other social controls over the poor have been increased," such as law enforcement and imprisonment. Described as

4150-524: The district of Pinsk . According to tradition, the town originally was located on the opposite bank of the river, on the road leading to Lyakhovichy; but after the destructive fire of 1705 it was rebuilt, at the instance of the governor, on its present site. In 1793, Klyetsk was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Second Partition of Poland . The town was repeatedly destroyed by fire in

4233-457: The emergence of anti-discrimination policies in housing and labor sparked by the civil rights movement , members of the black middle class moved out of the ghetto. The Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968. This was the first federal law that outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and later sex, familial status, and disability. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity

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4316-628: The generally lawless border regions of Britain to the American South, where they formed a redneck culture common to both black and white people in the antebellum South . Characteristics of this culture included lively music and dance, violence, unbridled emotions, flamboyant imagery, illegitimacy, religious oratory marked by strident rhetoric, and a lack of emphasis on education and intellectual interests. Because redneck culture proved counterproductive, "that culture long ago died out...among both white and black Southerners, while still surviving today in

4399-520: The growing grain; the court awarded to Grishko twelve "ruble groschen" damages. A census taken in 1552-55 shows that the Jewish householders lived chiefly on Wilna street, on the Sloboda, and owned gardens in the suburbs. Kletzk is mentioned in the assessment on the Lithuanian communities in 1566, and from its small proportionate assessment it appears that the community was not important at that time. In 1586

4482-451: The inequity between their organizations and the state, and the less willing residents are to organize." This should not, however, undermine local development corporations or social service agencies helping these neighborhoods. The lack of autonomy and growing dependence on the state, especially in a neoliberal economy, remains a key indicator to the production as well as the prevalence of African-American or Black ghettos, particularly due to

4565-484: The influence of the economy on segregation. More contemporary research of race-based theorists is to frame a range of methods conducted by white Americans to "preserve race-based residential inequities" as a function of the dominantly white, state-run government. Involving uneven development, mortgage and business discrimination and disinvestment—U.S. ghettos then, as suggested by race-based theorists, are conserved by distinctly racial reasoning. The more dominant view, on

4648-543: The inner cities. African Americans were disproportionately affected and became either unemployed or underemployed, with little wage and reduced benefits. A concentration of African Americans predominated in some inner city neighborhoods. It is also significant to compare the demographic patterns between black people and European immigrants, according to the labor market . European immigrants and African Americans were both subject to an ethnic division of labor. Because of discrimination, African Americans were often restricted to

4731-532: The lack of opportunities to compete in the global market. The concept of the ghetto and underclass has faced criticism both theoretically and empirically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time. This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income or racial minority populations. The cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods has more to do with dynamics outside of

4814-551: The late 20th century, Brighton Beach in Brooklyn has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the Soviet Union lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall. A commonly used definition of a ghetto is a community distinguished by a homogeneous race or ethnicity . Additionally, a key feature that developed throughout the post-industrial era and continues to symbolize

4897-515: The later half of the twentieth century, "eventually expressing this distance by literally moving away." This is followed by the exodus of black working-class families. As a result, the ghetto becomes primarily occupied by what sociologists and journalists of the 1980s and 1990s frequently title the " underclass ." William Julius Wilson suggests this exodus worsened the isolation of the black underclass — not only were they socially and physically distanced from whites, they also became isolated from

4980-469: The least secure division of the labor market. David Ward refers to this stagnant position in African-American or Black ghettos as the 'elevator' model, which implies that each group of immigrants or migrants takes turns in the processes of social mobility and suburbanization; and several groups did not start on the ground floor. The inability of black people to move from the ground floor, as Ward suggests,

5063-456: The liberation of Klyetsk by the Red Army on 4 July 1944, the town resumed its status as a part of the Byelorussian SSR . Since 1991, it has been a part of the independent Republic of Belarus . The coat of arms of the town of Klyetsk in Minsk Region , Belarus , was officially adopted in its current version in 1999. The ducal crown symbolizes the special status Klieck had as the centre of

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5146-607: The main East Slavic peoples . The chronicles do not tell historians much about the Dregoviches. We only know that they had their own princely rule in the city of Turov . In the 10th century, the lands of the Dregoviches became a part of Kievan Rus and later the Turov Principality . The northwestern part of the land of the Dregoviches became a part of the Polotsk Principality . This article about Belarusian history

5229-476: The most common use of the term, refers to mortgage discrimination . Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by non-black people to exclude black people from outside neighborhoods. The "Racial" Provisions of the FHA Underwriting Manual of 1936 included the following guidelines which exacerbated

5312-581: The new cities where they settled. The social disruption and economic competition following World War I, as veterans returned to the US, resulted in an outbreak of racial violence of whites against blacks in many of these Northern cities, such as Chicago, Omaha; Washington, DC, and others. Southern industrial cities were also affected. Such racist attacks were extremely violent, in some cases they included burning or bombing homes of African Americans; many innocent blacks were killed. African-American leaders described 1919 as

5395-499: The only "'authentic' black culture and even glamorize it" while they "denounce any criticism of the ghetto lifestyle or any attempt to change it." Sowell asserts that white liberal Americans have perpetuated this "counterproductive and self-destructive lifestyle" among black Americans living in urban ghettos through "the welfare state, and look-the-other-way policing, and smiling at 'gangsta rap'." Contemporary African-American or Black ghettos are characterized by an overrepresentation of

5478-440: The other hand, is represented by class-based theorists. Such theories confirm class to be more important than race in the structuring of U.S. ghettos. Although racial concentration is a key signifier for ghettos, class-based theorists emphasize the role and impact of broader societal structures in the creation of African-American or Black ghettos. Dynamics of low-wage service and unemployment triggered from deindustrialization , and

5561-404: The period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term. In June 2019 a new social democratic government

5644-401: The poorest and worst of the urban black ghettos", which Sowell described as being characterized by "brawling, braggadocio, self-indulgence, [and] disregard of the future", and where "belligerence is considered being manly and crudity is considered cool, while being civilized is regarded as 'acting white'." Sowell blames liberal Americans who since the 1960s have embraced black ghetto culture as

5727-544: The rigidity of the labor market, competition and conflict, adding another dimension to the prevalence of poverty and social instability in African-American or Black ghettos. In the years following World War II, many white Americans began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as white flight . White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods. Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted

5810-516: The same structure; words resembling ghetto in meaning appear in Hebrew , Yiddish , Italian , Germanic , Polish (since Poland's Warsaw had/has a sizable of Jewish minorities fleeing pogroms.), Corsican, Old French , and Latin . During the Holocaust , more than 1,000 Nazi ghettos were established to hold the Jewish populations of Europe , with the goal of exploiting and killing European Jews as part of

5893-433: The segregation issue: Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups. This meant that ethnic minorities could secure mortgage loans only in certain areas, and it resulted in

5976-483: The state is demonstrated through various push and pull features, implemented through government subsidized investments, which certainly assisted the movement of white Americans into the suburbs after World War II . Since the 1960s, after the de-constitution of the inner cities, African-American or Black ghettos have attempted to reorganize or reconstitute; in effect, they are increasingly regarded as public- and state-dependent communities. Brownsville, for instance, initiated

6059-415: The suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities. The United States began restructuring its economy after World War II, fueled by new globalizing processes, and demonstrated through technological advances and improvements in efficiency. The structural shift of 1973, during the post-Fordist era, became a large component to the racial ghetto and its relationship with the labor market. Sharon Zukin declares

6142-486: The surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is Di yidishe gas ( Yiddish : די ייִדישע גאַס ), or 'The Jewish street'. Many European and Middle Eastern cities once had a historical Jewish quarter. Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As

6225-457: The term was coined. Urban areas in the U.S. can often be classified as "black" or "white", with the inhabitants primarily belonging to a homogenous racial grouping. This classification can be traced back as early as the year 1880 as African Americans were living in their own neighborhoods. Sixty years after the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, most of the United States remains

6308-476: The town became the capital of Radziwiłł's ordynacja , which sparked the gradual development of the town into a regional centre of commerce. By the end of the following century the number of Jews grew significantly; the town was also one of the notable centre of Calvinism , sponsored by the Radziwiłł family. The first rabbi of Kletzk was Judah ben Löb, who also had under his jurisdiction the community of Mechit . He

6391-524: The town from being pillaged. Soon afterwards, the town became a property of the Radziwiłł magnate family, who started to attract Jewish settlers to the area. The earliest known mention of the local Jewish community is a document dated 5 September 1522, issued by King Sigismund I the Old of Poland. In it, the monarch awarded for three years to Isaac Jesofovitch, a Jew of Brest , for the sum of 300 times sixty grosz

6474-508: The word is uncertain, as there is no agreement among etymologists about the origins of the Venetian language term as it pertains to a neighborhood. One theory of the word can be traced to a special use of the Venetian ghèto , meaning ' foundry ' (there was one near the site of that city's ghetto when it was founded in 1516). According to various other theories it comes from: Another possibility

6557-465: Was charged with administering and enforcing the law. Since housing discrimination became illegal, new housing opportunities were made available to the black community and many left the ghetto. Urban sociologists frequently title this historical event as "black middle class exodus", or black flight . Elijah Anderson describes a process by which members of the black middle class begin to distance themselves socially and culturally from ghetto residents during

6640-483: Was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in 2021. In 2010, the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called Ghettolisten (the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in

6723-520: Was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many Italians and Poles and Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time. Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families were able to relocate to newer housing built in

6806-470: Was formed in Denmark, with Kaare Dybvad becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory. In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was instituted. In France , a banlieue ( French: [bɑ̃ljø] )

6889-411: Was succeeded by Michael ben Meïr Eisenstadt, who in turn was followed, about 1762, by his son Moses Eisenstadt (died 25 October 1795). According to a local legend, the philosopher Salomon Maimon had lived there for several years, and was intimate with Moses Eisenstadt. Until 1623 the town was a part of the powiat of Brześć ; after that date it was transferred, together with the neighbouring towns, to

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