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48-463: Kivik is known for its annual market, usually taking place on the third Monday through Wednesday of July each year. It's also known for its abundant production of herring , apples and apple cider , usually sold in large quantities at the market. Kivik is the site of The King's Grave , a Bronze Age circular burial site, at 75 metres in diameter the largest in Sweden. The national park of Stenshuvud

96-570: A fusiform body. Gill rakers in their mouths filter incoming water, trapping any zooplankton and phytoplankton . Atlantic herring are in general fragile. They have large and delicate gill surfaces, and contact with foreign matter can strip away their large scales. They have retreated from many estuaries worldwide due to excess water pollution although in some estuaries that have been cleaned up, herring have returned. The presence of their larvae indicates cleaner and more–oxygenated waters. Atlantic herring can be found on both sides of

144-556: A staple food source since at least 3000 BC. The fish is served numerous ways, and many regional recipes are used: eaten raw, fermented, pickled , or cured by other techniques, such as being smoked as kippers . Herring are very high in the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA . They are a source of vitamin D . Water pollution influences the amount of herring that may be safely consumed. For example, large Baltic herring slightly exceeds recommended limits with respect to PCB and dioxin , although some sources point out that

192-466: A dramatic loss of productivity in the population of autumn-spawning herring that rendered it nearly extinct. Due to this, the autumn-spawning herring were largely replaced by a spring -spawning population, which has since comprised most of the Baltic herring fisheries; this population is also at risk of overfishing. Herrings reach sexual maturity when they are 3 to 5 years old. The life expectancy once mature

240-407: A feeding method also used by adult herring on larger prey items like krill. If prey concentrations reach very high levels, as in microlayers, at fronts, or directly below the surface, herring become filter feeders , driving several meters forward with wide open mouth and far expanded opercula , then closing and cleaning the gill rakers for a few milliseconds. Copepods, the primary zooplankton, are

288-405: A few centimetres. If copepod concentrations reach high levels, schooling herrings adopt a method called ram feeding . In the photo below, herring ram feed on a school of copepods. They swim with their mouths wide open and their operculae fully expanded. The fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of their prey, as indicated in the animation above right. In

336-450: A herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples: The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae (herrings, shads , sardines , menhadens ), which comprises some 200 species that share similar features. These silvery-coloured fish have a single dorsal fin , which is soft, without spines. They have no lateral line and have a protruding lower jaw. Their size varies between subspecies:

384-437: A major item on the forage fish menu. Copepods are typically 1–2 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 32  in) long, with a teardrop-shaped body. Some scientists say they form the largest animal biomass on the planet. Copepods are very alert and evasive. They have large antennae (see photo below left). When they spread their antennae, they can sense the pressure wave from an approaching fish and jump with great speed over

432-626: A school can react very quickly to evade predators. Herring schools keep a certain distance from a moving scuba diver or a cruising predator like a killer whale, forming a vacuole which looks like a doughnut from a spotter plane. The phenomenon of schooling is far from understood, especially the implications on swimming and feeding-energetics. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the function of schooling, such as predator confusion, reduced risk of being found, better orientation, and synchronized hunting. However, schooling has disadvantages such as: oxygen- and food-depletion and excretion buildup in

480-409: A school of herring into a tight bait ball . Different predatory species then use different techniques to pick the fish off in the bait ball. The sailfish raises its sail to make it appear much larger. Swordfish charge at high speed through the bait balls, slashing with their swords to kill or stun prey. They then turn and return to consume their "catch". Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun

528-467: A very precise spatial arrangement that allows the school to maintain a relatively constant cruising speed. Schools from an individual stock generally travel in a triangular pattern between their spawning grounds, e.g. Southern Norway , their feeding grounds ( Iceland ) and their nursery grounds (Northern Norway). Such wide triangular journeys are probably important because feeding herrings cannot distinguish their own offspring. They have excellent hearing, and

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576-401: Is 12 to 16 years. Atlantic herring may have different spawning components within a single stock which spawn during different seasons. They spawn in estuaries, coastal waters or in offshore banks. Fertilization is external, as in most other fish: the female releases between 20,000 and 40,000 eggs and the males simultaneously release masses of milt so that they mix freely in the sea. Once fertilized

624-562: Is a herring in the family Clupeidae . It is one of the most abundant fish species in the world. Atlantic herrings can be found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean , congregating in large schools . They can grow up to 45 centimetres (18 in) in length and weigh up to 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb). They feed on copepods , krill and small fish, while their natural predators are seals , whales , cod and other larger fish. The Atlantic herring fishery has long been an important part of

672-403: Is managed by multiple organizations that work together on the rules and regulations applying to herring. As of 2010 the species was not threatened by overfishing . They are an important bait fish for recreational fishermen. Because of their feeding habits, cruising desire, collective behavior and fragility they survive in very few aquaria worldwide despite their abundance in the ocean. Even

720-587: Is popularly and in cuisine considered distinct from herring. For example, the Swedish dish surströmming is made from Baltic herring. Fisheries for Baltic herring have been at unsustainable levels since the Middle Ages . Around this time, the primary Baltic herring catch consisted of an autumn -spawning population. Cooling in the mid-16th century related to the Little Ice Age , combined with this overfishing , led to

768-459: Is to the south of the village. This article about a location in Skåne County , Sweden is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Herring Herring are various species of forage fish , mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae . Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of

816-514: The Arabian Sea , Indian Ocean , and Bay of Bengal . Herring played an important role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe, and early in the 20th century, their study was fundamental to the development of fisheries science . These oily fish also have a long history as an important food fish , and are often salted , smoked , or pickled . Herring were also known as "silver darlings" in

864-736: The Atlantic herring (the type species) found in the North Atlantic, and the Pacific herring mainly found in the North Pacific. Subspecific divisions have been suggested for both the Atlantic and Pacific herrings, but their biological basis remains unclear. In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of

912-682: The Baltic herring ( Clupea harengus membras ) is small, 14 to 18 cm (about 5.5 to 7 inches); the proper Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus harengus ) can grow to about 46 cm (18 in) and weigh up 700 g (1.5 lb); and Pacific herring grow to about 38 cm (15 in). At least one stock of Atlantic herring spawns in every month of the year. Each spawns at a different time and place (spring, summer, autumn, and winter herrings). Greenland populations spawn in 0–5 metres (0–16 feet) of water, while North Sea (bank) herrings spawn at down to 200 m (660 ft) in autumn. Eggs are laid on

960-536: The North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans , including the Baltic Sea , as well as off the west coast of South America. Three species of Clupea (the type genus of the herring family Clupeidae) are recognised, and comprise about 90% of all herrings captured in fisheries. The most abundant of these species is the Atlantic herring , which comprises over half of all herring capture. Fish called herring are also found in

1008-469: The blue whale , is said to be the largest biomechanical event on Earth. Adult herring are harvested for their flesh and eggs, and they are often used as baitfish . The trade in herring is an important sector of many economies around the world. In Europe, the fish has been called the "silver of the sea", and its trade has been so significant to many countries that it has been regarded as the most commercially important fishery in history. Herring has been

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1056-417: The pelagic zone . Conversely, they are a central prey item or forage fish for higher trophic levels . The reasons for this success are still enigmatic; one speculation attributes their dominance to the huge, extremely fast cruising schools they inhabit. Orca , cod , dolphins , porpoises , sharks , rockfish , seabirds, whales , squid, sea lions , seals , tuna , salmon , and fishermen are among

1104-508: The pelagic zone . Conversely, they are a central prey item or forage fish for higher trophic levels . The reasons for this success are still enigmatic; one speculation attributes their dominance to the huge, extremely fast cruising schools they inhabit. Herring feed on phytoplankton , and as they mature, they start to consume larger organisms. They also feed on zooplankton, tiny animals found in oceanic surface waters , and small fish and fish larvae. Copepods and other tiny crustaceans are

1152-422: The 1 to 1.4 mm diameter eggs sink to the sea bed where their sticky surface adheres to gravel or weed. They mature in 1–3 weeks; in 14–19 °C water it takes 6–8 days, in 7,5 °C it takes 17 days. They will only mature if the water temperature stays below 19 °C. The hatched larvae are 3 to 4 mm long and transparent except for the eyes which have some pigmentation. Herrings are most seen in

1200-1180: The Atlantic Ocean. They range, shoaling and schooling , across North Atlantic waters such as the Gulf of Maine , the Gulf of St Lawrence , the Bay of Fundy , the Labrador Sea , the Davis Straits , the Beaufort Sea , the Denmark Strait , the Norwegian Sea , the North Sea , the Skagerrak , the English Channel , the Celtic Sea , the Irish Sea , the Bay of Biscay and Sea of the Hebrides . Although Atlantic herring are found in

1248-690: The Baltic, copepods of the genus Acartia can be present in large numbers. However, they are small in size with a high escape response, so herring and sprat avoid trying to catch them. These copepods also tend to dwell more in surface waters, whereas herring and sprat, especially during the day, tend to dwell in deeper waters. Predators of herring include seabirds , marine mammals such as dolphins , porpoises , whales , seals , and sea lions , predatory fish such as sharks , billfish , tuna , salmon , striped bass , cod , and halibut . Fishermen also catch and eat herring. The predators often cooperate in groups, using different techniques to panic or herd

1296-527: The North Atlantic Ocean, from the coast of South Carolina until Greenland, and from the Baltic Sea until Novaya Zemlya . In the North Sea people can distinguish four different main populations spawning in different periods: These four populations live outside of the spawn season interchangeably. In their spawn season, each population gathers together on their own spawn grounds. In the past, there

1344-428: The North Atlantic can occupy up to 4.8 cubic kilometres with fish densities between 0.5 and 1.0 fish/cubic metre, equivalent to several million fish in one school. Herring are amongst the most spectacular schoolers ("obligate schoolers" under older terminology). They aggregate in groups that consist of thousands to hundreds of thousands or even millions of individuals. The schools traverse the open oceans. Schools have

1392-554: The United Kingdom. A number of different species, most belonging to the family Clupeidae , are commonly referred to as herrings. The origins of the term "herring" is somewhat unclear, though it may derive from the same source as the Old High German heri meaning a "host, multitude", in reference to the large schools they form. The type genus of the herring family Clupeidae is Clupea . Clupea contains only two species:

1440-409: The air. Some whales lunge feed on bait balls. Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method, where the whale accelerates from below the bait ball to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish. Lunge feeding by rorquals , a family of huge baleen whales that includes

1488-599: The almost endless stream of herring allows a herring to eventually snap up the copepod. A single juvenile herring could never catch a large copepod. Other pelagic prey eaten by herring includes fish eggs, larval snails , diatoms by herring larvae below 20 mm ( 13 ⁄ 16  in), tintinnids by larvae below 45 mm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4  in), molluscan larvae, menhaden larvae, krill , mysids , smaller fishes, pteropods , annelids , Calanus spp., Centropagidae , and Meganyctiphanes norvegica . Herrings, along with Atlantic cod and sprat , are

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1536-477: The animation, juvenile herring hunt the copepods in this synchronised way. The copepods sense with their antennae the pressure wave of an approaching herring and react with a fast escape jump. The length of the jump is fairly constant. The fish align themselves in a grid with this characteristic jump length. A copepod can dart about 80 times before it tires. After a jump, it takes it 60 milliseconds to spread its antennae again, and this time delay becomes its undoing, as

1584-565: The breathing media. The school-array probably gives advantages in energy saving although this is a highly controversial and much debated field. Schools of herring can on calm days sometimes be detected at the surface from more than a mile away by the little waves they form, or from a few meters at night when they trigger bioluminescence in surrounding plankton ("firing"). All underwater recordings show herring constantly cruising reaching speeds up to 108 centimetres (43 in) per second, and much higher escape speeds. The Atlantic herring fishery

1632-477: The cancer-reducing effect of omega-3 fatty acids is statistically stronger than the carcinogenic effect of PCBs and dioxins. The contaminant levels depend on the age of the fish which can be inferred from their size. Baltic herrings larger than 17 cm (6.7 in) may be eaten twice a month, while herrings smaller than 17 cm can be eaten freely. Mercury in fish also influences the amount of fish that women who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant within

1680-419: The economy of New England and the Atlantic provinces of Canada. This is because the fish congregate relatively near to the coast in massive schools, notably in the cold waters of the semi-enclosed Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence . North Atlantic herring schools have been measured up to 4 cubic kilometres (0.96 cu mi) in size, containing an estimated four billion fish. Atlantic herring have

1728-435: The egg layers are too thick they suffer from oxygen depletion and often die, entangled in a maze of mucus . They need substantial water microturbulence, generally provided by wave action or coastal currents . Survival is highest in crevices and behind solid structures, because predators feast on openly exposed eggs. The individual eggs are 1 to 1.4 mm ( 3 ⁄ 64 to 1 ⁄ 16  in) in diameter, depending on

1776-474: The eyes are well pigmented. The rest of the body is nearly transparent, virtually invisible under water and in natural lighting conditions. The dorsal fin forms at 15 to 17 mm ( 19 ⁄ 32 to 21 ⁄ 32  in), the anal fin at about 30 mm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 16  in)—the ventral fins are visible and the tail becomes well forked at 30 to 35 mm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 8  in)— at about 40 mm ( 1 + 9 ⁄ 16  in),

1824-485: The family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring , which is a salmonid ). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called

1872-554: The larva begins to look like a herring. Herring larvae are very slender and can easily be distinguished from all other young fish of their range by the location of the vent, which lies close to the base of the tail; however, distinguishing clupeoids one from another in their early stages requires critical examination, especially telling herring from sprats . At one year, they are about 10 cm (4 in) long, and they first spawn at three years. Herrings consume copepods , arrow worms , pelagic amphipods , mysids , and krill in

1920-412: The most common zooplankton eaten by herring. During daylight, herring stay in the safety of deep water, feeding at the surface only at night when the chance of being seen by predators is less. They swim along with their mouths open, filtering the plankton from the water as it passes through their gills. Young herring mostly hunt copepods individually, by means of "particulate feeding" or "raptorial feeding",

1968-576: The most important commercial species to humans in the Baltic Sea. The analysis of the stomach contents of these fish indicate Atlantic cod is the top predator, preying on the herring and sprat. Sprat are competitive with herring for the same food resources. This is evident in the two species' vertical migration in the Baltic Sea, where they compete for the limited zooplankton available and necessary for their survival. Sprat are highly selective in their diet and eat only zooplankton, while herring are more eclectic, adjusting their diet as they grow in size. In

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2016-609: The next one or two years may safely eat. The herring has played a highly significant role in history both socially and economically. During the Middle Ages, herring prompted the founding of Great Yarmouth and Copenhagen and played a critical role in the medieval development of Amsterdam . In 1274, while on his deathbed at the monastery of Fossanova (south of Rome, Italy), when encouraged to eat something to regain his strength, Thomas Aquinas asked for fresh herring. Baltic herring Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus )

2064-655: The northern waters surrounding the Arctic , they are not considered to be an Arctic species. The small-sized herring in the inner parts of the Baltic Sea , which is also less fatty than the true Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus harengus ), is considered a distinct subspecies, "Baltic herring" ( Clupea harengus membras ), despite the lack of a distinctive genome . The Baltic herring has a specific name in many local languages (Swedish strömming , Finnish silakka , Estonian räim , silk , Livonian siļk , Russian салака, Polish śledź bałtycki , Latvian reņģes , Lithuanian s trimelė ) and

2112-592: The predators of these fishes. Herring's pelagic–prey includes copepods (e.g. Centropagidae , Calanus spp., Acartia spp., Temora spp.), amphipods like Hyperia spp., larval snails , diatoms by larvae below 20 millimetres (0.79 in), peridinians, molluscan larvae, fish eggs, krill like Meganyctiphanes norvegica , mysids , small fishes, menhaden larvae, pteropods , annelids , tintinnids by larvae below 45 millimetres (1.8 in), Haplosphaera, Pseudocalanus . Atlantic herring can school in immense numbers. Radakov estimated herring schools in

2160-471: The sea bed, on rock, stones, gravel, sand or beds of algae . Females may deposit from 20,000 to 40,000 eggs, according to age and size, averaging about 30,000. In sexually mature herring, the genital organs grow before spawning, reaching about one-fifth of its total weight. The eggs sink to the bottom, where they stick in layers or clumps to gravel, seaweed, or stones, by means of their mucous coating, or to any other objects on which they chance to settle. If

2208-441: The shoaling fish. These sharks compact their prey school by swimming around them and splashing the water with their tails, often in pairs or small groups. They then strike them sharply with the upper lobe of their tails to stun them. Spinner sharks charge vertically through the school, spinning on their axes with their mouths open and snapping all around. The sharks' momentum at the end of these spiraling runs often carries them into

2256-457: The size of the parent fish and also on the local race. Incubation time is about 40 days at 3 °C (37 °F), 15 days at 7 °C (45 °F), or 11 days at 10 °C (50 °F). Eggs die at temperatures above 19 °C (66 °F). The larvae are 5 to 6 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 to 1 ⁄ 4  in) long at hatching, with a small yolk sac that is absorbed by the time the larvae reach 10 mm ( 13 ⁄ 32  in). Only

2304-642: Was another, fifth distinct population, the Zuiderzee herring, which spawned in the former Zuiderzee. This population disappeared when the Zuiderzee was drained by the Dutch as part of the larger Zuiderzee Works . Herring-like fish are the most important fish group on the planet. They are also the most populous fish. They are the dominant converter of zooplankton into fish, consuming copepods , arrow worms chaetognatha , pelagic amphipods hyperiidae , mysids and krill in

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