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59-540: The origins of the cemetery were two separate lots. The first lot was given by the Kingdom of Hawaii to the Roman Catholic mission during the 1840s and was identified by the title "Claim No. 4". The second lot was purchased by several wealthy Catholics and given to the Roman Catholic mission. Originally on the outskirts of the village of Honolulu, with the makai side consisting of estuarine wetlands and man-made ponds for

118-622: A French invasion that sacked Honolulu in 1849, Kamehameha III sought defense treaties with the United States and Britain. During the Crimean War , Kamehameha III declared Hawaiʻi a neutral state. The United States government put strong pressure on Kamehameha IV to trade exclusively with the United States, threatening to annex the islands. To counter this threat Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V pushed for alliances with other foreign powers, especially Great Britain. Hawaiʻi claimed uninhabited islands in

177-643: A dispute over the taking of a longboat. Three years later the island passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's son, Kīwalaʻō , while religious authority was passed to the ruler's nephew, Kamehameha. The warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great , waged a military campaign lasting 15 years to unite the islands. He established the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1795 with the help of western weapons and advisors, such as John Young and Isaac Davis . Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui , he failed to annex Kauaʻi , hampered by

236-572: A group of Hawaiian subjects who were mostly of American descent, and supported by the U.S. military . The Committee of Safety dissolved the kingdom and established the Republic of Hawaii , intending for the U.S. to annex the islands, which it did on July 7, 1898, via the Newlands Resolution . Hawaii became part of the U.S. as the Territory of Hawaii until it became a U.S. state in 1959. In 1993,

295-514: A large arsenal with tens of thousands of soldiers and many warships. This helped put down the revolt at Kuamoʻo later in 1819 and Humehume 's rebellion on Kauaʻi in 1824. The military shrank with the population under the onslaught of disease, so by the end of the Kamehameha dynasty the Hawaiian navy was severely reduced, having a few outdated ships and the army consisted of a few hundred troops. After

354-476: A large proportion of the population (a few Japanese and some Chinese who had previously become naturalized lost voting rights). This limited the franchise to wealthy native Hawaiians and Europeans. The Bayonet Constitution continued allowing the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but took his power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature. In 1891, Kalākaua died and his sister Liliʻuokalani assumed

413-542: A lot paid ten dollars for a grave and another ten dollars for the digging. The makai portion of the cemetery was found to be unfit for digging to the six-foot depth required by the Board of Health. To alleviate encountering ground water during burials, Father Valentin approved the importation of new soil from the nearby Armory. After the closure of the cemetery by the Board of Health, the vicariate made arrangements for Catholic interments at Diamond Head Memorial Park. As of 2004,

472-526: A low of 24,000 in 1920. Most lived in remote villages. American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite by the mid-19th century. They provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities. The elites promoted the sugar industry . Americans set up plantations after 1850. Few natives were willing to work on them, so recruiters fanned out across Asia and Europe. As

531-496: A plebiscite or referendum." Opposition to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii played a major role in the creation of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement , which calls for Hawaiian independence from American rule. Hawaii was originally settled by Polynesian voyagers, who arrived on the islands circa the 6th century. The islands were governed as independent chiefdoms. In ancient Hawaiʻi, society was divided into multiple classes. Rulers came from

590-517: A result, between 1850 and 1900, some 200,000 contract laborers from China , Japan , the Philippines , Portugal and elsewhere worked in Hawaiʻi under fixed term contracts (typically for five years). Most returned home on schedule, but many settled there. By 1908 about 180,000 Japanese workers had arrived. No more were allowed in, but 54,000 remained permanently. The Hawaiian army and navy developed from

649-612: A storm and a plague that decimated his army. In 1810 Kauaʻi's chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into a constitutional monarchy in the manner of European systems. The Kingdom thus became an early example of monarchies in Polynesian societies as contacts with Europeans increased. Similar political developments occurred (for example) in Tahiti , Tonga , Fiji , and New Zealand . From 1810 to 1893 two major dynastic families ruled

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708-592: The German Navy . The 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom was drafted by Lorrin A. Thurston , Minister of Interior under King Kalākaua. The constitution was proclaimed by the king after a meeting of 3,000 residents, including an armed militia demanded he sign or be deposed. The document created a constitutional monarchy like that of the United Kingdom , stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering

767-528: The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian : Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi ), was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands which existed from 1795 to 1893. It was established during the late 18th century when Kamehameha I , then Aliʻi nui of Hawaii , conquered the islands of Oʻahu , Maui , Molokaʻi , and Lānaʻi , and unified them under one government. In 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were fully unified when

826-597: The Royal Navy warship HMS  Carysfort , entered Honolulu Harbor and demanded that King Kamehameha III cede the islands to the British Crown. Under the frigate's guns, Kamehameha III surrendered to Paulet on February 25, writing: "Where are you, chiefs, people, and commons from my ancestors, and people from foreign lands? Hear ye! I make known to you that I am in perplexity by reason of difficulties into which I have been brought without cause, therefore I have given away

885-650: The United States Senate passed the Apology Resolution , which acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and "the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through

944-478: The aliʻi class with each island ruled by a separate aliʻi nui . These rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa , who became the earth mother goddess of the Hawaiian religion . Captain James Cook was the first European to encounter the Hawaiian Islands, on his Pacific third voyage (1776–1780). He was killed at Kealakekua Bay on Hawaiʻi Island in 1779 in

1003-420: The Great. During Liholiho's (Kamehameha II) reign (1819–1824), the arrival of Christian missionaries and whalers accelerated changes in the kingdom. Kauikeaouli's reign (1824–1854) as Kamehameha III, began as a young ward of the primary wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu , who ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui , or Prime Minister until her death in 1832. Kauikeaouli's rule of three decades

1062-645: The Hawaiian Kingdom: the House of Kamehameha (1795 to 1874) and the Kalākaua dynasty (1874–1893). Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government, each styled as Kamehameha , until 1872. Lunalilo ( r.  1873–1874 ) was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho ( Kamehameha II , r.  1819–1824 ) and Kauikeaouli ( Kamehameha III , r.  1825–1854 ) were direct sons of Kamehameha

1121-426: The Kamehameha line were nominated. In the monarchical election of 1873, a ceremonial popular vote and a unanimous legislative vote, William C. Lunalilo , grandnephew of Kamehameha I, became Hawaiʻi's first of two elected monarchs . His reign ended due to his early death from tuberculosis at age 39. Upon Lunalilo's death, David Kalakaua defeated Kamehameha IV's widow, Queen Emma , in a contested election, beginning

1180-665: The Pacific, including the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , many of which conflicted with American claims. The royal guards were disbanded under Lunalilo after a barracks revolt in September 1873. A small army was restored under King Kalākaua but failed to stop the 1887 Rebellion by the Missionary Party . The U.S. maintained a policy of keeping at least one cruiser in Hawaiʻi. On January 17, 1893, Liliʻuokalani, believing

1239-648: The U.S. military would intervene if she changed the constitution, waited for the USS ; Boston to leave port. Once it was known that Liliʻuokalani was revising the constitution, the Boston returned and assisted the Missionary Party in her overthrow. Following the establishment of the Provisional Government of Hawaii , the Kingdom's military was disarmed and disbanded. Under Queen Kaʻahumanu 's rule, Catholicism

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1298-540: The afternoon of January 16, 1893. This deployment was at the request of the Committee of Safety , which claimed an "imminent threat to American lives and property." Stevens was accused of ordering the landing on his own authority and inappropriately using his discretion. Historian William Russ concluded that "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself." On July 17, 1893, Sanford B. Dole and his committee took control of

1357-439: The bills, and these controversial proposals were used against her in the looming constitutional crisis. Liliʻuokalani wanted to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Constitution. She launched a campaign resulting in a petition to proclaim a new Constitution. Many citizens and residents who in 1887 had forced Kalākaua to sign the "Bayonet Constitution" became alarmed when three of her cabinet members informed them that

1416-419: The cemetery so that each lot could be reached without walking over neighboring lots. Many trees were removed and in 1892, Father Valentin planted the stately royal palms that line the main lane to the cemetery. Father Valentin reported that a society was organized for the upkeep and improvement of the cemetery. Members paid an annual fee of five dollars. A permanent sexton was appointed and anyone acquiring

1475-448: The ceremonial popular vote of Lunalilo. The choice was controversial, and U.S. and British troops were called upon to suppress rioting by Queen Emma's supporters, the Emmaites . Kalākaua officially proclaimed that his sister, Liliʻuokalani, would succeed to the throne upon his death. Hoping to avoid uncertainty, Kalākaua listed a line of succession in his will, so that after Liliʻuokalani

1534-460: The customary land tenure system in effect prior to this declaration. Ninety-eight percent of the land was assigned to the aliʻi , chiefs or nobles, with two percent to the commoners. No land could be sold, only transferred to a lineal descendant. Contact with the outer world exposed the natives to a disastrous series of imported plagues such as smallpox. The native Hawaiian population fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, reaching

1593-569: The death sentences of her jailed supporters, including Minister Joseph Nāwahī , Prince Kawānanakoa, Robert William Wilcox and Prince Jonah Kūhiō. Before ascending the throne, for fourteen years, or since the date of my proclamation as heir apparent, my official title had been simply Liliuokalani. Thus I was proclaimed both Princess Royal and Queen. Thus it is recorded in the archives of the government to this day. The Provisional Government nor any other had enacted any change in my name. All my official acts, as well as my private letters, were issued over

1652-452: The government and declared itself the Provisional Government of Hawaii "to rule until annexation by the United States". The Provisional Government was reorganized as the Republic of Hawaii in 1894; Dole served was president of both. The committee and members of the former government both lobbied in Washington, D.C. for their respective positions. President Grover Cleveland considered

1711-415: The government. Historians suggest that businessmen were in favor of overthrow and annexation to the U.S. in order to benefit from more favorable trade conditions. United States Government Minister John L. Stevens summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the USS  Boston and two companies of U.S. sailors to Honolulu to take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate and Arion Hall on

1770-535: The grandfather of both Keohokālole and Kapaʻakea, was depicted, along with his royal twin Kamanawa , on the Hawaiian coat of arms. Liliʻuokalani, in her memoir, referred to her family line as the "Keawe-a-Heulu line" after her mother's side of the family. With the deposition of Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893 the House of Kalākaua ceased to reign, and the death of the Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani in 1899 meant

1829-401: The harvesting of sea salt (or paʻakai in Hawaiian ). The Waikiki side of the cemetery was the old Plantation and rice paddies. In 1889, the cemetery consisted of scattered graves and overrunning paths. Wealthier Catholics ensured that their private plots were enclosed by wooden or iron fences and a tombstone. Msgr. Koeckemann erected the tall iron cross in the center of the cemetery. He

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1888-539: The islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau voluntarily joined the Hawaiian Kingdom. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua . The kingdom subsequently gained diplomatic recognition from European powers and the United States . An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon began arriving to the kingdom, introducing diseases such as syphilis , tuberculosis , smallpox , and measles , leading to

1947-426: The kingdom. Dynastic rule by the Kamehameha family ended in 1872 with the death of Kamehameha V. On his deathbed, he summoned High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop to declare his intentions of making her heir to the throne. Bernice refused the crown, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. Bishop's refusal to take the crown forced the legislature to elect a new monarch. From 1872 to 1873, several relatives of

2006-568: The legislature and establishing a cabinet government. It became known as the "Bayonet Constitution" over the threat of force used to gain Kalākaua's cooperation. The 1887 constitution empowered the citizenry to elect members of the House of Nobles (who had previously been appointed by the King). It increased the value of property a citizen must own to be eligible to vote above the previous Constitution of 1864. It also denied voting rights to Asians who comprised

2065-455: The life of our land. Hear ye! but my rule over you, my people, and your privileges will continue, for I have hope that the life of the land will be restored when my conduct is justified. Done at Honolulu, Oahu, this 25th day of February, 1843. Kamehameha III Kekauluohi" House of Kal%C4%81kaua The House of Kalākaua , or Kalākaua Dynasty , also known as the Keawe-a-Heulu line ,

2124-417: The loss of the last direct heir of the siblings of the reigning monarchs of House of Kalākaua. The main line of the dynasty thus ended when the deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani (who had abdicated and renounced) died in 1917. Their cousins came to be known as the House of Kawānanakoa , a branch of the House of Kalākaua, since they are relatives of King Kalākaua, descended from Prince David Kawānanakoa , eldest son of

2183-477: The lots closest to King Street are watered and maintained better. Those plots further in (close to the Hawaiian Electric Company yard) appear to be minimally maintained, if at all. Several grave markers are sequestered at the corner of what appears to have been a chapel and tree roots from a Ficus have obscured the original plots. Kingdom of Hawaii The Hawaiian Kingdom , also known as

2242-515: The message that President Cleveland wanted Queen Liliʻuokalani's return to power. On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was requested to wait for the end of President Cleveland's second term. While lobbying continued during 1894, the royalist faction amassed an army 600 strong led by former Captain of the Guard Samuel Nowlein . In 1895 they attempted the 1895 Wilcox rebellion . Liliʻuokalani

2301-707: The native Hawaiian patriot and former delegate to the United States Congress, Robert William Wilcox ; Princess Eugenie Ninito Sumner of Tahiti , wife of High Chief John Kapilikea Sumner, and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani . In 1889, shortly after his arrival in Honolulu, Father Valentin Franckx , SS.CC., former pastor of Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church in Waikīkī laid out a central road and side paths in

2360-473: The old religion in favor of Christianity. The missionaries developed a written Hawaiian language . That led to high levels of literacy in Hawaiʻi, above 90 percent in the latter half of the 19th century . Writing aided in the consolidation of government. Written constitutions were developed. In 1848, the Great Māhele was promulgated by King Kamehameha III . It instituted official property rights, formalizing

2419-627: The overthrow to have been an illegal act of war; he refused to consider annexation and initially worked to restore the queen to her throne. Between December 14, 1893, and January 11, 1894, a standoff known as the Black Week occurred between the United States , the Empire of Japan and the United Kingdom against the Provisional Government to pressure them into returning the Queen. This incident drove home

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2478-404: The queen was planning to unilaterally proclaim her new Constitution. Some members were reported to have feared for their safety for not supporting her plans. In 1893, local businessmen and politicians, composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national, all of whom were living in Hawaiʻi, overthrew the regime and took over

2537-522: The range of my knowledge, any such a person as Liliuokalani Dominis. The Republic of Hawaii was dissolved and the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States by the Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, known as the " Newlands Resolution ". Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands. Their consolidation opened international trade. Under Kamehameha (1795–1819), sandalwood

2596-530: The rapid decline of the Native Hawaiian population . In 1887, King Kalākaua was forced to accept a new constitution after a coup d'état by the Honolulu Rifles , a volunteer military unit recruited from American settlers. Queen Liliʻuokalani , who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the new constitution. She was subsequently overthrown in a 1893 coup engineered by the Committee of Safety ,

2655-415: The royal prerogative and she officially proclaimed her niece Princess Kaʻiulani as heir. She later proposed a new constitution in 1893 , but it was never ratified by the legislature. Kalākaua's prime minister Walter M. Gibson indulged the expenses of Kalākaua and attempted to establish a Polynesian Confederation , sending the "homemade battleship" Kaimiloa to Samoa in 1887. It resulted in suspicion by

2714-429: The second dynasty. Like his predecessor, Lunalilo failed to name an heir to the throne. Once again, the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom held an election to fill the vacancy. Queen Emma , widow of Kamehameha IV, was nominated along with David Kalākaua . The 1874 election was a nasty campaign in which both candidates resorted to mudslinging and innuendo. Kalākaua became the second elected King of Hawaiʻi but without

2773-426: The signature of Liliuokalani. But when my jailers required me to sign ("Liliuokalani Dominis,") I did as they commanded. Their motive in this as in other actions was plainly to humiliate me before my people and before the world. I saw in a moment, what they did not, that, even were I not complying under the most severe and exacting duress, by this demand they had overreached themselves. There is not, and never was, within

2832-457: The threat of war, King Kamehameha III signed the Edict of Toleration on July 17, 1839 agreeing to Laplace's demands. He paid $ 20,000 in compensation for deporting the priests and the incarceration and torture of converts. The kingdom proclaimed: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu returned and as reparation Kamehameha III donated land for a church. On February 13, 1843. Lord George Paulet of

2891-537: The throne should succeed to Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani , then to Queen Consort Kapiʻolani , followed by her sister Princess Poʻomaikelani , then Prince David Laʻamea Kawānanakoa , and finally Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole . However, the will was not a proper proclamation according to kingdom law. Protests objected to nominating lower ranking aliʻi who were not eligible to the throne while high ranking aliʻi were available who were eligible, such as High Chiefess Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau . However, Queen Liliʻuokalani held

2950-593: The throne. She came to power during an economic crisis precipitated in part by the McKinley Tariff . By rescinding the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, the new tariff eliminated the previous advantage Hawaiian exporters enjoyed in trade to U.S. markets. Many Hawaiian businesses and citizens felt the lost revenue, and so Liliʻuokalani proposed a lottery and opium licensing to bring in additional revenue. Her ministers and closest friends tried to dissuade her from pursuing

3009-468: The warriors of Kona under Kamehameha I. The army and navy used both traditional canoes and uniforms including helmets made of natural materials and loincloths (called the malo ) as well as Western technology such as artillery cannons, muskets and ships and Western-style organization such as military uniforms and a military rank system. European advisors were treated well and became Hawaiian citizens. When Kamehameha died in 1819 he left his son Liholiho

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3068-404: Was arrested when a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds. She was tried by a military tribunal of the Republic, convicted of treason, and placed under permanent house arrest. On January 24, 1895, while under house arrest Liliʻuokalani was forced to sign a five-page declaration as "Liliuokalani Dominis" in which she formally abdicated the throne in return for the release and commutation of

3127-444: Was descended from chiefs on the islands of Hawaiʻi , Maui , and Kauaʻi . The torch that burns at midday symbolizes the dynasty, based on the sacred kapu Kalākaua's ancestor High Chief Iwikauikaua . The dynasty was founded by Kalākaua when he ascended the Hawaiian Kingdom throne in 1874 and included his brothers and sisters who were children of Analea Keohokālole (1816–1869) and Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea (1815–1866). The family

3186-608: Was eventually laid to rest under the cross. Several other bishops of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , ( Msgri . Gulstan Ropert , Libert H. Boeynaems , and Stephen Alencastre ) were also buried next to Msgr. Koeckemann. Remains of some forty of the early members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts also lay buried since 1853 in a common grave on site. Other notable people buried in this cemetery include:

3245-441: Was exported to China . That led to the introduction of money and trade throughout the islands . Following Kamehameha's death, succession was overseen by his principal wife, Kaʻahumanu , who was designated as regent over the new king, Liholiho, who was a minor. Queen Kaʻahumanu eliminated various prohibitions ( kapu ) governing women's behavior. She allowed men and women to eat together and women to eat bananas. She also overturned

3304-564: Was illegal in Hawaiʻi, and in 1831 French Catholic priests were deported. Native Hawaiian converts to Catholicism claimed to have been imprisoned, beaten and tortured after the expulsion of the priests. Resistance toward the French Catholic missionaries continued under Kuhina Nui Kaʻahumanu II . In 1839 Captain Laplace of the French frigate Artémise sailed to Hawaiʻi under orders to: Under

3363-465: Was of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the House of Kamehameha , sharing common descent from the early 18th-century aliʻi nui (supreme monarch) Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . The family traces their descent from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku , two of the five royal counselors of King Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Kameʻeiamoku,

3422-477: Was the longest in the monarchy's history. He enacted the Great Mahele of 1848, promulgated the first Constitution (1840) and its successor (1852) and witnessed cataclysmic losses of his people through imported diseases. Alexander Liholiho, Kamehameha IV, (r. 1854–1863), introduced Anglican religion and royal habits to the kingdom. Lot, Kamehameha V (r. 1863–1872), struggled to solidify Hawaiian nationalism in

3481-541: Was the reigning family of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi under King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani . They assumed power after the last king of the House of Kamehameha , Lunalilo , died without designating an heir, leading to the election of Kalākaua and provoking the Honolulu Courthouse riot . The dynasty lost power with the overthrow of Liliʻuokalani and the end of the Kingdom in 1893. Liliʻuokalani died in 1917 , leaving only cousins as heirs. The House of Kalākaua

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