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13-616: Kistin Gorge ( Ingush : Кистий чӀож , romanized:  Kistiy ch'ozh ) or Armkhi Gorge ( Ingush : Ӏарамхий чӀож , romanized:  'Aramkhiy ch'ozh ) is a gorge of the Armkhi River in the Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia . The name of the gorge comes from the historical name of the river Armkhi – Kistinka, which in turn comes from one of the ethnonyms of

26-642: A vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty. In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause". Muusaa Musa vy V . PROG hwuona 2S . DAT telefon telephone jettazh strike. CVsim Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh Musa V .PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike. CVsim It's Musa on

39-613: A written language with an Arabic -based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet , which was later replaced by Cyrillic . The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/ , ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/. The consonants of Ingush are as follows, including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols : Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes. Ingush

52-542: A federal subject of Russia . It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non- Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy. Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered. Ingush became

65-412: Is especially common in the tradition of descriptive linguistics of African languages . In marked nominative languages, where the nominative has case inflection, the accusative is unmarked and also serves as citation form. In these languages, the unmarked accusative/citation form is thus often called 'absolutive'. On the other hand, in certain nominative–accusative languages , it is the accusative which

78-403: Is explicitly marked for case, whereas the nominative is unmarked and serves as citation form. In such situations, the term 'absolutive' is occasionally used to describe the unmarked nominative/citation form. In tripartite languages , both the agent and object of a transitive clause have case forms, ergative and accusative, and the agent of an intransitive clause is the unmarked citation form. It

91-531: Is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galanchoz  [ ru ] (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush. Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax , though it has ergative morphology . The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language shows eight cases: absolutive , ergative , genitive , dative , allative , instrumental , lative and comparative . Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses

104-751: The Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family . There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen. Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in Russia , primarily in the North Caucasian republics of Ingushetia , North Ossetia and Chechnya . Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Belgium , Norway , Turkey and Jordan . Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia ,

117-719: The 19th century, in military reports from the period of the Caucasian War, for example, in the Report of the Commander-in-Chief of the Separate Caucasian Corps, Field Marshal Paskevich-Erivansky, to the head of the main headquarters E.I.V. Adjutant General Chernyshev on the results of a military expedition to Mountainous Ingushetia under the command of Major General Abkhazov dated August 31, 1830. Ingush language Ingush and Chechen , together with Bats , constitute

130-566: The Ingush – Kists . Historically, the area where the gorge is located was called " Kistetia ". It is mentioned in medieval Georgian sources, in particular, in the work of Vakhushti Bagrationi . According to the legends, this road was controlled by the Tsurovs and the Yandievs. They "kept guard there and took tribute for the passage". In Russian documents, the name was first mentioned in the first half of

143-493: The absolutive is the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in addition to being used for the citation form of a noun. It contrasts with the marked ergative case , which marks the subject of a transitive verb. For example, in Basque the noun mutil ' boy ' takes the bare singular article -a both as the subject of the intransitive clause mutila etorri da ( '

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156-493: The boy came ' ) and as the object of the transitive clause Irakasleak mutila ikusi du ( ' the teacher has seen the boy ' ) in which the agent bears the ergative ending -a-k . In a very few cases, a marked absolutive has been reported, including in Nias and Sochiapam Chinantec . Occasionally, the term 'absolutive case' (or also: 'absolute case') is used for the unmarked case form in languages with other alignment types. This

169-431: The phone for you. (After answering the phone.) Absolutive case In grammar , the absolutive case ( abbreviated ABS ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative–accusative languages such as English . In languages with ergative–absolutive alignment ,

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