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60-593: Twenty (20) wards and 106 sub-wards make up the Kinondoni Municipal Council. Kawe and Kinondoni are the two electoral districts that make up the Municipal. The Full Council, which oversees municipal affairs, is made up of 34 members, including 20 councilors who are chosen from each ward, two Members of Parliament (MPs), six women who hold special seats, and six presidential appointees. The Kinondoni Municipal Council has grown to employ 4,161 people in total. Below

120-499: A break in rainfall during mid-season when the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon trough moves poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season; Typical vegetation in these areas ranges from moist seasonal tropical forests to savannahs . When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or summer , precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season

180-413: A brief period from October to December and a longer one from March to May. 1,300 mm of rain falls annually on average. In the mornings, there is about 96% humidity, while in the afternoons, 67%. The southwest monsoon winds, which blow from April to October, and the northeast monsoon winds, which blow from November to March, both have an impact on the overall climate. Dunes and tidal wetlands make up

240-531: A coastline (including islands) that stretches along the Indian Ocean for around 143 kilometers. There are around 2,978 fishermen and 501 fishing boats in total. 3,995.86 tonnes of fish are thought to be caught annually. There are approximately six (6) landing sites, but only three of them—Msasani, Kunduchi, and Ununio—are protected. About six (6) Beach Management Units (BMUs) are present. Msasani, Kawe, Mbweni, Maputo, Kunduchi, and Ununio are among them. Additionally,

300-408: A number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.' The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality, and it changes significantly with time. In municipalities which have a well-developed waste recycling system,

360-418: A worldwide online registry of unwanted items that would otherwise be thrown away, for individuals and nonprofits to reuse or recycle. Therefore, this free Internet-based service reduces landfill pollution and promotes the gift economy . Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After

420-466: Is 15 kilometers off Bagamoyo Road. In the 1990s, it was transformed into Pande Game Reserve. Numerous wild animal species, including monkeys, birds, and others, can be found in the forest. Numerous small towns, including Mpiji Magohe, Mpopo, Mabwepande, and Msumi, surround the forest. The mangrove forest surrounding the river estuaries and the beach of the Indian Ocean offers the city an ecology, and its greenery offers good scenery and tourist attractions like

480-478: Is a list of the wards in Kinondoni District: Climate-wise, Kinondoni Municipality has a tropical equatorial climate. The district is typically warm and humid with an annual average temperature of 29 °C. The drier months of October through March are the warmest, whereas May through August are comparatively moderate with temperatures about 25 °C. There are two distinct rainy seasons :

540-500: Is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves and vegetation grows significantly due to the wet season supplementing flora, leading to crop yields late in the season. Floods and rains cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients are washed away and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for

600-520: Is currently 110,000 meters worth of storm water drains in the network as it stands. Residents of Kinondoni receive their water primarily from the Lower and Upper Ruvu , which are overseen by the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA).81% of the water used daily comes from DAWASA systems, with the other 45% coming from deep wells that are both privately and collectively owned. The water scheme owned by

660-478: Is expected to rise to 3,881 per square kilometer. 68.3% of Tandale and Kigogo residents who make up 6% of the Municipal population overall are forced to live in unplanned areas . Mabwepande makes up 3% of the Municipal population, whereas Mbweni Ward has 1% of it. There are 161 pre-primary schools in Kinondoni Municipal Council, of which 78 are owned by the government and 83 by the private sector. Municipal also contains 163 primary schools, of which 79 are owned by

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720-614: Is no single approach that can be applied to the management of all waste streams, therefore the Environmental Protection Agency , a U.S. federal government agency, developed a hierarchy ranking strategy for municipal solid waste. The waste management hierarchy is made up of four levels ordered from most preferred to least preferred methods based on their environmental soundness: Source reduction and reuse; recycling or composting; energy recovery ; treatment and disposal. The functional element of collection includes not only

780-403: Is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of groundwater . In recent years, environmental organizations, such as Freegle or The Freecycle Network , have been gaining popularity for their online reuse networks. These networks provide

840-691: Is performed by the municipality within a given area. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing. Waste can be classified in several ways, but the following list represents a typical classification: For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles. The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling , composting , disposal , and waste-to-energy via incineration. There

900-585: Is that the tropics represent a ' Garden of Eden ', a heaven on Earth, a land of rich biodiversity or a tropical paradise. The alternative is that the tropics consist of wild, unconquerable nature. The latter view was often discussed in old Western literature more so than the first. Evidence suggests over time that the view of the tropics as such in popular literature has been supplanted by more well-rounded and sophisticated interpretations. Western scholars tried to theorise why tropical areas were relatively more inhospitable to human civilisations than colder regions of

960-589: The Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Perú . The climate is changing in the tropics, as it is in the rest of the world. The effects of steadily rising concentrations of greenhouse gases on the climate may be less obvious to tropical residents, however, because they are overlain by considerable natural variability. Much of this variability is driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) . The Tropics has warmed by 0.7–0.8 °C over

1020-799: The Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve 's islands. The original inhabitants of Kinondoni District were the Zaramo and Ndengereko minority, but due to recent urbanization the district has become one of the most multi-ethnic in Tanzania. The 2002 Tanzanian National Census showed that the population of Kinondoni was 1,083,913. The census of 2012 showed that the population of Kinondoni was 1,775,049: 914,247 female and 860,802 male. There are 446,504 households in Kinondoni with an average of 4 people per household. In 2012, 2,896 people were living there per square kilometer. By 2018, that number

1080-591: The Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve . Both natural and man-made forests exist in Kinondoni. Old-growth forests consists of lowland vegetation with sporadic dominant trees, bushes, tall grasses, and mangrove forests, particularly near the shore and river estuaries, whereas man-made forests are composed of trees that have been planted by the National forest department and are overseen by Kinondoni ward governments. The Pande Forest in Mabwepade ward, which has 3,030 acres of land and

1140-703: The Pantropic . The system of biogeographic realms differs somewhat; the Neotropical realm includes both the Neotropics and temperate South America, and the Paleotropics correspond to the Afrotropical , Indomalayan , Oceanian , and tropical Australasian realms . Flora are plants found in a specific region at a specific time. Some well-known plants that are exclusively found in, originate from, or are often associated with

1200-522: The Resource Conservation Recovery Act , such as requiring liners and groundwater monitoring. This is because landfills pose the threat of pollution and can contaminate groundwater. The signs of pollution are effectively masked by disposal companies, and it is often hard to see any evidence. Usually, landfills are surrounded by large walls or fences hiding the mounds of debris. Large amounts of chemical odor eliminating agent are sprayed in

1260-653: The United States and rubbish in Britain , is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. " Garbage " can also refer specifically to food waste , as in a garbage disposal ; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from

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1320-570: The Waterberg Biosphere of South Africa , and eastern Madagascar rainforests. Often the soils of tropical forests are low in nutrient content, making them quite vulnerable to slash-and-burn deforestation techniques, which are sometimes an element of shifting cultivation agricultural systems. In biogeography , the tropics are divided into Paleotropics (Africa, Asia and Australia) and Neotropics (Caribbean, Central America, and South America). Together, they are sometimes referred to as

1380-696: The axial tilt of the Earth . The Tropic of Cancer is the Northernmost latitude from which the Sun can ever be seen directly overhead , and the Tropic of Capricorn is the Southernmost. This means that the tropical zone includes everywhere on Earth which is a subsolar point at least once during the solar year . Thus the maximum latitudes of the tropics have equal distances from the equator on either side. Likewise, they approximate

1440-797: The tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone ). Due to the overhead sun, the tropics receive the most solar energy over the course of the year, and consequently have the highest temperatures on the planet. Even when not directly overhead, the sun is still close to overhead throughout the year, therefore the tropics also have the lowest seasonal variation on the planet; "winter" and "summer" lose their contrast. Instead, seasons are more commonly divided by precipitation variations than by temperature variations. The tropics maintain wide diversity of local climates, such as rain forests , monsoons , savannahs , deserts , and high altitude snow-capped mountains . The word "tropical" can specifically refer to certain kinds of weather , rather than to

1500-557: The Dar es Salaam Region like the Pwani Region, which is a major food production region. Kinondini does still have urban farmers that grow vegetables like matembele ( Sweet potato leaves ), spices , fruit , coconuts and ornamental plants for both food and income. The district is home to several local food markets, and even a school, the Malolo Agricultural Training Center. The Kinondoni Municipal Council has

1560-520: The Municipality is home to around seven fishing associations in Msasani, Kunduchi, Kawe Ununio, and Mbweni. There are about 60 fish ponds here. Freshwater fish like Oreochromis Niloticus and catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) are the two most often farmed fish species. There are roughly 120 fish butchers spread throughout Kinondoni's many neighborhoods. 22 fisheries stakeholders are additionally involved in

1620-810: The Municipality. Some loan facilities established by the Kinondoni Municipal Council are geared toward women and young people. These include the Women Development Funds (WDF), the Village Community Bank (VICOBA), and the Kinondoni Youth Employment Network for Urban Renewal (K-YEN-UR). Both individuals and groups are given the credits. One of the Municipal Councils in the city draws a lot of immigrants from poorer regions like Mtwara Region and Kigoma Region who come to Kinondoni in quest of work and trading opportunities. Due to

1680-580: The Northern Hemisphere. A popular explanation focused on the differences in climate. Tropical jungles and rainforests have much more humid and hotter weather than colder and drier temperaments of the Northern Hemisphere, giving to a more diverse biosphere. This theme led some scholars to suggest that humid hot climates correlate to human populations lacking control over nature e.g. 'the wild Amazonian rainforests'. Solid waste Municipal solid waste ( MSW ), commonly known as trash or garbage in

1740-455: The air surrounding landfills to hide the evidence of the rotting waste inside the plant. Municipal solid waste produces enormous amounts of methane , a potent greenhouse gas . However, nearly 90% of these methane emissions could be avoided with existing technologies. In particular, municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy because of the lipid content present within it. A lot of MSW products can be converted into clean energy if

1800-399: The angle of the Earth's axial tilt. This angle is not perfectly fixed, mainly due to the influence of the moon, but the limits of the tropics are a geographic convention, and their variance from the true latitudes is very small. Many tropical areas have both a dry and a wet season. The wet season , rainy season or green season is the time of year, ranging from one or more months when most of

1860-455: The average annual rainfall in a region falls. Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and subtropics , some even in temperate regions. Under the Köppen climate classification , for tropical climates , a wet-season month is defined as one or more months where average precipitation is 60 mm (2.4 in) or more. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons see

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1920-646: The coastal plain into a succession of steep-sided U-shaped valleys that end in cracks and mangrove swamps before reaching the Indian Ocean. Silt Clay soils that are laden with clay materials typically have poor drainage and are found in valleys. Rivers in Kinondoni District include the Mbezi, Tegeta, Nyakasangwe and Mpiji Rivers. Islands in Kigamboni Include Mbudya Island , Pangavini Island , Fungu Yasini Island and Bongoyo Island which are part of

1980-405: The commercial sector both provide cesspit emptying services. Kinondoni being one of the most urbanized districts in the country, only 0.18% of the total yearly food requirement is met by the 466.74 tons of food crops that agriculture produces for the Municipality. The actual amount of food consumed is 255,064.38 tons, but there are no food shortages because food crops are grown in areas outside of

2040-764: The council, 27 of which are held by the government. The other 161 are privately operated. The largest hospital is the Kinondoni Municipal Hospital in Mabwepande. Kunduchi and Wazo both have 3 public health centers making them have the most in the district. Magomeni, Makumbusho, and Kinondoni have no Public health centers as of 2018. There are over 350 registered arts organizations, which include performing arts like choirs, jazz bands , brass bands, Bongo Flava , traditional dance, and drama as well as fine arts like handicraft, painting, and sculpture. There are approximately 98 film producers/dealers and everyone working in

2100-412: The current disposal site, which is located about 35 kilometers from Kinondoni's center and requires a round-trip distance of about 70 kilometers. Contractors, community organizations, and non-profits are among the private sector entities that possess additional trucks. Between 1948 and 1950, most of Dar es Salaam's public sewage facilities were built. The sole sewer system built after independence (1961)

2160-403: The disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost , or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill

2220-439: The export and import of fisheries goods. The most frequently imported species include tilapia and catfish, and the most often exported species include octopus , squid , and crustaceans (crabs, prawns, and lobsters). The National Bank of Commerce (NBC), National Micro Finance Bank (NMB), Tanzania Postal Bank, Akiba Commercial Bank, Access Bank, Azania Bank, and Efatha Bank Ltd. are the main financial institutions with services in

2280-1046: The film industry needs to apply for a permit from the Municipal Censorship Board, Regional Censorship Board, or Central Censorship Board. There are five sports organizations and roughly 256 sports clubs. The majority of local clubs that participate in regular practice sessions, local matches, or competitions are football and jogging clubs. Favorite football teams include Green Warriors 94 kJ FC (First Division League), Ukwamani FC, Kumbukumbu FC, Red Coast FC, Mbudya FC, Bira FC, New Life FC, and Kijitonyama FC (Third Division League), as well as Kinondoni Municipal Council Football Club (KMC-FC), which has qualified to compete in Tanzania Vodacom Premier League 2018/19. The Kinondoni Football Association (KIFA), Kinondoni Netball Association (CHANEKI), Kinondoni Jogging Association (KIJA), Kinondoni District Basketball Association, and Kinondoni District Referees Association are

2340-617: The first form V will be enrolled in 2 out of 27 community schools and 20 out of 57 private secondary schools that are at an Advanced Level. 25 Community Secondary Schools combined had 25,305 students in grades I through IV and 944 teachers. 13,990 students in grades I through VI are enrolled in private schools, together with 2,116 teachers. The Open University of Tanzania , The Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, The International Medical and Technological University (IMTU), Tumaini University , Ardhi University and The EASTC are all located in Kinondoni. There are currently 188 health institutions in

2400-506: The five sporting organizations. Tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator , where the sun may shine directly overhead . This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's axial tilt ; the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as

2460-449: The gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses

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2520-456: The geographic region; these usages ought not be confused. The Earth's axial tilt is currently around 23.4° , and therefore so are the latitudes of the tropical circles , marking the boundary of the tropics: specifically, ±23°26′09.8″ (or 23.43605°). The northern one is called the Tropic of Cancer , and the southern is the Tropic of Capricorn . As the Earth's axial tilt changes, so too do

2580-488: The government and 84 by the private sector. From Pre-Primary to Primary Level, there are 86,672 students enrolled in all 77 Government Primary Schools, together with 1975 teachers. There are also 34,170 students enrolled in private schools . There are currently 83 secondary schools in the Municipal Council, of which 26 are registered community secondary schools and 57 are privately operated. Additionally, by July 2019,

2640-640: The lack of employment prospects, the majority of these people engage in petty trade, primarily with vendors of fresh and dry foods, secondhand clothing, bags, shoes, and produce. They operate outside the laws and health norms of the Kinondoni Municipal Council on the pavements of buildings along the sides of the road, as well as in unauthorized stalls and kiosks. According to the Kinondoni Municipality's informal sector survey from 1995 to 1996, there were 325,869 persons working there. In 2000/2001, one out of every three households participated in an activity in

2700-955: The last century—only slightly less than the global average—but a strong El Niño made 1998 the warmest year in most areas, with no significant warming since. Climate models predict a further 1–2 °C warming by 2050 and 1–4 °C by 2100. Tropical plants and animals are those species native to the tropics. Tropical ecosystems may consist of tropical rainforests , seasonal tropical forests , dry (often deciduous) forests , spiny forests, deserts , savannahs, grasslands and other habitat types. There are often wide areas of biodiversity , and species endemism present, particularly in rainforests and seasonal forests. Some examples of important biodiversity and high-endemism ecosystems are El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico , Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests, Amazon Rainforest territories of several South American countries, Madagascar dry deciduous forests ,

2760-543: The lipid content can be accessed and utilized. Several technologies have been developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis , gasification , and plasma arc gasification . While older waste incineration plants emitted a lot of pollutants, recent regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced this concern. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations in 1995 and 2000 under

2820-459: The movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source of collection. The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include kerbside collection, drop-off, and buy-back centres. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at

2880-409: The municipality and run by the water committee and community-owned water supply organizations (COWSOs) in Kinondoni Municipal Council has 123 boreholes, and 366 water points, and involves approximately 400 privately owned boreholes. According to Water Policy (2012), only 81% of the estimated 1,134,211 residents of Kinondoni Municipality have direct access to clean and safe water within 400 meters, while

2940-414: The remaining 19% have no direct access. According to the 2018 solid waste generation predictions, Kinondoni municipality is anticipated to generate roughly 1,223.6 tons of garbage per day or 446,614 tonnes per year. Currently, the Municipal Council and the private sectors handle solid waste transportation. The municipal council has about ten trucks for moving solid trash from various municipal locations to

3000-633: The shorelines closest to the Indian Ocean. Hills in Kinondoni have unconsolidated clay bond sands, well-drained slopes, and weathered slopes. There are also sporadic outcrops of elevated coral limestone , especially around the Wazo and Kunduchi areas. At Kawe, a limestone coastal plain rises in the north before descending to a distance of eight kilometers at the Mpiji River . Clay soils, zero gradient, and numerous small lakes and ponds are present across this landform, which hinders natural drainage. River valleys cut

3060-402: The source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and treatment plants. This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. Today,

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3120-516: The tropical and polar circles . The tropics constitute 39.8% of Earth's surface area and contain 36% of Earth's landmass . As of 2014 , the region was home also to 40% of the world's population , and this figure was then projected to reach 50% by 2050. Because of global warming , the weather conditions of the tropics are expanding with areas in the subtropics , having more extreme weather events such as heatwaves and more intense storms. These changes in weather conditions may make certain parts of

3180-464: The tropics include: Tropicality refers to the image of the tropics that people from outside the tropics have of the region, ranging from critical to verging on fetishism. Tropicality gained renewed interest in geographical discourse when French geographer Pierre Gourou published Les pays tropicaux ( The Tropical World in English), in the late 1940s. Tropicality encompassed two major images. One,

3240-550: The tropics uninhabitable. The word "tropic" comes via Latin from Ancient Greek τροπή ( tropē ), meaning "to turn" or "change direction". The tropics are defined as the region between the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at 23°26′09.8″ (or 23.43605°) N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at 23°26′09.8″ (or 23.43605°) S; these latitudes correspond to

3300-415: The unofficial sector, compared to one out of every four households in 1990/1991. Additionally, it revealed that 61 percent of all households in metropolitan areas work in the informal sector, up from 42 percent in the years 1990–1991. The Pande Forest, which was designated a forest reserve in the 1950s, is one of the roughly 1,226.742 Hectares of natural vegetation in the Kinondoni local council. The location

3360-569: The waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. This is the primary method of dumping in the United States because of the low cost and abundance of unused land in North America. Landfills are regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection Agency , which enforces standards provided in

3420-749: The waste stream mainly consists of intractable wastes such as plastic film and non-recyclable packaging materials . At the start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires. In developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes , plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes , agricultural wastes, medical waste , radioactive waste or sewage sludge . Waste collection

3480-708: The wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. However, regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed not as "tropical" but as "dry" ( arid or semi-arid ), including the Sahara Desert , the Atacama Desert and Australian Outback . Also, there are alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea , Mount Kilimanjaro , Puncak Jaya and

3540-622: Was first designated as a forest reserve in the 1960s, is located about 15 kilometers off the Bagamoyo Road. In the 1990s, the area was renamed the Pande Game Reserve to accommodate several species of wild animals, including key species like Blue-naped mousebird and the endemic Rondo dwarf galago . The Kinondoni Municipal Council is responsible for maintaining 1,510.22 km of roads, of which 143.26 km are asphalt , 378.49 km are gravel, and 988.47 km are earth roads. There

3600-464: Was the Mikocheni sewer system, which was built in 1976. Due to poor construction, the Mikocheni public sewer is likewise in bad condition. Typically, Dar es Salaam's public sewer is older than 48 years. 7% of the people in Dar es Salaam have access to these sewers. The remaining residents (93%) use on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and septic tank systems. The Kinondoni Municipal Council and

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