Kizema ( Russian : Кизема ) is a rural locality (a settlement ) in Ustyansky District , Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia, about 700 km northeast of Moscow . The population was 2,968 as of 2010. There are 50 streets.
63-612: Kizema is located on the Kizema River, about 440 km southwest of the oblast capital Arkhangelsk . The nearest cities are Kotlas , 100 km to the west; and Velsk , 100 km to the east. The land around it is very flat, and covered with forest. Being close to the Arctic, the climate here is boreal. The average temperature is -1 °C, with the warmest at 17 °C in July, and the coldest at -18 °C in January. Due to
126-496: A Sunni school of thought, Abu Hanifa , was a Kufan who had supported the Zaydi Revolt in the 730s; and his jurisprudence was systematised and defended against non-Iraqi rivals (starting with Malikism ) by other Kufans, such as al-Shaybani . Shirazi 's " Tabaqat ", which Hallaq labels "an important early biographical work dedicated to jurists", covered 84 "towering figures" of Islamic jurisprudence; to which Kufa provided 20. It
189-472: A municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug . For administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs: Arkhangelsk is the final destination of Northern Railway . In addition, the city is host to two airports, Vaskovo Airport and Talagi Airport where they host the 2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division and Smartavia Airline, respectively. M8 highway provides
252-466: A subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), mildly warm summers. More extreme climates at this high latitude - such as Fairbanks, Alaska or Oymyakon , Sakha Republic - have much colder winters than Arkhangelsk, indicating that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean. Snowfall during winter
315-507: A building permit, the structure deteriorated while Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by local authorities as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009. On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009. The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes: An airstrip in Arkhangelsk
378-568: A century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam . The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hirah ). (The other three were al-Anbari (from Anbar ), al-Makki (from Mecca ) and al-Madani (from Medina )). Ibn al-Nadim (died c. 999 ) the author of the famous Kitab al-Fihrist , an index of Arabic books, dedicates
441-448: A direct link to Moscow , Yaroslavl and Severodvinsk , the administrative center of the oblast. Local public transit is provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas . Until 2004 there were also trams , and until 2008, trolleybuses [ ru ] . Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University and Arkhangelsk State Technical University which merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form
504-508: A lesser extent Syria , in Iraq there was no unbroken Muslim or Ishmaelite population dating back to the prophet Muhammad 's time. Therefore, Maliki (and Awza'i ) appeals to the practice amal () of the community could not apply. Instead the people of Iraq relied upon those Companions of Muhammad who settled there, and upon such factions from the Hijaz whom they respected most. A primary founder of
567-422: A pioneer in the science of judicial precedent. Additionally, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir and his son Jafar al-Sadiq made decisions from Medina that contributed to the law of Kufa; and to this day Shi‘ite law follows their example. Imam Abu Hanifa too learnt from al-Baqir and especially al-Sadiq. As a result, while Hanafi school is doctrinally Sunni, in practical terms Hanafi law is closer to Imami law than either
630-593: A port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded Saint Petersburg in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north. In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for
693-548: A railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army . The White Army was supported by an Allied intervention in which British, French, Italian, and American troops helped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant General Frederick Poole , suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support,
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#1732870159317756-546: A rebellion among Kufans and they turned to Muhammad 's grandson Husayn for help and leadership. Yazid appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Governor to put down the rebellion, and kill Husayn if he did not acknowledge his Caliphate, culminating in the Battle of Karbala . There was a period of relative calm during the short reign of Al-Mukhtar 's rulership, and the Umayyad-era Governorship of Al-Hajjaj . In 749,
819-530: A rival history, which became popular under Abbasid rule. This history does not survive but later historians like Tabari quoted from it extensively. Kufa is also where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language . As the scholar al-Qalqashandi maintained, "The Arabic script [ khatt ] is the one which is now known as Kufic. From it evolved all the present hands." The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about
882-530: A strip of land in Kufa, in 640. In the 640s, the Kufan commons were agitated that Umar's governor was distributing the spoils of war unfairly. In 642 ʻUmar summoned Saʻd to Medina with his accusers. Despite finding Sa'd to be innocent, Umar deposed him to avert ill feelings. At first, Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir and secondly Basra's first Governor Abū Mūsā al-Ashʻarī ; but the Kufan instigators accepted neither. ʻUmar and
945-571: A stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established a monastery dedicated to Archangel Michael in the estuary of the Northern Dvina . The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory , located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where
1008-478: Is a city in Iraq , about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad , and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf . It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River . The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Currently, Kufa and Najaf are joined into a single urban area that is mostly commonly known to the outside world as 'Najaf'. Along with Samarra , Karbala , Kadhimiya and Najaf , Kufa
1071-526: Is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia , the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity. Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as evidence of
1134-460: Is heavy, while summers are very rainy. Precipitation is very reliable year round. According to the 2021 Census , Arkhangelsk has a population of 301,199 people, which makes it the 68th largest city in Russia. In the 2010 Census , the following ethnic groups were listed: Bandy is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia. Vodnik , the local team, nine times became
1197-485: Is located on the banks of the Euphrates River . It is 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad , and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf . The town has produced several Shi'ite Muslim scholars . It also contains several sites of importance to Shi'ites: Kufa is home to Al-Kufa SC , that plays in the second division of the Iraqi football league system, namely Iraqi Premier Division League . Its home stadium
1260-459: Is named for the city. After the Arabian hegemony and the fall of Persian Empire, and its geographic proximity to the imperial capital, Ctesiphon) at Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah in 636, Kufa was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra . Kufa and Basra were the two amsar (garrison cities) of Iraq, serving as military bases and administrative centers. The Companion of
1323-547: Is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah ) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab , and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph , Ali ibn Abi Talib . Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate . During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa . Kufic script
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#17328701593171386-568: Is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport . As of the 2021 Census , the city's population was 301,199. The arms of the city display the Archangel Michael in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return. Vikings knew
1449-560: Is to the other schools of jurisprudence i.e. of Malik , Shafi‘i , and Ibn Hanbal . Kufa was also among the first centers of Qur'anic interpretation , which Kufans credited to the exegete Mujahid (until he escaped to Mecca in 702). It further recorded general traditions as Hadith ; in the 9th century, Yahya ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Himmani compiled many of these into a Musnad . Given Kufa's opposition to Damascus , Kufan traditionists had their own take on Umayyad history. The historian Abu Mikhnaf al-Azdi (d. 774) compiled their accounts into
1512-589: The Abbasids under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba took Kufa and made it their capital. In 762, they moved their seat to Baghdad . Under the Umayyad and early Abbasid decades, Kufa's importance gradually shifted from caliphal politics to Islamic theory and practice. The city was sacked by the Qarmatians in 905, 924, and 927 , and it never fully recovered from the destruction. Wael Hallaq notes that by contrast with Medina and to
1575-729: The Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of the Novgorod Republic . Three English ships the Bona Esperanza , Edward Bonaventure , and Bona Confidentia set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the Edward Bonaventure ended up in the White Sea at Nyonoksa , eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where
1638-728: The Northern (Arctic) Federal University . Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics. Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914. After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin 's rule,
1701-500: The Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea . The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta . Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg . A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl , and air travel
1764-406: The oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As
1827-405: The 12th century, when Kufa was already long past the peak of its fortunes, but the coins might have arrived at the far north at a much earlier time. Kufa began to come under constant attack in the 11th century and eventually shrank and lost its importance. Over the last century, the population of Kufa began to grow again. It continues to be an important pilgrimage site for Shi'ite Muslims. Kufa
1890-586: The Arabs were continuing their conquest of western Persia under Uthman ibn Abi al-As from Tawwaj , but late in the 640s, these forces suffered setbacks. Uthman in 650 reorganised the Iranian frontier; both Basra and Kufa received new governors ( Sa'id ibn al-'As in Kufa's case), and the east came under Basra's command while north of that remained under Kufa's. The few but noticeable trouble makers in Kufa sought in 654 and had Sa'id deposed and instead showed satisfaction with
1953-556: The Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the bylinas , especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova , these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin , who were both natives of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk experiences
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2016-461: The Governor of Kufa, after Hasan 's A.S migration to Medina, which was a peace treaty which dictated he abdicate his right to caliphate to avoid an open war among Muslims. Some of Hasan's A.S followers, like Hujr ibn Adi , were unhappy with the peace treaty, and did not change their ways according to the edicts of the new Governor. This became increasingly noticeable, since it created a rebellion against
2079-570: The Kufans finally agreed on Al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʻbah . It was also conquered for few years by the Thaqafids dynasty led by Mokhtar Al Thaqafi after conquering Basra and other parts of Iraq. The city was built in a circular plan according to the Partho-Sasanian architecture . Following Umar's death (644), his successor Uthman replaced Mughirah with Al-Walid ibn Uqba in 645. This happened while
2142-595: The Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material of this period. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated. The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in
2205-609: The Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of Al-Hirah , and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. Non-Arabs knew the city under alternate names: Hīrah and Aqulah , before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691. Umar, who assigned the land of the Jews in Arabia to his warriors, ordered the relocation of the Jews of Khaybar to
2268-563: The Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000. Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championship in 1999 and 2003 . The 2011–2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here on March 25, 2012. The 2016 Youth-17 Bandy World Championship was played in Arkhangelsk between January 28 and 31. Arkhangelsk is twinned with: Former twin towns: Kufa Kufa ( Arabic : الْكُوفَة "al-Kūfah" ), also spelled Kufah ,
2331-528: The Soviet Union. During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan ) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at this A-A line , but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow. Arkhangelsk
2394-612: The St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the name St. Nicolas Bay to the sea now known as the White Sea. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, Richard Chancellor . Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers , which began sending ships annually into
2457-531: The a section of the first chapter to calligraphy. He was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state of decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime. Al-Fihrist contains the biographies of many of the grammarian philologists from the school of Kufa and from its rival school of Basra . A third chapter treats of
2520-461: The area around Arkhangelsk as Bjarmaland . Ohthere of Hålogaland told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson , Vikings led by Thorir Hund raided this area in 1027. In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. Most of
2583-522: The beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea . The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk ), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery. Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to
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2646-566: The city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004. In 2008, it was decided that the city's cathedral , dedicated to the Archangel Michael , which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by
2709-447: The cold climate, population density here is very small, at only about 2 people per square kilometer. Kizema was named after the nearby Kizema river, which is a tributary of Utsya. Kizema is from the Sami word for summer. Kizema was established in 1942 as a railway station for Pechora railway, built by prisoners from the surrounding Gulag labor camps. Since 1947 there was a timber factory in
2772-518: The estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s. Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area. In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At
2835-402: The findings comprised a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of Kufan , English, Bohemian , Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research
2898-427: The fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down. In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as
2961-413: The grammarians from both schools. Kufan coins were among the numerous silver coins of various origins found in 1989 by the mouth of Dvina , right next to Arkhangelsk in the extreme north of Russia . The Kufan coins were the only non-European ones in the hoard, and testify to the very wide-ranging indirect trading links which Kufa had at one time. It is estimated the hoard was buried in the beginning of
3024-455: The lumber industry and railway transport. The town has a cultural center, two schools, a kindergarten, two libraries and a hospital. This Arkhangelsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk ( Russian : Архангельск , pronounced [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk] ) is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia . It lies on both banks of
3087-666: The murder of Uthman, factions developed. In an already emotionally charged atmosphere, Muawiyah's refusal to give allegiance to Ali as the Caliph without Ali avenging Uthman first eventually, led to war. While praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , Ali was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam . He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer. Muawiyah I appointed Ziyad ibn Abihi Al
3150-583: The poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920. Arkhangelsk was also the scene of the Mudyug concentration camp. During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk ) of the Arctic convoys bringing supplies in to assist
3213-494: The regional Bishop Tikhon. The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019. Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to each of
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#17328701593173276-665: The return of Abu Musa , which Uthman approved seeking to please all. Kufa remained a source of instigations albeit from a minority. In 656 when the Egyptian instigators, in co-operation with those in Kufa, marched onto the Caliph Uthman in Medina , Abu Musa counselled the instigators to no avail. Upon Uthman's assassination by rebels, governor Abu Musa attempted to restore a non-violent atmosphere in Kufa. The Muslims in Medina and elsewhere supported
3339-538: The right of Ali ibn Abu Talib to the caliphate . In order to manage the military frontiers more efficiently, Ali shifted the capital from Medina to Kufa. The people of Syria and their governor, Muawiyah , who seized the Caliphate for himself and his family by using the confusion caused by the assassination of Caliph Uthman and being disturbed by the brutal assassination of the Caliph Uthman, demanded retribution. As Muawiyah mounted his campaign to hold Ali responsible for
3402-458: The rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 which was soon broken. In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack northern Norway. This was
3465-470: The ruler. However, Ziyad ibn Abihi was an equally keen strategist and politician, and was able to put down all challenges posed by the rebels against his rule. Throughout the Umayyad era, as was the case since the inception of the city by Umar ibn Khattab, there were those among Kufa's inhabitants who were rebellious to their rulers. Yazid I was declared as the Second Umayyad Caliph which led to
3528-505: The three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed. An unusual example of local " vernacular architecture " was the so-called Sutyagin House . This thirteen-story, 44-metre (144 ft) tall residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Sutyagin and his family over fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or
3591-605: The time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors , were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans- Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December 1613, during the Time of Troubles , Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski ( Lisowczyks ), who failed to capture
3654-458: The town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled. Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when
3717-508: The towns of Vonzhuga and Sengoss, and has 3644 inhabitants as of 2012. For a short time, the Russian poet and actor Yuri Vizbor worked as a teacher here after graduation in the 1950s. Till these days Kizema has traditions dedicated to the memory of Yuri Vizbor. Kizame is a railway station on the Konosha - Kotlas line of the Pechora Railway. The most important economic sectors of Kizema are
3780-632: The village. The Kizema settlement council was formed in 1951. In order to develop the forestry of the surrounding areas, the Kizema Narrow-gauge railway was built, which runs south from Kizema. In September of 1959, the village of Kizema was transferred to the Utsyansky district of the Cherevkovsky oblast. Until 2005, Kizema was an urban-type settlement . The following table shows the historical population of Kizema: The municipality of Kizema include
3843-420: Was also the site of Arkhangelsk ITL , or the Arkhangelsk Labour Camp , in the 1930s and 1940s. Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport , now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers . The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries. On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in an explosion at an apartment building in the city. Arkhangelsk is the administrative center of
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#17328701593173906-433: Was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogame Goldeneye 007 . The Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore . Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of
3969-485: Was therefore a center surpassed only by Medina (22), although Basra came close (17). Kufans could claim that the more prominent of Muhammad's Companions had called that city home: not only Ibn Abu Waqqas, Abu Musa , and Ali ; but also Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud , Salman the Persian , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Huzayfa ibn Yaman. Among its jurists prior to Abu Hanifa, Hallaq singles out Sa'id ibn Jubayr , Ibrahim al-Nakha‘i, and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman; and considers Amir al-Sha‘bi
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