Misplaced Pages

#129870

76-612: The empire Tri Songdetsen inherited had declined somewhat from its greatest extent under the first Dharma King, Songtsen Gampo . Disintegration continued when, in 694, Tibet lost control of several cities in Turkestan and, in 703, Nepal broke into rebellion. Meanwhile, Arab forces vied for influence along the western borderlands of the Tibetan empire. Nevertheless, Tri Songdetsen became imperial Tibet's greatest ruler and an unparalleled Buddhist benefactor. Samding Dorje Phagmo Tri Songdetsen

152-508: A city for the Chinese princess, and a palace for her within its walls. According to Chinese sources, "As the princess disliked their custom of painting their faces red, Lungstan (Songtsen Gampo) ordered his people to put a stop to the practice, and it was no longer done. He also discarded his felt and skins, put on brocade and silk, and gradually copied Chinese civilization. He also sent the children of his chiefs and rich men to request admittance into

228-409: A dispute with his younger brother Tsensong ( Wylie : brtsan srong ), the younger brother was burnt to death by his own minister, Khasek ( Wylie : mkha' sregs ), possibly at the behest of the emperor. The Old Book of Tang records that when the king of 泥婆羅, Nipoluo (" Nepal "), the father of Licchavi king Naling Deva (or Narendradeva), died, an uncle, Yu.sna kug.ti , Vishnagupta ) usurped

304-570: A famous two-year debate from 792-794, known in Western scholarship as the "Council of Lhasa" (although it took place at Samye at quite a distance from Lhasa ) outside the capital. He sponsored a Dharma debate between the Chan Buddhist Moheyan , who represented the third documented wave of Chan dissemination in Tibet, and the scholar Kamalaśīla , a student of Śāntarakṣita . Effectively the debate

380-406: A law of the realm by stealing a divine flower. She was cast into the human realm, where she was reborn into a family of Kathmandu Valley poultry farmers, and named Samvari. Samvari also became a poultry farmer and had four sons by different fathers, who she raised to be comfortable householders. She amassed wealth and made an intention: "I will put this wealth to good use. I will build a support for

456-613: A minor when he succeeded to the throne." The current head of the Royal House of Tibet and king in exile is a direct descendant of the Dharma kings and has been crowned King of Tibet by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama . His Majesty King Lhagyari Trichen Namgyal Wangchuk lives in the United States and travels the world speaking out for the human and religious rights of the Tibetan people, under

532-588: A second party to China in 763. This second expedition was headed by a high minister, Sba Gsalsnan. There is scholarly dissent about whom Gsalsnan encountered in Yizhou. Early scholarship considered Kim, but this had been revised to Baotang Wuzhu (714-774), head and founder of Baotang Monastery in Chengdu . Both Kim and Baotang Wuzhu were of the same school of Chan, the East Mountain Teaching . Tri Songdetsen, hosted

608-404: A servant, carried by an elephant and a donkey. Local Newar people became concerned about the size of the stupa, and how it would reflect on members of the king's court who were not building bigger supports for the Dharma and roots of merit. The king refused to change his decision, and explained how "Let it be done" ( Jarung ) "slipped from his tongue" ( Kashor ). Thus, the stupa became known as

684-516: A younger brother bTzan-srong who was betrayed and died in a fire, c.  641 . According to one partially damaged scroll from Dunhuang, there was hostility between Sa-tha-ma-kar and bTzan-srong, who was then forced to settle in gNyal (southeast of the Yarlung River and across the 5,090 metres (16,700 ft) Yartö Tra Pass, which borders on modern Bhutan , and Arunachal Pradesh in India). When

760-588: Is also linked with the Swayambhu Chaitya of Gum Bahal. Third, another great Licchhavi king Shivadeva (AD 590–604) is associated with Boudha by an inscription; he may have restored the chaitya. According to the history of Nepal, the palace of King Vikramjit, the Licchavi king, once stood where the Narayanhiti Palace currently stands. King Vikramjit instructed that a Hiti should be built in the southern part of

836-578: Is believed that he was a manifestation of Avalokiteśvara , of whom the Dalai Lamas are similarly believed to be a manifestation. His identification as a cakravartin and incarnation of Avalokiteśvara began in earnest in the indigenous Buddhist literary histories of the 11th century. Songtsen Gampo's mother, the queen, is identified as a member of the Tsépong clan ( Wylie : tshe spong , Tibetan Annals Wylie : tshes pong ), which played an important part in

SECTION 10

#1732876869130

912-476: Is commemorated in inscriptions at Rajagrha - modern Rajgir – and Bodhgaya . Wang Xuanze made a second journey in 648, but he was badly treated by Harsha's usurper, his minister Arjuna, and Harsha's mission plundered. This elicited a response from Tibetan and Nepalese (Licchavi) troops who, together, soundly defeated Arjuna's forces. In 649, the King of Xihai Jun was conferred upon Songtsen Gampo by Tang Gaozong ,

988-730: Is considered the Mother of Buddhism. The first documented dissemination of Chan Buddhism to Tibet, chronicled in what has become known as the Statements of the Sba Family , occurred in about 761 when Tri Songdetsen Detsen sent a party to the Yizhou region to receive the teachings of Kim Hwasang , a Korean Chan master , who they encountered in Sichuan . The party received teachings and three Chinese texts from Kim, who died soon after. Tri Songdetsen patronised

1064-571: Is intrinsically connected to the Boudha Stupa. In a Dharma teaching given by Padmasambhava to Yeshe Tsogyal , King Trisong Detsen (r. 755 to 797) and the Twenty-five Heart Students at Samye Monastery , the history of the stupa and its relationship to Tibetan Buddhism is explained, as a section within a complete teaching. Little Purna, a daughter of Indra's living in the Gods realm broke

1140-646: Is located on the ancient trade route from Tibet to India which enters the Kathmandu Valley by the village of Sankhu in the northeast corner and continues to the ancient and smaller stupa of Chabahil named Charumati Stupa, often called "Little Boudhanath". The route then turns directly south, heading over the Bagmati River to Lalitpur and the ancient Malla Kingdom in Patan. Tibetan merchants have rested and offered prayers at Boudha Stupa for many centuries. Following

1216-545: Is on the rear of the Pukkasi or Mammo Hariti shrine at Boudha Stupa where a pond with ducks is depicted with a lady taking care of them. The 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake badly damaged Boudhanath's Stupa, severely cracking the spire. As a result, the whole structure above the dome and the sacred relics it contained had to be examined and either saved or replaced. Tulku Rigdzin Pema and Sengdrak Tulku Ngawang Tengyal were responsible for

1292-511: Is said that Mune Tsenpo was poisoned by his mother, who was jealous of his beautiful wife. Whatever the case, both the Old Book of Tang and the Tibetan sources agree that, since Mune Tsenpo had no heirs, power passed to his younger brother, Sadnalegs, who was on the throne by 804 CE. The other brother, Mutik Tsenpo, was apparently not considered for office as he had previously murdered a senior minister and had been banished to Lhodak Kharchu near

1368-708: Is said to have been the mother of Gungsong Gungtsen . Other notable wives include a noble woman of the Western Xia known as Minyakza ("Western Xia wife", Wylie : mi nyag bza' ), and a noble woman from Zhangzhung . Well-known even today are his two foreign wives: the Nepali princess Bhrikuti ("the great lady, the Nepalese wife", Wylie : bal mo bza' khri btsun ma ) as well as the Chinese Princess Wencheng ("Chinese Wife", Wylie : rgya mo bza' ). Songtsen sponsored

1444-481: Is said to have only ruled for these five years and died at eighteen. Songtsen Gampo, returned to the throne. Gungsong Gungtsen is said to have been buried at Donkhorda, the site of the royal tombs, to the left of the tomb of his grandfather Namri Songtsen (gNam-ri Srong-btsan). According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo was enthroned while still a minor as the thirty-third king of the Yarlung dynasty after his father

1520-486: Is south of Khaasti. During the time of its construction, the place was struck with a drought and the people managed to abate the scarcity of water by collecting the droplets of dew. Dew is called ‘Khasu'(खसु) and droplets are called ‘Ti'(ति). Historians suggest that the traditional knowledge to harvest dew droplets has been lost with time. The places that end with ‘Ti'(ति) have similar history, such as Chalati(चलति), Kusunti(कुसिन्ति), and so on. The birth of Tibetan Buddhism

1596-511: Is very important to the history of Tibetan Buddhism as one of the three 'Dharma Kings' (Tibetan: chögyel ) who established Buddhism in Tibet . The Three Dharma Kings were Songtsen Gampo , Tri Songdetsen, and Ralpacan . The Skar-cung pillar erected by Sadnalegs (ruled c. 800-815) says that during the reign of Tri Songdetsen, "shrines of the Three Jewels were established by building temples at

SECTION 20

#1732876869130

1672-473: The 1959 Tibetan uprising , a large number of the Tibetan refugees migrated to Nepal and settled down around the stupa in Boudhanath. The Tibetan diaspora has given rise to the construction of over 50 gompas and Budhhist monasteries , restaurants, guesthouses, and artisanal businesses around Boudhanath, while in 1980, Shechen Monastery was the first Tibetan Buddhist gompa to be built. A year earlier in 1979,

1748-549: The Bailang , and Qiang tribes. The Bailan people were bounded on the east by the Tanguts and on the west by the Domi . They had been subject to the Chinese since 624. After a successful campaign against China in the frontier province of Songzhou in 635–36 ( OTA l. 607), the Chinese emperor agreed to send a Chinese princess for Songtsen Gampo to marry. Around 639, after Songtsen Gampo had

1824-458: The Bhutanese border. Songtsen Gampo Samding Dorje Phagmo Songtsen Gampo (Classical Tibetan: [sroŋpt͡san zɡampo] , pronounced [sɔ́ŋt͡sɛ̃ ɡʌ̀mpo] ) ( Tibetan : སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ , Wylie : srong btsan sgam po , ZYPY : Songzän Gambo ; 569–649/650), also Songzan Ganbu ( Chinese : 松贊干布 ; pinyin : Sōngzàn Gānbù ), was the 33rd Tibetan king of

1900-497: The Goddess of Compassion , the female aspect of Chenrezig , where "Dolma, or Drolma ( Sanskrit means Tara ). As Sarat Chaundra explains, the two wives of Emperor Srong-btsan gambo are venerated under this name. The Chinese princess is called Dol-kar, of 'the white Dolma,' and the Nepalese princess Dol-jang, or 'the green Dolma.' The latter is prayed to by women for fecundity." The Jiu Tangshu adds that Songtsen Gampo thereupon built

1976-595: The Jokhang in Lhasa , the city in which he is credited in one tradition with founding and establishing as his capital, and Tradruk Temple in Nêdong . During his reign, the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Tibetan began. Songtsen Gampo is considered to be the first of the three Dharma Kings ( Wylie : chos rgyal ) — Songtsen Gampo, Trisong Detsen , and Ralpacan — who established Buddhism in Tibet. The inscription on

2052-588: The Tibetan Annals say the mother was the btsan mo (Princess Wencheng) of Songtsen while the Genealogy says it was Mangmoje Trikar Wylie : mang mo rje khri skar ). It is unlikely that the mother was the btsan mo because the Annals did not use the honorific kinship term yum (mother) for her. Tibetan Empire-era documents found at Dunhuang say that Songsten Gampo also had a sister Sad-mar-kar (or Sa-tha-ma-kar) and

2128-478: The Tibetan script and Classical Tibetan , the first literary and spoken language of Tibet. His mother, the queen, is identified as Driza Thökar ( Tibetan : འབྲི་བཟའ་ཐོད་དཀར་ , Wylie : ' bri bza' thod dkar , ZYPY : Zhisa Tögar ). The exact date of his birth and his enthronement are not certain, and in Tibetan accounts it is generally accepted that he was born in an Ox year of the Tibetan calendar . He ascended

2204-580: The Tibetan script . He then presented the script to the court and taught the king. Songsten Gampo then retired for four years to learn the written language, after which he translated twenty-one tantric texts on Avalokiteshvara, and the Mani Kumbum . Songtsen Gampo moved the seat of his newly unified kingdom from the Yarlung Valley to the Kyichu Valley, site of the future city of Lhasa . The site itself

2280-577: The Yarlung dynasty and the founder of the Tibetan Empire . The first of three Dharma Kings of Tibet, he formally introduced Buddhism to Tibet and built the Jokhang with the influence of his Nepali queen Bhrikuti , of Nepal 's Licchavi dynasty . He unified several Tibetan kingdoms, conquered lands adjacent to Tibet, and moved the capital to the Red Fort in Lhasa . His minister Thonmi Sambhota created

2356-414: The 8th Zhenguan year, or 634 CE. Tang dynasty chronicles describe this as a tribute mission, but it brought an ultimatum demanding a marriage alliance, not subservient rituals. After this demand was refused, Tibet launched victorious military attacks against Tang affiliates in 637 and 638. There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in

Trisong Detsen - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-730: The BADC, it cost $ 2.1 million dollars and more than 30kg of gold. The repaired building was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal . The Boudha Stupa was the first of all the earthquake-damaged World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu valley to be rebuilt. The Nepalese government was criticised for its slow pace in reconstructing quake-damaged heritage structures such as temples, with many left unrepaired. The Tamang community, an ethnically Tibetan group in Nepal, has been living around Boudhanath for many centuries and they still own land surrounding

2508-420: The Boudha Stupa became a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Along with Swayambhunath and Namo Buddha , it is one of the most visited pilgrimage sites for devout Buddhists, which also attracts tourists to the Kathmandu area. Built at the main northern entrance to the Boudha Stupa is a shrine to the Dharma protectress Mammo Pukkasi, known as the fierce Hariti or Ajima to local Newari Buddhists . Her shrine and

2584-544: The Chinese Emperor, Gaozong , a devout Buddhist, gave him the title variously written Binwang , "Guest King" or Zongwang , "Cloth-tribute King" and 3,000 rolls of multicoloured silk in 649 and granted the Tibetan king's request for "silkworms' eggs, mortars and presses for making wine, and workmen to manufacture paper and ink." Traditional accounts say that, during the reign of Songtsen Gampo, examples of handicrafts and astrological systems were imported from China and

2660-573: The Chinese and that the Tang emperor delivered a bride under threat of force. Early Tibetan accounts say that the Tibetan king and the king of Zhangzhung had married each other's sisters in a political alliance. However, the Tibetan wife of the king of the Zhangzhung complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. War ensued, and, through the treachery of the Tibetan princess, "King Ligmikya of Zhangzhung, while on his way to Sum-ba ( Amdo province)

2736-685: The Chinese in modern Sichuan . Tri Songdetsen next sought to expand westward, reaching the Amu Darya and threatening the Abbasid Caliph , Harun ar-Rashid . The Caliph was concerned enough to establish an alliance with the Chinese emperor. Tri Songdetsen would be preoccupied with Arab wars in the west while taking pressure off his Chinese opponents to the east and north until his rule ended in 797. Tri Songdetsen had four sons: Mutri Tsenpo, Muné Tsenpo , Mutik Tsenpo, and Sadnalegs . The eldest son, Mutri Tsenpo, died early. Tri Songdetsen retired to live at

2812-466: The Chinese) more than 200,000 men (100,000 according to Tibetan sources). He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, attacked Songzhou. According to the Tang annals, he finally retreated and apologised, and, later, the emperor granted his request, but the histories written in Tibet all say that the Tibetan army defeated

2888-589: The Ganachakra offerings there are the responsibility of the Mahaguru Gompa, which faces the stupa's northern entrance. An earlier written source Gopālarājavaṃśāvalī says Boudhanath itself was founded by the Nepalese Licchavi king Śivadeva (c. 590–604 CE); though other Nepalese chronicles date it to the reign of King Mānadeva (464–505 CE). The Tibetan sourcered there. The earliest historical references to

2964-472: The Hiti. The king told his son that a man will be sleeping by covering his face and body, and to sacrifice him without looking at his face. After the son did so, he realised he had killed his own father. With regret and guilt, he consulted with the priests for a way to salvation. The priests suggested to him to fly a ‘bwo-khaa'(ब्वःखा), a flying hen, from the top of Mhaasu Khwaa Maju(म्हासु ख्वा: माजु). The hen landed in

3040-618: The Indian Buddhist philosophical interpretation and Buddhist tantra in Tibet. In 763 Tri Songdetsen sent an army of 200,000 men to the border with Tang China, defeating the forces there and then continuing on to take Chang'an , the Tang Chinese capital, forcing Emperor Daizong of Tang to flee the capital. In 783 a peace treaty was negotiated between China and Tibet giving Tibet all lands in present-day Qinghai . The King also formed an alliance with Nanzhao in 778, joining forces to attack

3116-556: The Jarung Kashor. Her four sons continued with the stupa's construction after her death, when she passed into buddhahood while in the bardos. The stupa was consecrated then with Buddha Kassapa's relics, and they made the joint aspiration to bring the Buddha Dharma to the frozen borderland of ice - Tibet. The first born son made the aspiration to return as a king, and was reborn in the 8th century as Trisong Detsen . The second born made

Trisong Detsen - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-591: The Khaasti Chaitya are found in the Chronicles of the Newars. First, Khaasti is mentioned as one of the four stupas found by the Licchavi king Vrisadeva (c. 400 CE) or Vikramjit. Second, the Newars legend of the stupa's origin attributes it to King Dharmadeva's son, Manadeva as atonement for his unwitting patricide. Manadeva was a great Licchavi king, military conqueror and a patron of the arts who reigned c. 464–505. Manadeva

3268-521: The Skar cung Pillar (erected by Ralpacan, who ruled c. 800–815) reports that during Songtsen Gampo's reign, "shrines of the Three Jewels were established by building the temple of Ra-sa [Lhasa] and so on." The first edict of Trisong Detsen mentions a community of monks at this vihara . Songtsen Gampo was adept at diplomacy as well as on the field of battle. The king's minister, Nyang Mangpoje Shangnang , with

3344-752: The Western Xia; the dharma and the art of writing came from India; material wealth and treasures from the Nepalis and the lands of the Mongols , while model laws and administration were imported from the Uyghurs of the Second Turkic Khaganate to the North. Songtsen Gampo is traditionally credited with being the first to bring Buddhism to the Tibetan people . He is also said to have built many Buddhist temples, including

3420-496: The aid of troops from Zhangzhung, defeated the Sumpa in northeastern Tibet circa 627 ( Tibetan Annals [ OTA ] l. 2). Six years later (c. 632/633), Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang was accused of treason and executed ( OTA l. 4–5, Richardson 1965). Minister Mgar-srong-rtsan succeeded him. The Jiu Tangshu records that the first ever embassy from Tibet arrived in China from Songtsen Gampo in

3496-525: The area of Boudha Stupa. Later the first Chiniya Lama came from China and assisted the Nepal ruler with translation during war negotiations. In return, he was granted land for a monastery and residence in front of the stupa. He married the daughter of Jung Bahadur Rana and his Tamang wife, who was born in Boudhanath, and thus became connected with both the Ranas and the Tamang community. Today his descendants still have

3572-462: The aspiration to be the abbott and was reborn as Shantarakshita . The third born son made the aspiration to be born from a lotus and as a powerful mantra master so as to protect the Buddha's teachings, and was reborn as Padmasambhava . The fourth born son made the aspiration to be born as a royal minister so as to help his brothers, and was reborn as the king's minister Bami Trizher of Yarlung. The servant,

3648-447: The building of two temples to house the images of Buddha brought by his Nepalese and Chinese wives, however he showed little interest in propagating Buddhism otherwise, and was buried according to pre-Buddhist protocols and rituals when he died. Songtsen Gampo's heir, Gungsong Gungtsen , died before his father, so his younger son Mangsong Mangtsen inherited the throne. Two Dunhuang sources give different mothers for Mangsong Mangtsen:

3724-525: The centre and on the borders, Bsam-yas in Brag-mar and so on". The first edict of Tri Songdetsen already mentions a community of monks at Bsam-yas ( Samye ), consisting of the former army. Songdetsen became emperor in 755, at the young age of 13. His conversion to Buddhism took place in 762 at age 20. In post-imperial sources, is claimed to have invited Padmasambhava , Śāntarakṣita , Vimalamitra , and various other Indian teachers to come to Tibet to spread

3800-783: The consecration relics were in place on 17 October 2016, while 21 days of specific consecration rituals were performed by high representatives of the Kagyu tradition, the Sakya tradition, the Gelug tradition, and the Ngagyur Nyingma tradition. The stupa was reopened on 22 November 2016. The renovation and reconstruction was organized by the Boudhanath Area Development Committee (BADC). The repairs were funded entirely by private donations from Buddhist groups and volunteers. According to

3876-436: The elephant, the donkey, and a passing raven were also reborn as humans in Tibet: respectively, as a minister, as U Dum Tsen , as another minister, and as the king's son. Yeshe Tsogyal recorded Padmasambhava's complete teaching and concealed it as a terma. It was discovered, translated then reconcealed. The translation was rediscovered by Shakya Zangpo along with the complete teaching by Padmasambhava. After rediscovering

SECTION 50

#1732876869130

3952-416: The emperor of the Tang dynasty . According to the Tibetan Annals , Songtsen Gampo must have died in 649, and, in 650, the Tang emperor sent an envoy with a "letter of mourning and condolences". His tomb is in the Chongyas Valley near Yalung, 13 metres high and 130 metres long. Boudhanath Boudha Stupa ( Nepali : बौद्धनाथ ; Newari : खास्ति चैत्य); or Jarung Kashor ( Let it be done, Slip of

4028-543: The king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped Songtsen Gampo to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate the Zhangzhung of Western Tibet into the Tibetan Empire in 645, thus gaining control of most, if not all, of the Tibetan plateau. Following the visit by the famous Chinese pilgrim monk Xuanzang to the court of Harsha , the king ruling Magadha , Harsha sent a mission to China which, in turn, responded by sending an embassy consisting of Li Yibiao and Wang Xuance , who probably travelled through Tibet and whose journey

4104-432: The latest understanding of the teaching. The two pandits began by establishing Samye as the first vihara in Tibet. Several Tibetans were eventually initiated as monks and a vast translation project was undertaken translating the Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into Classical Tibetan . Yeshe Tsogyal , previously either the consort or wife of Tri Songdetsen, became a great master after studying with Padmasambhava, and

4180-404: The national school to be taught the classics, and invited learned scholars from China to compose his official reports to the emperor." However, according to Tibetologist John Powers, such accounts of Tibet embracing Chinese culture through Wencheng are not corroborated by Tibetan histories. Songtsen Gampo's sister Sad-mar-kar was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of Zhangzhung. However, when

4256-409: The occupation of the People's Republic of China . Songtsen Gampo sent his minister Thonmi Sambhota and other young Tibetans to India to devise a script for Classical Tibetan , which led to the creation of the first Tibetan literary works and translations, court records and a constitution . After Thonmi Sambhota returned from India, he stayed in retreat at Kukhamaru Palace in Lhasa while creating

4332-539: The palace at Zungkar and handed power to his second son, Muné Tsenpo , in 797. From this point there is much confusion in the various historical sources. It seems there was a struggle for the succession after the death of Tri Songdetsen. It is not clear when Tri Songdetsen died, or for how long Mune Tsenpo reigned. The Testament of Ba , a Tibetan historical text which may date back to the 9th century, claims that Muné Tsenpo insisted that his father's funeral be performed according to Buddhist rather than traditional rites. It

4408-413: The palace courtyard, but there was no sign of water from the Hiti, for which the king consulted Astrologers. Astrologers suggested that a sacrifice with a male candidate having ‘swee-nita lachhyan'(स्वीनिता लछ्यन), or thirty-two perfections, should be performed. Only the king himself and his two princes were suitable candidates. So, the king decided to sacrifice himself so that signs of water could be seen at

4484-402: The place where the chaitya is currently standing. A female Dharma Protector Ajimaa was already located at that place before the chaitya construction started. The Khaasti Ajima(खास्ति अजिमा) is one of the important Ajima of Kathmandu. The Newar tradition considers Ajima as a superpower. These female energies protect the nation. The tradition of Kumari relates to a place called 'Kumari-gaal' which

4560-431: The prince Gungsong Gungtsen reached the age of thirteen (twelve by Western reckoning), his father, Songtsen Gampo, retired, and the prince ruled for five years, which could have corresponded to the period when Songtsen Gampo was working on a new Tibetan constitution. Gungsong Gungtsen is also said to have married 'A-zha Mang-mo-rje when he was thirteen, and they had a son, Mangsong Mangtsen (r. 650–676 CE). Gungsong Gungtsen

4636-439: The reconsecration of the Great Jarung Kashor Stupa, that began on the Lha Bab Duchen of 22 November 2015 with the ritual insertion of a fresh life-tree, or central pole. The consecrated relics including copper and gold were placed on top of the life-tree, on its sides, in the five places, in its three centers, and then the life-tree was surrounded with plastic and copper to prevent future water damage before being inserted. All of

SECTION 60

#1732876869130

4712-460: The reign of Trisong Detsen (r. 755 until 797 or 804 CE). The Old Book of Tang do seems to place these events clearly in the reign of Songtsen Gampo, for they say that in 634, Yangtong (Zhangzhung) and various Qiang peoples "altogether submitted to him." Following this, he united with the country of Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha, or Tuyuhun , and then conquered two more tribes of Qiang before threatening Songzhou with an army of (according to

4788-570: The stupa gave birth to the origins of Tibetan Buddhism . It is filled with consecrated substances, and its massive mandala makes it the largest spherical stupa in Nepal and one of the largest in the world. In 1979 the Boudha Stupa became one of UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites in Nepal. The stupa's consecrated Body relics include authentic bone pieces of Kassapa Buddha and of Shakyamuni Buddha , together with Dharmakaya relics, Dharma relics, Cloth relics, and Body, Speech, Mind, Mind Qualities, and Activity representations among its other relics. It

4864-504: The throne after emperor Harshavardhan's death around 647 CE, the Licchavi king came to their aid. Songtsen Gampo married Princess Bhrikuti , the daughter of King Licchavi. The Chinese Princess Wencheng , niece of the Emperor Taizong of Tang , left China in 640 to marry Songtsen Gampo, arriving the next year. Peace between China and Tibet prevailed for the remainder of Songtsen Gampo's reign. Both wives are considered to have been incarnations of Tara (Standard Tibetan: Drolma ),

4940-409: The throne at age thirteen, circa 618. There are difficulties with the ascension dates, and several earlier dates for the birth of Songtsen Gampo have been suggested, including 569, 593 or 605. It is said that Songtsen Gampo was born at Gyama in Meldro , a region to the northeast of modern Lhasa , the son of the Yarlung king Namri Songtsen . The book The Holder of the White Lotus says that it

5016-419: The throne. "The Tibetans gave him refuge and reestablished him on his throne [in 641]; that is how he became subject to Tibet." Sometime later, but still within the Zhenguan period (627–650 CE), the Tibetans sent an envoy to present day Nepal, where the king received him "joyfully", and, later, when a Tibetan mission was attacked in present-day India by then minister of emperor Harshavardhan who had usurped

5092-400: The tongue ) ( Standard Tibetan : བྱ་རུང་ཀ་ཤོར། , Wylie : bya rung ka shor ), also known as Khasti Chaitya or Khāsa Chaitya, is a stupa and major spiritual landmark seen as the embodiment of the enlightened mind of all the Buddhas, located in Boudhanath, within the city of Kathmandu , Nepal . Built in the northeast of Kathmandu Valley in a Tamang village surrounded by rice paddies,

5168-424: The translation of the terma, Shakya Zangpo came to Nepal in search of the stupa but found only an abandoned mound. He undertook a restoration during which he is said to have found the remains of Nepali king Amsuverma, the possible father of Songsten Gampo 's Nepali queen Bhrikuti . His restoration is likely to have resulted in the stupa being the size we see today. He is believed to have resided at Chabahil during

5244-452: The unification of Tibet. Her name is recorded variously but is identified as Driza Tökar ("the Bri Wife named White Skull Woman", Wylie : ' bri bza' thod dkar , Tibetan Annals Wylie : bring ma tog dgos ). Songtsen Gampo had six consort queens, of whom four were Tibetan and two were foreign born. The highest-ranking consort was Pogong Mongza Tricham ( Wylie : pho gong mong bza' khri lcam , also called Mongza , "the Mong clan wife", who

5320-430: The wisdom-mind of all the buddhas, my own yidam, a place for beings to accumulate immeasurable merit, a great stūpa whose essence is the Tathāgatas’ relics." Samvari then asked the local king for his permission and for the necessary grant of land. The king thought and was impressed by Samvari, then responded, "Jarung!" ("Let it be done!"). She immediately began building the stupa with bricks loaded by her four sons and

5396-410: The work, a few kilometers away. Chabahil is known as Sa lhag rdo Lhag , leftover earth, leftover stones, which refers to the belief that the smaller Chabahil stupa was built using the leftover materials from the Boudha Stupa restoration, which could date the Chabahil stupa to the 15th century. The story of Samvari the poultry woman is also acknowledged by the local Newar people. A painting of Samvari

5472-455: Was ambushed and killed by King Srongtsen Gampo's soldiers. As a consequence, The Zhangzhung kingdom was annexed to Bod [Central Tibet]. Thereafter the new kingdom born of the unification of Zhangzhung and Bod was known as Bod rGyal-khab." R. A. Stein places the conquest of Zhangzhung in 645. He next attacked and defeated the Tangut people who later formed the Western Xia state in 942 CE),

5548-621: Was between the Chinese and Indian Buddhist traditions as they were represented in Tibet. Sources differ about both the nature of the debate as well as the victor. Stein (1972: p. 66-67) holds that Kamalaśīla disseminated a "gradualist approach" to enlightenment , consisting of purificatory sādhanā such as cultivating the pāramitās . Kamalashila's role was to ordain Tibetans as Buddhist monks and propagate Buddhist philosophy as it had flourished in India. Stein (1972: p. 66-67) holds that Kamalaśīla

5624-521: Was originally a herding ground called Rasa ("the place of goats") but the name was changed to Lhasa ("the place of gods") on the king's founding of the Jokhang Temple. The name Lhasa itself originally referred simply to the temple precincts. He is also credited with bringing many new cultural and technological advances to Tibet. The Jiu Tangshu , or Old Book of Tang , states that after the defeat in 648 of an Indian army in support of Chinese envoys,

5700-484: Was poisoned circa 618. He is said to have been born in an unspecified Ox year and was 13 years old (12 by Western reckoning) when he took the throne. This accords with the tradition that the Yarlung kings took the throne when they were 13, and supposedly old enough to ride a horse and rule the kingdom. If these traditions are correct, he was probably born in the Ox year 605 CE. The Old Book of Tang notes that he "was still

5776-487: Was victorious in the debate and that Tri Songdetsen sided with Kamalaśīla. Tri Songdetsen is also traditionally associated with the construction of Boudhanath in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The role of Padmasambhava on the other hand was to establish the teaching of Buddhist Tantra in Tibet. During the reign of Tri Songdetsen the combined efforts of Padmasambhava, Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla established both

#129870