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73-403: The Kingston Hill Murder was the case of Police Constable 356 V Fred Atkins, who was murdered on Kingston Hill , Kingston , Surrey, in 1881. The murder remains unsolved. The magazine Punch published a cartoon entitled "An Unequal Match" that October highlighting the dangers facing unarmed police. The case was instrumental in bringing about the arming of police officers, although it required

146-613: A Conservative and Liberal Democrat marginal seat since the seat was created in 1997. The first church in the area was built in 1839 and became the centre of its own Parish in 1847. Its replacement is the Parish Church of St. John the Baptist on Robin Hood Lane. It was consecrated on 22 July 1861, and was completed in 1886 by the addition of the Choir Vestry. It was built on land given by

219-570: A Montessori nursery school and a children's dancing school –the Kingston Vale Dance Academy. The bulk of the housing in Kingston Vale was built by the private sector. Most were built before the 1970s, with many houses along Kingston Hill going back to the 1840s. This older stock is typically ornate, well landscaped in small grounds, with some converted into apartments. A Topographic Dictionary of England published in 1848 describes

292-545: A conference centre by Kingston University . The playing fields host the annual Pongu Tamil event for the London area, a community rally attracting some 30,000 members of the British Tamil community. Centerfire ammunition Centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire cartridge, with the exception of a few small calibers. The majority of today's handguns , rifles , and shotguns use centerfire ammunition, with

365-566: A fired Berdan case and the larger single hole seen or felt inside a fired Boxer case. Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is more commonly found in military-surplus ammunition made outside of the United States. Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20, 1866, in U.S. patent 53,388 . A small copper cylinder formed

438-466: A greater moisture sensitivity and correspondingly shorter shelf life than normal noncorrosive primers. Since their introduction, lead-free primers have become better in their performance compared to early lead free primers. Tests comparing lead-free primers to lead-based primers conducted by the US Department of Defense (approx 2006), exposed significant differences (at the time) in reliability between

511-402: A large house with extensive grounds along Kingston Hill next to Richmond Park and opposite Coombe Warren , in the early morning of Thursday, 22 September 1881. The house was owned by Harry Powys-Keck, a Justice Of The Peace of Stoughton Grange , Leicestershire. In that period police officers would check the security of larger residential houses by special request, especially as there had been

584-502: A large, specific shotgun primer that is based on the Boxer system, in that the primer contains the anvil against which the primary explosive is compressed by the firing pin and deformation of the primer cup. Shotgun primers are also used as a replacement to the percussion cap ignition system in some modern black-powder firearms, and in some cases as the actual cartridge, notably the 6mm Pipet . Primer actuated or piston primer cartridges use

657-447: A magnum primer would be used for the larger charges or slower-burning powders used with large cartridges or heavy charges. Rifle, large and magnum primers increase the ignition energy delivered to the powder, by supplying a hotter, stronger and/or longer-lasting flame. Pistol cartridges often are smaller than modern rifle cartridges, so they may need less primer flame than rifles require. A physical difference between pistol and rifle primers

730-501: A piece of blue check Oxford shirting. The steel had the name of the maker, "W.Peach," and on the flat the initials "F. B." Footprints were found that led towards Richmond Park. The murder was committed with a breach-loading, central-fire, six-shot revolver, '450 bore, and Boxer cartridges . The hammer has three cocks—the safety cock, the half-cock, and the full cock. P.C. Atkins died at halfpast one o'clock on Friday, 23 September, at Kingston Police Station. The Government offered

803-405: A primer in the form of a blank to contain the propellant within an empty cartridge, or in some cases as a piston to unlock the bolt and operate the weapon. These types of rounds are rarely used and are mostly found on spotting rifles . Primer manufacture and insertion is the most dangerous part of small arms ammunition production. Sensitive priming compounds have claimed many lives including

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876-410: A reward of £100 (equivalent to £12,742 in 2023) for any information leading to the discovery of the murderer and a free pardon to any accomplice. The reward was made up to £200 by donations. The relations of Constable Atkins were entitled to £50 on account of his unexpected death. Local blacksmith and farrier, Frank Brockwell, was arrested and questioned for seven hours. His boots were found to match

949-511: A second fatal shooting, that of P.C. George Cole by a burglar, in 1882 and an attempted murder, of P.C. Patrick Boans, in 1883 before the authorities gave superintendents permission to arm their constables for night duty. Fred Atkins was born in Walton-on-Thames in 1859, the son of a greengrocer, and joined the police in 14 May 1877; 356 Division V (Wandsworth). In 1881 he was lodging with John Pearmain, Inspector Of Police, and his family at

1022-474: A series of burglaries in the region; Woodlands, the residence of Miss Finch, which adjoins Mr. Powys Keck's grounds, was broken into on the Tuesday. P.C. Atkins had been in the grounds since at least 1am when he had met one of the gardeners, who had then returned to the lodge and neither he or two grooms in the stables heard the shots. The butler, Mr W Short, was woken at about 1:15am by the sound of crashing and with

1095-719: A society wedding at the church between Leslie Stoll (son of Putney resident Oswald Stoll ) and Gertrude Sabey who had met at the nearby riding school. This is a 1960s neo-Georgian brick church with a brick campanile giving it an Italianate touch. Kingston Vale is almost surrounded by open spaces, much reflected in the range of local activities; the east of the village/suburbs hosts Stag Lodge Stables, for horse-riding in adjoining Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common . The Richardson Evans Memorial Playing Fields, adjacent to Wimbledon Common , hosts many sporting activities including Saturday/Sunday league football teams, as well as number of annual schools' rugby and women's football tournaments. It

1168-537: A tetrazine compound . Most United States manufacturers adopted the PA-101 military standard for their civilian production of Boxer primers. Manufacturers subsequently offered more powerful magnum primers for uniform ignition of civilian long-range or big-game cartridges with significantly greater powder capacity than required for standard infantry weapons. Other explosives used in primers can include lead azide , potassium perchlorate , or diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). New on

1241-552: A variety of community activities including an art club, the local theatre group, a coffee club, meetings of the Residents' Association and many open-door events. The Kingston Vale Operatic Society (later Kingston Vale Operatic and Dramatic Society) was founded by local residents in 1943. Their first show was Gilbert and Sullivan's Trial by Jury at the Kingston Vale Village Hall in 1943. The group continued operating in

1314-598: Is East Putney station on the District line to the east, with direct bus connections to Kingston Vale on routes 85 and 265. An indirect connection with South Wimbledon station on the Northern line is also possible, via New Malden , Kingston or Roehampton . The vale has its own primary school, the Robin Hood Primary School. The hill hosts Kingston Hill Campus of Kingston University . The Parish Halls play host to

1387-584: Is a small memorial garden beside the old police station, now the Watchman pub, in New Malden . Powys-Keck died at the Knoll in 1912; it was sold in 1913, advertised as having 18 acres of grounds with two lodges, forming a miniature park containing its own dairy, kitchen garden and stabling for four horses. In 1914 it was reported that a large new residence was being built, later called Hay Green, for Mr Crowther, "one of

1460-428: Is rather involved. The used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure, pincer, or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom. A new primer is carefully seated against the anvil, and then the powder and a bullet are added. From the 1880s to the 1940s, many smaller European armies were reloading their ammo for economical reasons, and for that reason they adopted the system known as either Austrian or after

1533-414: Is safer to handle because explosive priming compound in a protruding rim is more likely to be triggered by impact if a rimfire cartridge is dropped or pinched. The stronger base of a centerfire cartridge is able to withstand higher chamber pressures which in turn gives bullets greater velocity and energy. While centerfire cartridge cases require a complex and expensive manufacturing process, explosive handling

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1606-405: Is simplified by avoiding the spinning process required to uniformly distribute priming explosive into the rim because of uncertainty about which angular segment of a rimfire cartridge rim will be struck by the firing pin. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, and the required volume may cause undesirably higher pressure spikes during

1679-583: Is slightly more complex to manufacture, since the primer is in two parts in addition to the pressure-sensitive compound, but automated machinery producing the more complex primers by the hundreds of millions has eliminated that as a practical problem. And while the primer has one additional step needed during the manufacturing process, the cartridge case is simpler to make, use, and reload. Early primers were manufactured with various dimensions and performance. Some standardization has occurred where economies of scale benefit ammunition manufacturers. Boxer primers for

1752-577: Is the home ground of London Cornish RFC . An active local amenity group, the Kingston Vale Residents Association (KVRA), is a democratic body which deals with matters such as planning , conservation , transport, environment and social . The association's newsletter is called the Bottom Line , taking its name from the original Middle Ages name of the vale part of the area: Kingston Bottom . Kingston Vale's halls are used to host

1825-421: Is the thickness of the primer's case; since pistol cartridges usually operate at lower pressure levels than most rifles, their primer cups are thinner, softer, and easier to ignite, while rifle primers are thicker and stronger, requiring a harder impact from the firing pin . Despite the names pistol and rifle , the primer used depends on the cartridge, not the firearm; a few high-pressure pistol cartridges like

1898-739: The .221 Fireball and .454 Casull use rifle primers, while lower-pressure pistol and revolver cartridges like the .32 ACP, .380 ACP, 9mm Parabellum, .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .45 ACP, and traditional revolver cartridges like the .32-20, .44-40, and .45 Colt, also used in lever-action rifles, these cartridges would still be loaded with pistol primers. Virtually all cartridges used solely in rifles do, however, use rifle primers. Notable exceptions to this include .458 SOCOM and .50 Beowulf , which use large pistol standard and large pistol magnum primers, respectively. All modern shotgun shells (excluding specialized .22 caliber rimfire "snake loads" or birdshot cartridges) are centerfire. They use

1971-537: The Kingston By-pass ). Many of the branch roads are cul-de-sacs . It includes, toward the east and in the Vale, the only part of Kingston which drains eastward, that is, into Beverley Brook . The hill expanse, shared with Coombe and a golf course, has a hotel, some tall blocks overlooking Kingston, the edge of Kingston Hospital , the main campus of Kingston University London and faint remnants of dense woodland. An inn,

2044-622: The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in south-west London. It is a residential area between Richmond Park , the much smaller Putney Vale , Wimbledon Common , Coombe/Coombe Hill and the Norbiton part of the very old borough . The main road is the A308 (also called Kingston Vale and Kingston Hill) which is a through route for traffic passing to and from Kingston Hill to the A3 trunk road (locally known as

2117-399: The "primer pocket" of a Berdan-type cartridge case, where they fit slightly below flush with the base of the case. Inside the primer pocket is a small bump, the "anvil", that rests against the center of the cup, and usually two (or more) small holes by the sides of the anvil, which allow the flash from the primer to reach the interior of the case. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process

2190-544: The 1920s, but most military ammunition continued to use corrosive priming mixtures of established reliability. The various proprietary priming formulations used by different manufacturers produced some significantly different ignition properties until the United States issued military specifications for non-corrosive primers for 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge production. The PA-101 primers developed at Picatinny Arsenal used about 50% lead styphnate with lesser amounts of barium nitrate , antimony trisulfide, powdered aluminum and

2263-603: The Bald-Faced Stag, stood on the site of the present day Asda from around 1650 into the 19th century. The inn was reputedly a haunt of the highwayman Jerry Abershawe until his execution in 1795, after which his body was displayed in a gibbet at Putney Vale. The vale part was little-inhabited and known as Kingston Bottom until the middle of the 19th century; the name is featured in a variety of documents dating from 1791 to c. 1850. The Last Will and Testament of one Philip Cawston, dated 26 September 1791, refers to his ownership of

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2336-671: The Church holds a summer fete and a fireworks night on varying dates. The Parish Office manages the booking of four halls (three on the site at St. John's and the Village Hall). Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck who, as a resident in White Lodge in Richmond Park, was a frequent worshipper in the church and laid the foundation stone for the North Aisle. A Pathé newsreel from 1935 shows

2409-575: The Duke of Cambridge , using funds donated by Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (a daughter of George III ) and others. It is an Anglican church in the Deanery of Kingston and the Archdiocese of Southwark . In addition to its religious functions, the church acts as a focal point for community activities, such as social clubs, table tennis and space for parties and local associations. Every year

2482-741: The George Roth factory in Vienna which patented it in 1902 even though it was known from the early-to-mid 1880s, where the anvil had a single fire hole right at its center. Meanwhile, Colonel Edward Mounier Boxer , of the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich, England, was working on a primer cap design for cartridges, patenting it in England on October 13, 1866, and subsequently received a U.S. patent for his design on June 29, 1869, in U.S. patent 91,818 . Boxer primers are similar to Berdan primers with one major difference,

2555-512: The Police Station, Richmond , which was at 35 George Street until 1912. He was transferred from Richmond to Kingston on 15 August. On the night of 21 September he was on duty in Kingston Hill, which was not his usual beat. The usual policemen for that beat, PC Andrew Cavanagh, was absent that evening and Atkins was appointed in his place. The shooting took place in the grounds of The Knoll,

2628-713: The Robin Hood Inn (later the Robin Hood Pub until it was converted into residential property) as early as 1874. The association with Robin Hood is thought to have arisen from the Robin Hood plays and the May Day Games put on in Richmond Park for the entertainment of Henry VIII . The Kingsnympton Park Estate was originally part of "The Knoll", a large house with extensive grounds along Kingston Hill next to Richmond Park . In 1881 it

2701-580: The Robin Hood premises in Kingston Bottom; the name also features in maps and wills held by the National Archives dating from 1791 to 1856. The earliest record of the new name Kingston Vale occurs in the 1861 Census Returns, where the area is referred to as 'Kingston Vale Hamlet'. By the time of the 1891 Census, the area is described as a 'civil parish, township or place' under the name of 'Kingston Vale'. A detailed summary of Kingston of 1848 names

2774-440: The United States market come in different sizes, based on the application. The types/sizes of primers are: Examples of uses: Primer size is based on the primer pocket of the cartridge, with standard types available in large or small diameters. The primer's explosive charge is based on the amount of ignition energy required by the cartridge design; a standard primer would be used for smaller charges or faster-burning powders, while

2847-538: The area as: ...from the excellent situation of the place...from the pleasing scenery with which the neighbourhood abounds, and from the salubrity of the air, the district promises to become of some importance. Kingston Vale is within the Parliamentary Constituency of Richmond Park (UK Parliament constituency) . This was won by the Liberal Democrats in the 2019 General Election , but has mainly been

2920-452: The area until the late 2000s when the old village hall was converted to residential property but continues operating in the wider Kingston area. The village has a self-managed allotment site, which caters to some 60 plot holders from around the Borough and organises a range of social events. The Dorich House Museum , a museum of sculpture and Imperial Russian art, is run both as a museum and

2993-680: The bore and empty cartridge case after firing. The mercury was largely absorbed in the smokey fouling with black-powder loads. Mercury coated the interior of brass cases with smokeless powder loads, and the higher pressures of smokeless powder charges forced the mercury into grain boundaries between brass crystals where it formed zinc and copper amalgams weakening the case so it became unsuitable for reloading. The United States Army discontinued use of mercuric priming mixtures in 1898 to allow arsenal reloading of fired cases during peacetime. Frankford Arsenal FA-70 primers used potassium chlorate as an oxidizer for lead(II) thiocyanate , to increase

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3066-421: The cartridge, but it makes fired primers vastly easier to remove for reloading , as a single, centered rod pushed through the flash hole from the open end of the case will eject the two-piece primer from the primer cup. A new primer, anvil included, is then pressed into the case using a reloading press or hand-tool. Boxer priming is universal for US-manufactured civilian factory ammunition. Boxer-primed ammunition

3139-420: The demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a metal cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite

3212-426: The exception of some .17 caliber , .20 caliber , and .22 caliber rimfire handgun and rifle cartridges , a few small-bore/gauge shotgun shells (intended mainly for use in pest control ), and a handful of antiquated rimfire and pinfire cartridges for various firearm actions . An early form of centerfire ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly . This

3285-556: The footprints in the grounds of the Knoll. The police were forced to release him for lack of evidence. The inquest was carried out at the Clarence Arms, Kingston, on Saturday 24th by Mr. Hall, the Coroner for Mid-Surrey, and concluded on 3 October, the jury giving a verdict that he was wilfully murdered by some person or persons unknown. The funeral took place on Thursday 30 September at Walton-on-Thames municipal cemetery . The headstone

3358-479: The founder of the famous British Eley ammunition firm. Modern commercial operations use protective shielding between operators and manufacturing equipment. Early primers used the same mercury fulminate used in 19th century percussion caps . Black powder could be effectively ignited by hot mercury released upon decomposition. Disadvantages of mercuric primers became evident with smokeless powder loadings. Mercury fulminate slowly decomposed in storage until

3431-406: The grandest stately homes that once graced Kingston." In 1927 the house was renamed Kingsnympton Hall by Mr F.N. Picket, and later owned by Sir Maneckji B. Dadabhoy of Nagpur, an Indian  industrialist and politician, whose initials "MBD" are on the gates by the lodge. The house was demolished in 1940 after bomb damage. Kingston Vale Kingston Vale with Kingston Hill is a district in

3504-421: The house and he renamed it "Kingsnympton" after his Dorset village, King's Nympton . The pillars on Crescent Road mark the former entrance. The estate was then owned by Mr Maneckji B. Dadabhoy of Nagpur . He installed the automated wrought iron entrance gates by South Lodge; the roundels have his intertwined initials "MBD". It was leased for a time by Montague Burton . The estate was bombed in 1940. The house

3577-465: The housekeeper, Mrs H Snow, who had heard three shots, proceeded to search the house, and found it secure. Mrs Snow told Mr J Bloomfield, the valet, that she had heard moaning. They opened the front door and found the constable lying on the ground. They did not immediately know that he was shot, thinking him in a fit, and placed him on a mat outside and offering him water. Mr Short then sent men running to Kingston Police Station arriving about two o'clock. It

3650-407: The ignition process. Reducing the amount of priming explosive will greatly diminish the ignition reliability of rimfire cartridges, and increase the probability of a malfunction such as a misfire or hang fire . Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a wide variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing

3723-407: The location of the anvil. In a Boxer primer, the anvil is a separate stirrup piece that sits inverted in the primer cup that provides sufficient resistance to the impact of the firing pin as it indents the cup and crushes the pressure-sensitive ignition compound. The primer pocket in the case head has a single flash-hole in its center. This positioning makes little or no difference to the performance of

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3796-407: The market in the late 1990s are lead-free primers (see green bullet ), to address concerns over the lead and other heavy-metal compounds found in older primers. The heavy metals, while small in quantity, are released in the form of a very fine soot. Some indoor firing ranges are moving to ban primers containing heavy metals due to their toxicity. Lead-free primers were originally less sensitive and had

3869-464: The mid 1880s. The centerfire cartridge was improved by Béatus Beringer, Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Smith & Wesson, Charles Lancaster , Jules-Félix Gévelot, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer . Centerfire cartridges are more reliable for military purposes because the thicker metal cartridge cases can withstand rougher handling without damage, and

3942-414: The powder charge. Berdan and Boxer cartridge primers are both considered "centerfire" and are not interchangeable at the primer level; however, the same weapon can fire either Berdan- or Boxer-primed cartridges if the overall dimensions are the same. The two primer types are almost impossible to distinguish by looking at the loaded cartridge, though the two (or more) flash-holes can be seen or felt inside

4015-482: The primary explosive gases had heated the powder grains. Artillery charges frequently included a smaller quantity of black powder to be ignited by the primer, so incandescent potassium carbonate would spread fire through the smokeless powder. Potassium chlorate was added to mercury fulminate priming mixtures so incandescent potassium chloride would have a similar effect in small arms cartridges. Priming mixtures containing mercury fulminate leave metallic mercury in

4088-551: The primer, gunpowder and projectile. Handloading reuse is an advantage for rifles using obsolete or hard-to-find centerfire cartridges such as the 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer , or larger calibers such as the .458 Lott , for which ammunition can be expensive. The forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than .22 caliber are mainly centerfire. Actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until

4161-502: The priming compound either failed to react to the firing pin fall or extinguished prior to igniting the powder charge. A hang fire is a perceptible delay between the fall of the firing pin and discharge of the firearm. In extreme cases, the delay might be sufficient to be interpreted as a misfire, and the cartridge could fire as the action was being opened or the firearm pointed in an inappropriate direction. Incandescent particles were found most effective for igniting smokeless powder after

4234-419: The propellant. This system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge, as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse. Difficulties arose in practice because pressing in the cap from the outside tended to cause a swelling of the copper cartridge shell, preventing reliable seating of the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm. Berdan's solution

4307-470: The recent new churches and describes the one erected in this neighbourhood as "at Robinhood-Gate". The name of Robin Hood has long been associated with the Kingston Vale area which is close to the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park (the name of the gate appearing in records from at least 1785, and a nearby "Robynhood Walke" and "Robyn-hodes Walke" in 1548). Maps of the areas also show Robin Hood Lane and

4380-450: The remaining energy was insufficient for reliable ignition. Decreased ignition energy with age had not been recognized as a problem with black-powder loadings because black powder could be ignited by as little energy as a static electricity discharge. Smokeless powder often required more thermal energy for ignition. Misfires and hang fires became common as the remaining priming compound sputtered in old primers. A misfire would result if

4453-530: The sensitivity of potassium chlorate, and antimony trisulfide , as an abrasive, with minor amounts of trinitrotoluene . These corrosive primers leave a residue of potassium chloride salt in the bore after a cartridge is fired. These hygroscopic salt crystals will hold moisture from a humid atmosphere and cause rusting. These corrosive primers can cause serious damage to the gun unless the barrel and action are cleaned carefully after firing. Civilian ammunition manufacturers began offering non-corrosive primers in

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4526-412: The shell of the cartridge, and the primer cap was pressed into a recess in the outside of the closed end of the cartridge opposite the bullet. In the end of the cartridge beneath the primer cap was a small vent-hole, as well as a small teat-like projection or point (this was to be known as an anvil later on) fashioned from the case, such that the firing pin could crush the primer against the anvil and ignite

4599-454: The shots. "I did not see anybody or hear anything which should me to imagine there were burglars at work. I went along the avenue slowly, accordingly to my usual custom when on duty there, but there was no-one about. Before I was aware of anything I saw something like the gleam of a lantern, and then whispers, after which there was a report, and then I felt I was struck by something sharp in the chest. I turned to one side quickly, when another shot

4672-474: The south, Kingston and Surbiton to the south-west and Roehampton and Putney to the north-east. The bus routes serving Kingston Vale are as follows: Kingston Vale is not directly accessible by rail; the nearest stations are Norbiton to the south-west, and Putney and Barnes to the north-east. Bus connections are also available within a short walk of the stations at Kingston , New Malden , Surbiton , Tolworth and Barnes. The nearest Tube station

4745-624: The two primer types, when used in 7.62×51mm ammunition. In these tests, lead-free primers were proven to be not as reliable as lead-based primers. The lead-free primers exhibited poor performance as far as peak blast pressure, which consequently resulted in poor ignition. Popularity of non-corrosive alternatives is still low, as primer reliability is paramount. Most lead-free primers are sourced through Russia (MUrom?)or South Korea (PMC). European and eastern military or surplus ammunition often uses corrosive or slightly-corrosive Berdan primers because they work reliably even under severe conditions, and have

4818-522: Was also the first fully integrated cartridge and used a form of obturation employing the cartridge itself. Another form of centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829; however, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855. U.S. General Stephen Vincent Benét developed an internally primed center-fire cartridge that was adopted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Department starting in 1868, ultimately being phased out in

4891-610: Was demolished and then purchased by the council for housing. Kingston Vale is located north-east of Kingston on the A308; the village straddles both the A308 and the A3 London–Portsmouth Road. The closest junction of the A3 is the Robin Hood Roundabout, which is located at the north-eastern end of the village. Kingston Vale is served by three local bus routes, connecting the village with New Malden and Tolworth to

4964-425: Was fired, and that’s all I can remember." Inspector Bond, with colleagues Crowther and Rushbridge, examined the grounds of The Knoll. They found that burglars had removed a protective iron bar from a ground floor lavatory window, beneath which in the bushes lay a bull's eye lantern in good condition and a large screwdriver made of an old blacksmith's rasp, taken out of the wooden handle, the top being bound round with

5037-454: Was only when they had undone his overcoat that they found that he was wounded. First to the scene on his horse was Inspector Rushbridge, closely followed by Inspector Crowther with other constables and the ambulance litter. They then sent for Dr. W.H. Roots, the Divisional police surgeon. Atkins could not be taken to the nearest hospital at Surbiton because of his serious condition. Instead he

5110-505: Was raised by subscription from the Metropolitan Police and general public and was of Sicilian marble. About 2,000 of the metropolitan police, representing every division, attended the funeral on the 29 September, travelling on a special train from Waterloo to Walton-on-Thames. Also attending were his parents and family and also servants from the Knoll. There is a memorial to him erected in 1996 outside Kingston Police Station. There

5183-469: Was taken to Kingston Police Station where he was examined by Dr Roots. PC Atkins had been wounded in three places, the abdomen, chest and left thigh. The bullet to the chest had penetrated the lungs; the bullet remained in his back. A second bullet was found at the scene while the third was found in his clothing at the station. Constable Atkins did not die immediately, and before his death was able to tell colleagues that he neither saw nor heard anything before

5256-510: Was the scene of the Kingston Hill Murder . The house was then owned by Harry Powys-Keck of Stoughton Grange , Leicestershire. In 1914 Mr Crowther built his mansion, "Haygreen", named after his Yorkshire village and described "as one of the grandest of stately homes that once graced Kingston." The grounds included a golf course, lakes and Dutch gardens. Haygreen Close is named to remember the connection. In 1927 Mr F. N. Picket purchased

5329-469: Was to change to brass shells, and to further modify the process of installing the primer cap into the cartridge, as noted in his second Berdan Primer patent of September 29, 1868, in U.S. patent 82,587 . Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day. Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into

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