50-685: Kirti was a Punjabi monthly started by the veteran Ghadarite Santokh Singh in February 1926. It was purely a communist production, subsidized by the Ghadar Party in the United States. Within a few months, Sohan Singh Josh took over as the editor. In 1928, the Communist Party of India tied-Kirti group (also known as the Kirti Kisan Party ) was formed, Kirti became its mouthpiece. Its purpose
100-784: A Sikh ), Hopkinson was required to send detailed and regular reports to the Government of India about the presence of such student radicals as Tarak, and monitor a group of pro-British Sikh informants headed by Bela Singh. With Pandurang Khankhoje ( B.G. Tilak 's emissary), Tarak founded the Indian Independence League. Adhar Laskar arrived from Calcutta with funds sent by Jatin Mukherjee (also known as Bagha Jatin), permitting Tarak to start his journal Free Hindustan in English, as well as its Gurumukhi edition, Swadesh Sevak ('Servants of
150-685: A close group to accompany Raja Mahendra Pratap in his Kabul expedition. In April 1916 the Shiraz-ul-Akhbar of Kabul reproduced a speech by Tarak from a Constantinople paper : it praised the work of the German officers busy training the Ottoman army and the intrepidity and bravery of the Turks. He pointed out that it was Germany and Austria who declared war and not the Allies, and that their reason for doing so
200-859: A farm-worker, he was appointed at the laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley , before enrolling himself as a student. Simultaneously, qualifying as translator and interpreter of the American Civil Administration, he entered the Department of Immigration, Vancouver , in January 1908. There he witnessed the arrival of William C. Hopkinson (1878–1914) of the Calcutta Police Information Service, appointed as Immigration Inspector and interpreter for Hindi, Punjabi and Gurumukhi . During seven long years, until his assassination (by
250-520: A letter published in The Punjabee' asked for a leader to come and help organise Indians in the area in view of the rising revolutionary spirit. Originally they discussed inviting Kumar and then Sardar Ajit Singh . However, when Tarak arrived he suggested inviting Lala Hardayal , whom he knew from his days at Stanford University . Hardayal agreed to work with him setting up the Hindi Association of
300-454: A menace to Asia ? . The foreword of this book was written by the former Chinese Prime Minister Tang Shaoyi . In collaboration with Rash Behari Bose and Herambalal Gupta, he was about to leave on a mission to Moscow, when Tarak was called back to appear in the infamous Hindu German Conspiracy Trial . The all-white jury accused him as "the most dangerous criminal" and it was proposed to withdraw his American citizenship and surrender him to
350-525: A passion by his patriotic speeches. Among young revolutionaries he particularly inspired Nilakantha Brahmachari, Subrahmania Shiva and Chidambaram Pillai . In 1905, he went to Japan to escape persecution by British authorities. However, the Meiji government started cracking down on liberation movements after they renewed a treaty with the British. On 16 July 1907, Tarak reached Seattle . After earning his livelihood as
400-526: A visit to Italy, he wrote " fascism stands for liberty with responsibility and it is opposed to all forms of license. It gives precedence to Duty and Strength, as one finds in the teachings of the Bhagvad Gita ." Disguised as a monk under the name of Tarak Brahmachari, he left for Madras on a lecture tour. After Swami Vivekananda and Bipin Chandra Pal he was the first person in the region who raised such
450-553: Is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the Hindustan Ghadar . Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab. About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The Canadian government decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting
500-520: The 24 Parganas district of West Bengal . Coming from a lower-middle-class family, his father Kalimohan was a clerk at the Central Telegraph Office in Calcutta . Noticing the flair of this brilliant student with the pen, his headmaster encouraged him to appear in an essay contest on the theme of patriotism. Impressed by the quality of the paper by a school boy of sixteen years, one of the judges,
550-573: The British Raj . What is our name? Ghadar. What is our work? Ghadar. Where will be the Revolution? In India. The time will soon come when rifles and blood will take the place of pens and ink." Following the voyage of the Komagata Maru in 1914, a direct challenge to Canadian anti-Indian immigration laws, several thousand Indians resident in the United States sold their business and homes ready to drive
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#1733085347856600-519: The German government. They had a very militant tone, as illustrated by this quote from Harnam Singh: The party rose to prominence in the second decade of the 20th century, and grew in strength owing to Indian discontent over World War I and the lack of political reforms. In 1917 some of their leaders were arrested and put on trial in the Hindu German Conspiracy Trial in which their paper
650-577: The National Woman's Party . With her, he went on an extended tour of Europe. He made Munich his headquarters for his activities. It was there that he founded the India Institute, that awarded scholarships to meritorious Indian students who pursued higher studies in Germany. He maintained a close contact with Sri Aurobindo , and pursued inner spiritual discipline. On his return to the United States, Tarak
700-635: The Stockton Gurdwara located in Stockton, California , whereas the Hindustan Ghadar Party’s headquarters and Hindustan Ghadar newspaper would relocate to be based in nearby Oakland, a suburb of San Francisco , California. Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against
750-481: The University of Pittsburgh , New York University , the University of Washington , the University of Virginia , Howard University , Yale University , the University of Chicago , the University of Michigan , the University of Wisconsin–Madison , American University , and the University of Hawaii at Manoa . Tarak was among those who suffered emotionally from the Partition of India in 1947 and vehemently opposed
800-564: The Afghan state on a firmer basis, one that would act as a link with 350 million Indians, both Hindus and Muslims, as its supporters and helpers. ( Political , p. 304) Tarak returned to California in July 1916. After that he set out for Japan with the project of a vast study on Japanese Expansion and its Significance in World Politics . This study appeared as a book in 1917 with the title, Is Japan
850-658: The August and the succeeding numbers of Free Hindustan from New York. In 1908, Tarak joined the Norwich University , Northfield , Vermont, "a high-class engineering and military establishment, in order to receive military training. He also applied for enlistment (…) in the Vermont National Guard …" Despite his popularity among the students of all ethnic origins, he was rusticated from that institution due to his anti-British activities (such as editing Free Hindustan ). By
900-584: The Barrister P. Mitter, founder of the Anushilan Samiti , asked his associate Satish Chandra Basu to recruit the boy. On passing his Entrance Examination with very high marks, in 1901, Tarak went to Calcutta and got himself admitted to the well-known General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College ) for university studies. In his secret patriotic activity, he found full support from his elder sister Girija. To stir Bengali enthusiasm, commemoration of
950-583: The British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the Indian Independence Movement opposed to Gandhian nonviolence . To carry out other revolutionary activities, "Swadesh Sevak Home" at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle was set-up. Ghadar is a Punjabi and Urdu word derived from Arabic which means "revolt" or "rebellion." It
1000-453: The British from India. The British government respond by passing the , However, Har Dayal had fled to Europe concerned that the U.S. authorities would hand him over to the British. Sohan Singh Bhakna was already in British hands, and the leadership fell to Ram Chandra . Following the entry of Canada into World War I , the organisation was centred in the USA and received substantial funding from
1050-531: The British police. On 30 April 1918, he was sentenced to twenty-two months in prison, which he served at Leavenworth Penitentiary . Efforts by the British government to have him deported to India were rejected. After his release in 1920, Tarak married his long-time friend and benefactress Mary Keatinge Morse . She was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and
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#17330853478561100-648: The British. This uprising, known as the Ghadar Mutiny , was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial . From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the Hindu–German Conspiracy , which led to a sensational trial in San Francisco in 1917. Following the war's conclusion,
1150-541: The Ghadar Party founders and leaders, including Sohan Singh Bhakna , would go on and join the Babbar Akali Movement and would help it in logistics as a party and publishing its own newspaper in the post-World War I era. The early movement was created by revolutionaries who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around
1200-593: The Indian community to retaliate against anti-Indian violence and politics of exclusion. Being a suspect of extracting bribes from the Asian Indian immigrants, Hopkinson used his influence to make Tarak a scapegoat and eventually got him expelled from Canada by the middle of 1908. Leaving Bose, Kumar and Chagan Khairaj Varma (also known as Husain Rahim) in charge of the compatriots' fate, Tarak left Vancouver to better concentrate on
1250-838: The Motherland') by Guran Ditt Kumar who came from Calcutta on 31 October 1907. Free Hindustan has been claimed by Constance Brissenden as "the first South Asian publication in Canada, and one of the first in North America." They were assisted by Professor Surendra Mohan Bose, who was an expert in explosives. Through regular correspondence, personalities like Leo Tolstoy , Henry Hyndman , Shyamji Krishnavarma , and Madame Cama encouraged Tarak in his venture. Described as "community spokesman", he had established Hindustani Association in Vancouver in 1907. Fully conversant with existing laws, Tarak served
1300-529: The Pacific Ocean, which provided the first basis for the Ghadar Party . "Many of the leaders were of other parties and from different parts of India, Hardayal, Ras Bihari Bose, Barakatulah, Seth Husain Rahim, Tarak Nath Das and Vishnu Ganesh Pingley… The Ghadar was the first organized violent bid for freedom after the rising of 1857. Many hundreds paid the price with their lives," wrote Khushwant Singh . In 1914, he
1350-504: The United States, Canada, East Africa, and Asia. The party was built around the weekly paper The Ghadar , which carried the caption on the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an enemy of the British rule). "Wanted brave soldiers", the Ghadar declared, "to stir up rebellion in India. Pay-death; Price-martyrdom; Pension-liberty; Field of battle-India". The ideology of the party was strongly secular. In
1400-537: The United States, who have completed or are about to complete one year of graduate work, and are working towards a degree. There are Tarak Nath Das funds at about a dozen universities in the States. Only the fund at Columbia University, called the Mary Keatinge Das Fund , has a fairly significant amount of money in it and the income is used to fund lectures and conferences on India. Other participatory universities are
1450-628: The achievements of Raja Sitaram Ray , one of the greatest Bengali Hindu heroes, was introduced as a festival, in addition to Shivaji . In the early months of 1906, Bagha Jatin or Jatindra Nath Mukherjee was accompanied by Tarak when the former was invited to preside over the Sitaram Festival at Mohammadpur in Jessore , the ancient capital of Bengal . On this occasion, during a closeted meeting around Jatin were present, in addition to Tarak, Shrish Chandra Sen, Satyendra Sen and Adhar Chandra Laskar: all
1500-587: The areas from Seattle to San Francisco. On reaching Seattle, since its July 1908 issue, Free Hindustan became a more overtly anti-British organ, with a motto from Tarak: "To protest against all tyranny is a service to humanity and the duty of civilization." The Irish revolutionary George Freeman of the NYC-based Gaelic American newspaper was looked upon as the real leader of the anti-British movement, closely connected with two Indians, Samuel L. Joshi and Barakatullah . Invited by Fitzgerald, Tarak issued
1550-596: The editorial board of Kirti and worked as a deputy editor where he wrote several articles on revolution, communism, and dictatorship of the proletariat . He also used Kirti , the newspaper of the Kirti Kisan Party, to promulgate the Naujawan Bharat Sabha's message. Ghadarite The Ghadar Movement or Ghadar Party was an early 20th-century, international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India . Many of
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1600-722: The end of 1909, he returned to Seattle. "A direct appeal to the Sikhs" appeared in the September–October 1909 issue of the Free Hindustan , reproduced by the Swadesh Sevak ; the article ended with : "Coming in contact with free people and institutions of free nations, some of the Sikhs, though laborers in the North American Continent, have assimilated the idea of liberty and trampled the medals of slavery…" In March 1912
1650-688: The entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country. Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to labor unions and the ideas of the radical Industrial Workers of the World or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh gurdwaras and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid. Nationalist sentiments were also building around
1700-457: The four, one after the other, were to leave for higher studies abroad. Nothing was known about the object of this meeting till in 1952 when, during a conversation, Tarak spoke of it. Along with specific higher education, they were to acquire military training and knowledge of explosives. They were especially urged to create a climate of sympathy among people of the free Western countries in favour of India's decision to win freedom. In 1931, following
1750-815: The help of professors like Robert Morss Lovett , Upham Pope, Arthur Rider at UC Berkeley and David Starr Jordan and Stuart of Palo Alto (of Stanford University ), Tarak established the East India Association. He was invited by the International Students' Association as a delegate of the American universities. He had already been informed about the Indo-German Plan and in January 1915, met Virendranath Chattopadhyay in Berlin. For that meeting, Barakatullah and Hardayal also arrived in Berlin. They all formed
1800-727: The leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic, in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from British rule . The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast. The Ghadar Party, initially the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association ,
1850-645: The needs of his compatriots, most of whom were illiterate migrants from the Punjab region. In Millside, near New Westminster , he founded the Swadesh Sevak Home, a boarding school for the children of the Asian Indian immigrants. Apart from that, this school also held evening classes on English and mathematics, and thus helped the immigrants to write letters to their families or to their employers. This also helped them in fostering greater awareness of their duties towards India and their rights in their adopted homeland. There were about two thousand Indians, mostly Sikh, on
1900-681: The party in the United States fractured into a Communist and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948. Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included K. B. Menon , Sohan Singh Bhakna , Mewa Singh Lopoke , Kesar Singh(Vice-President) , Baba Jawala Singh (Vice-chair), Balwant Singh, Santokh Singh, Bhai Parmanand , Vishnu Ganesh Pingle , Bhagwan Singh Gyanee , Har Dayal , Tarak Nath Das , Bhagat Singh Thind , Kartar Singh Sarabha , Udham Singh , Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah , Rai Nawab Khan , Rashbehari Bose , and Gulab Kaur . Although its attempts at overthrowing
1950-626: The process of balkanisation of South Asia till his last day. After forty-six years in exile, he revisited his motherland in 1952, as a visiting professor of the Watumull Foundation. He founded the Vivekananda Society in Calcutta. On 9 September 1952, he presided over the public meeting to celebrate the 37th anniversary of Bagha Jatin's heroic martyrdom, urging the youth to revive the values upheld by his mentor, Jatindâ . He died upon return to
2000-432: The west coast of Canada and North America. The majority worked in agriculture and construction. After an initial setbacks, these Indian farmers succeeded in obtaining a bumper crop of rice in California in the early 1910s, and a good number of them worked on the building of the Western Pacific Railway in California, along with indentured immigrants from China, Japan, Korea , Norway and Italy. Radicals like Tarak mobilised
2050-412: The words of Sohan Singh Bhakna , who later became a major peasant leader of Punjab: "We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism". The first issue of The Ghadar , was published in San Francisco on 1 November 1913. As Kartar Singh Sarabha , one of the founders of the party, wrote in the first issue: "Today there begins 'Ghadar' in foreign lands, but in our country's tongue, a war against
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2100-535: The world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in British India . Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like Har Dayal and Taraknath Das attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas. RasBihari Bose on request from Vishnu Ganesh Pingle , an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up
2150-414: The world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in Astoria, Oregon , and the group would splinter into two factions the first time in 1914, with the Sikh-majority faction known as the “Azad Punjab Ghadar” and the Hindu-majority faction known as the “Hindustan Ghadar.” The Azad Punjab Ghadar Party’s headquarters and anti-colonial newspaper publications headquarters would remain in
2200-438: Was admitted as a Research Fellow at the University of California at Berkeley . Tarak passed his M.A. examination and started his PhD dissertation on International Relationship and International Law, while joining the teaching staff of that university. He later earned his PhD degree from the University of Washington in political science . To have a greater freedom of action, in that year he also acquired American citizenship. With
2250-429: Was an Indian revolutionary and internationalist scholar. He was a pioneering immigrant in the west coast of North America and discussed his plans with Tolstoy , while organising the Asian Indian immigrants in favour of the Indian independence movement. He was a professor of political science at Columbia University and a visiting faculty in several other universities. Tarak was born at Majupara, near Kanchrapara , in
2300-696: Was formed on 15 July 1913 in the United States but before a decision to create headquarter at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco was taken at a meeting in the town of Astoria in the state of Oregon in USA under the leadership of Har Dayal , Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh and Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president. The members of the party were Indian immigrants , largely from Punjab . Many of its members were students at University of California at Berkeley including Dayal, Tarak Nath Das , Maulavi Barkatullah , Harnam Singh Tundilat, Kartar Singh Sarabha and V.G. Pingle . The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in
2350-401: Was jointly appointed as the professor of political science at the Columbia University and a Fellow of the Georgetown University . With his wife, he opened the resourceful Taraknath Das Foundation in 1935, to promote educational activities and to foster cultural relations between the US and Asian countries. Currently, this foundation awards grant money to Indian graduate students studying in
2400-1131: Was quoted. In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government. The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of Punjab , but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after. Although publication such as independence Hindustan and revolution activities of Ghadar Party against British rule continued from 5 wood street San Francisco, place where Ghadar Memorial has been built but Har Dayal one among its founding members severed all connections with revolutionists by its open letter published in March 1919 in Indian newspapers and new Statesman USA, and by writing to British Goveronment for obtaining Amnesty for himself. The party had active members in other countries such as Mexico, Japan, China, Singapore , Thailand , Philippines , Malaya , Indo-China and Eastern and Southern Africa . Tarak Nath Das Taraknath Das (or Tarak Nath Das ; 15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958)
2450-403: Was to outline the basic ideas of revolution and Marxist ideals. According to Santokh Singh, the word Kirti is the exact translation of the word "labourer", a person who does not have any capital and means of production and earns his living by working for others. Similarly Kirti Shreni is the class of people who do not have any capital or means of production. Bhagat Singh was appointed to
2500-477: Was to purify the earth of the brutal atrocities practised on mankind by their enemies, and to save the unfortunate inhabitants of India , Egypt , Persia , Morocco and Africa from the English, French and Russians who had forcibly seized their countries and had reduced them to slavery. Tarak stressed the point that Turkey entered the war not only to defend her own country and to maintain her liberty, but also to put new life into 300 million Muslims, and to establish
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