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71-523: Ramkhamhaeng ( Thai : รามคำแหง , pronounced [rāːm kʰām hɛ̌ːŋ] ) or Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng Maharat ( Thai : พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช , pronounced [pʰɔ̂ː kʰǔn raːm kʰam hɛ̌ːŋ má hǎː râːt] ) was the third king of the Phra Ruang Dynasty , ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a historical kingdom of Thailand ) from 1279 to 1298, during its most prosperous era. He

142-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of

213-551: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

284-624: A sugar palm tree in Sukhothai . Prasert na Nagara of the Royal Institute speculates that this was a tradition of Tai Ahom monarchs, who planted banyan or sugar palm trees on their coronation day in the hope that their reign would achieve the same stature as the tree. The most significant event at the beginning of his reign was the elopement of one of his daughters, Thai: แม่นางสร้อยดาว, RTGS: Mae-nang Soidao, "Lady Soidao" May Hnin Thwe-Da , with

355-498: A (อะ), not the 'o', or 'ə' of Thai: this short a is never omitted in pronunciation, and if the vowel is not to be pronounced, then a specific symbol must be used, the pinthu อฺ (a solid dot under the consonant). This means that sara a (อะ) is never used when writing Pali, because it is always implied. For example, namo is written นะโม in Thai, but in Pali it is written as นโม, because the อะ

426-692: A bewildering variety of romanisations are used, making it difficult to know how to pronounce a word, or to judge if two words (e.g. on a map and a street sign) are actually the same. For more precise information, an equivalent from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is given as well. The consonants can be organised by place and manner of articulation according to principles of the International Phonetic Association . Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for plosive consonants: Where English has only

497-528: A combination of those. The Thai script is derived from the Sukhothai script , which itself is derived from the Old Khmer script ( Thai : อักษรขอม , akson khom ), which is a southern Brahmic style of writing derived from the south Indian Pallava alphabet ( Thai : ปัลลวะ ). According to tradition it was created in 1283 by King Ram Khamhaeng the Great ( Thai : พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช ). The earliest attestation of

568-502: A comma ( Thai : จุลภาค or ลูกน้ำ , chunlaphak or luk nam ), and major pauses by a period ( Thai : มหัพภาค or จุด , mahap phak or chut ), but most often are marked by a blank space ( Thai : วรรค , wak ). Thai writing also uses quotation marks ( Thai : อัญประกาศ , anyaprakat ) and parentheses (round brackets) ( Thai : วงเล็บ , wong lep or Thai : นขลิขิต , nakha likhit ), but not square brackets or braces. A paiyan noi ฯ ( Thai : ไปยาลน้อย )

639-465: A distinction between the voiced, unaspirated /b/ and the unvoiced, aspirated /pʰ/ , Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, which occurs in English only as an allophone of /p/ , approximately the sound of the p in "spin". There is similarly a laminal denti-alveolar /t/ , /tʰ/ , /d/ triplet. In the velar series there is a /k/ , /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series

710-424: A few exceptions in Pali loanwords, where the inherent vowel of an open syllable is /ɔː/ . The circumfix vowels, such as เ–าะ /ɔʔ/ , encompass a preceding consonant with an inherent vowel. For example, / pʰ ɔʔ / is written เ พ าะ , and / tɕʰ a pʰ ɔʔ / "only" is written เ ฉพ าะ . The characters ฤ ฤๅ (plus ฦ ฦๅ , which are obsolete) are usually considered as vowels,

781-413: A final nasal /n/ . Only 8 ending consonant sounds, as well as no ending consonant sound, are available in Thai pronunciation. Among these consonants, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ , six ( ฉ , ผ , ฝ , ห , อ , ฮ ) cannot be used as a final. The remaining 36 are grouped as following. Thai vowel sounds and diphthongs are written using a mixture of vowel symbols on a consonant base. Each vowel

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852-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

923-417: A special form when shortened The Thai script (like all Indic scripts ) uses a number of modifications to write Sanskrit and related languages (in particular, Pali). Pali is very closely related to Sanskrit and is the liturgical language of Thai Buddhism . In Thailand, Pali is written and studied using a slightly modified Thai script. The main difference is that each consonant is followed by an implied short

994-507: A syllable starts with a vowel sign. There are 44 consonant letters representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants either correspond to sounds that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exist (in particular, voiced obstruents such as d ), or different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in

1065-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

1136-704: A syllable. Where a combination of consonants ends a written syllable, only the first is pronounced; possible closing consonant sounds are limited to 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' and 't'. Although official standards for romanisation are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) defined by the Royal Thai Institute, and the almost identical ISO 11940-2 defined by the International Organization for Standardization , many publications use different romanisation systems. In daily practice,

1207-443: Is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form

1278-458: Is also used to spell อังก ฤ ษ angkrit England/English. The word ฤ กษ์ ( roek ) is a unique case where ฤ is pronounced like เรอ . In the past, prior to the turn of the twentieth century, it was common for writers to substitute these letters in native vocabulary that contained similar sounds as a shorthand that was acceptable in writing at the time. For example, the conjunction 'or' ( Thai : หรือ /rɯ̌ː/ rue , cf. Lao : ຫຼຶ/ຫລື /lɯ̌ː/ lu )

1349-577: Is credited for the creation of the Thai alphabet and the firm establishment of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom. Ramkhamhaeng (sometimes written Ram Khamhaeng) was a son of Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, who ruled as Pho Khun Si Inthrathit , and his queen, Sueang, though folk legend claims his real parents were an ogress named Kangli and a fisherman. He had two brothers and two sisters. The eldest brother died while very young. The second, Ban Mueang , became king following their father's death and

1420-453: Is read out using the Thai values for all the consonants (so ค is read as kha and not [ga]), which makes Thai spoken Sanskrit incomprehensible to sanskritists not trained in Thailand. The Sanskrit values are used in transliteration (without the diacritics ), but these values are never actually used when Sanskrit is read out loud in Thailand. The vowels used in Thai are identical to Sanskrit, with

1491-621: Is redundant. The Sanskrit word 'mantra' is written มนตร์ in Thai (and therefore pronounced mon ), but is written มนฺตฺร in Sanskrit (and therefore pronounced mantra ). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. This is an example of a Pali text written using the Thai Sanskrit orthography: อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ ภควา [arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā] . Written in modern Thai orthography, this becomes อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ ภะคะวา arahang sammasamphuttho phakhawa . In Thailand, Sanskrit

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1562-660: Is shown in its correct position relative to a base consonant and sometimes a final consonant as well. Vowels can go above, below, left of or right of the consonant, or combinations of these places. If a vowel has parts before and after the initial consonant, and the syllable starts with a consonant cluster, the split will go around the whole cluster. Twenty-one vowel symbol elements are traditionally named, which may appear alone or in combination to form compound symbols. The inherent vowels are /a/ in open syllables (CV) and /o/ in closed syllables (CVC). For example, ถนน transcribes / tʰ à n ǒ n / "road". There are

1633-579: Is speculated that Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom as far as Lampang , Phrae , and Nan in the north, Phitsanulok and Vientiane in the east, the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom in the south, the Mon kingdoms of what is now Myanmar in the west, and the Bay of Bengal in the northwest. However, in the mandala political model , kingdoms such as Sukhothai lacked distinct borders, instead being centered on

1704-596: Is thought as being placed in combination with short sara i and fong man to form other characters. For numerals, mostly the standard Hindu-Arabic numerals ( Thai : เลขฮินดูอารบิก , lek hindu arabik ) are used, but Thai also has its own set of Thai numerals that are based on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ( Thai : เลขไทย , lek thai ), which are mostly limited to government documents, election posters, license plates of military vehicles, and special entry prices for Thai nationals. Pai-yan noi and angkhan diao share

1775-444: Is used for abbreviation. A paiyan yai ฯลฯ ( Thai : ไปยาลใหญ่ ) is the same as "etc." in English. Several obsolete characters indicated the beginning or ending of sections. A bird's eye ๏ ( Thai : ตาไก่ , ta kai , officially called ฟองมัน , fong man ) formerly indicated paragraphs. An angkhan kuu ๚ ( Thai : อังคั่นคู่ ) was formerly used to mark the end of a chapter . A kho mut ๛ ( Thai : โคมูตร )

1846-505: The Tone table . Differing interpretations of the two marks or their absence allow low class consonants to spell tones not allowed for the corresponding high class consonant. In the case of digraphs where a low class follows a higher class consonant, often the higher class rules apply, but the marker, if used, goes over the low class one; accordingly, ห นำ ho nam and อ นำ o nam may be considered to be digraphs as such, as explained below

1917-418: The /tɕ/ , /tɕʰ/ pair. In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The conventional alphabetic order shown in the table above follows roughly the table below, reading the coloured blocks from right to left and top to bottom. Although

1988-530: The Ayutthaya Chronicles by Prasoet Aksoranit, Ramkhamhaeng had a grandson named "Phraya Ram", and two grandsons of Phraya Ram were named "Phraya Ban Mueang" and "Phraya Ram". The title Maharat ( Thai : มหาราช ) is the Thai translation of “the Great King”. Tri Amattayakun ( Thai : ตรี อมาตยกุล ), a Thai historian, suggests that Ramkhamhaeng should have acceded to the throne in 1279, the year he planted

2059-619: The Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It

2130-673: The Mainland Southeast Asia . Another addition was consonant clusters that were written horizontally and contiguously, rather than writing the second consonant below the first one. Finally, the script wrote vowel marks on the main line, however this innovation fell out of use not long after. There is a fairly complex relationship between spelling and sound. There are various issues: Thai letters do not have upper- and lower-case forms like Latin letters do. Spaces between words are not used , except in certain linguistically motivated cases. Minor pauses in sentences may be marked by

2201-459: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

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2272-510: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on

2343-411: The Thai alphabet , the script is in fact not a true alphabet but an abugida , a writing system in which the full characters represent consonants with diacritical marks for vowels; the absence of a vowel diacritic gives an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are written horizontally from left to right, and vowels following a consonant in speech are written above, below, to the left or to the right of it, or

2414-500: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

2485-453: The Mon-Khmer ( Austroasiatic languages ) and Indo-Aryan languages from which its script is derived. Although Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages have distinctive tones in their phonological system, no tone marker is found in their orthographies. Thus, tone markers are an innovation in the Thai language that later influenced other related Tai languages and some Tibeto-Burman languages on

2556-601: The Thai script is the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription dated to 1292, however some scholars question its authenticity. The script was derived from a cursive form of the Old Khmer script of the time. It modified and simplified some of the Old Khmer letters and introduced some new ones to accommodate Thai phonology. It also introduced tone marks. Thai is considered to be the first script in the world that invented tone markers to indicate distinctive tones, which are lacking in

2627-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

2698-581: The Tone table. To aid learning, each consonant is traditionally associated with an acrophonic Thai word that either starts with the same sound, or features it prominently. For example, the name of the letter ข is kho khai ( ข ไข่ ), in which kho is the sound it represents, and khai ( ไข่ ) is a word which starts with the same sound and means "egg". Two of the consonants, ฃ ( kho khuat ) and ฅ ( kho khon ), are no longer used in written Thai, but still appear on many keyboards and in character sets. When

2769-663: The captain of the palace guards, a commoner. The commoner would found the Burmese Hanthawaddy Kingdom and commission compilation of the Code of Wareru , which would provide a basis for the law of Thailand used in Siam until 1908, and in Burma to the present. Ramkhamhaeng sent embassies to Yuan China from 1282 to 1323 and imported the techniques to make the ceramics now known as Sangkhalok ceramic ware . He had close relationships with

2840-527: The ceramics known as "Sangkhalok ware" ( Thai : เครื่องสังคโลก ) to countries such as Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and even to China. The industry was one of the main revenue generators during his reign and long afterward. The reverse of the 20 Baht note (series 16), issued in 2013, depicts images of the royal statue of Ramkhamhaeng seated on the Manangkhasila Asana Throne and commemorates

2911-462: The city of Si Satchanalai . The Royal Institute of Thailand speculates that Ramkhamhaeng's birth name was "Ram" (derived from Rama, the name of the hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana ), as his name following his coronation was "Pho Khun Ramarat" ( Thai : พ่อขุนรามราช ). Furthermore, the tradition at the time was to give the name of a grandfather to a grandson; according to both the 11th Stone Inscription and

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2982-495: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

3053-500: The final consonant, giving /an/ . German: the ü in Mücke Thai is a tonal language , and the script gives full information on the tones . Tones are realised in the vowels, but indicated in the script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), vowel length (long or short), closing consonant ( plosive or sonorant , called dead or live ) and, if present, one of four tone marks, whose names derive from

3124-517: The first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out. Also, neither of these two letters correspond to a Sanskrit or Pali letter, and each of them, being a modified form of the letter that precedes it (compare ข and ค ), has the same pronunciation and the same consonant class as the preceding letter, thus making them redundant. They used to represent

3195-444: The first being a short vowel sound, and the latter, long. The letters are based on vocalic consonants used in Sanskrit, given the one-to-one letter correspondence of Thai to Sanskrit, although the last two letters are quite rare, as their equivalent Sanskrit sounds only occur in a few, ancient words and thus are functionally obsolete in Thai. The first symbol 'ฤ' is common in many Sanskrit and Pali words and 'ฤๅ' less so, but does occur as

3266-512: The invention of the Thai script by the king. Ramkhamhaeng University , the first Thai university with an open-door policy and with campuses throughout the country was named after Ramkhamhaeng. King Ramkhamhaeng is a playable ruler for the Siamese in Sid Meier's Civilization V . Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of

3337-646: The king. It is now found in the Bangkok National Museum . The formal name of the stele is the "King Ramkhamhaeng Inscription". It was added to the Memory of the World Register in 2003 by UNESCO . Ramkhamhaeng is credited with bringing the skills of ceramic making from China and laying the foundation of a strong ceramic ware industry in the Sukhothai Kingdom. Sukhothai for centuries was the major exporter of

3408-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

3479-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

3550-507: The names of the digits 1–4 borrowed from Pali or Sanskrit . The rules for denoting tones are shown in the following chart: "None", that is, no tone marker, is used with the base accent (พื้นเสียง, phuen siang ). Mai tri and mai chattawa are only used with mid-class consonants. Two consonant characters (not diacritics) are used to modify the tone: In some dialects there are words which are spelled with one tone but pronounced with another and often occur in informal conversation (notably

3621-442: The overall 44 Thai consonants provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. The consonant sounds in the table for initials collapse in the table for final sounds. At the end of a syllable, all plosives are unvoiced, unaspirated, and have no audible release. Initial affricates and fricatives become final plosives. The initial trill ( ร ), approximant ( ญ ), and lateral approximants ( ล , ฬ ) are realized as

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3692-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

3763-499: The phonetic nature of these classes. Today, the class of a consonant without a tone mark, along with the short or long length of the accompanying vowel, determine the base accent ( พื้นเสียง , phuen siang ). Middle class consonants with a long vowel spell an additional four tones with one of four tone marks over the controlling consonant: mai ek , mai tho , mai tri , and mai chattawa . High and low class consonants are limited to mai ek and mai tho , as shown in

3834-399: The positions of consonants or consonant clusters. The first one represents the initial consonant and the latter (if it exists) represents the final. Ro han (ร หัน) is not usually considered a vowel and is not included in the following table. It represents the sara a /a/ vowel in certain Sanskrit loanwords and appears as ◌รร◌. When used without a final consonant (◌รร), /n/ is implied as

3905-618: The primary spelling for the Thai adaptation of Sanskrit 'rishi' and treu ( Thai : ตฤๅ /trɯ̄ː/ or /trīː/ ), a very rare Khmer loan word for 'fish' only found in ancient poetry. As alphabetical entries, ฤ ฤๅ follow ร , and themselves can be read as a combination of consonant and vowel, equivalent to รึ (short), and รือ (long) (and the obsolete pair as ลึ, ลือ), respectively. Moreover, ฤ can act as ริ as an integral part in many words mostly borrowed from Sanskrit such as ก ฤ ษณะ ( kritsana , not kruetsana ), ฤ ทธิ์ ( rit , not ruet ), and ก ฤ ษดา ( kritsada , not kruetsada ), for example. It

3976-487: The pronouns ฉัน chan and เขา khao , which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script). Generally, when such words are recited or read in public, they are pronounced as spelled. Spoken Southern Thai can have up to seven tones. When Southern Thai is written in Thai script, there are different rules for indicating spoken tone. Other diacritics are used to indicate short vowels and silent letters: Fan nu means "rat teeth" and

4047-513: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as

4118-458: The rivers of Sawankhalok. Another source says he was slain by a Malay warrior princess named Adruja Wijayamala Singha during a battle between Thai and Malay armies, in a campaign to conquer Malay lands that make up a third of modern Thailand today. Much of the traditional biographical information comes from the inscription on the Ramkhamhaeng stele, composed in 1292, and contains vague facts about

4189-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

4260-489: The rulers of nearby city-states, especially Ngam Muang, the ruler of neighboring Phayao (whose wife, according to legend, he seduced), and King Mangrai of Chiang Mai . His campaign against Cambodia left the Khmer country "utterly devastated". According to Thai history, Ramkhamhaeng is credited with creating the Thai alphabet ( Lai Nangsue Thai ) from a combination of the Khmer , Sanskrit , Pali , and Grantha alphabets. It

4331-528: The same character. Sara a ( –ะ ) used in combination with other characters is called wisanchani . Some of the characters can mark the beginning or end of a sentence, chapter, or episode of a story or of a stanza in a poem. These have changed use over time and are becoming uncommon. ค, ฅ, ฆ ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส พ, ฟ, ภ colour codes red: dead green: alive colour codes pink: long vowel, shortened by add "ะ"(no ending consonant) or "-็"(with ending consonant) green: long vowel, has

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4402-481: The sound /x/ in Old Thai, but it has merged with /kʰ/ in Modern Thai. Equivalents for romanisation are shown in the table below. Many consonants are pronounced differently at the beginning and at the end of a syllable. The entries in columns initial and final indicate the pronunciation for that consonant in the corresponding positions in a syllable. Where the entry is '-', the consonant may not be used to close

4473-458: The strength of the capital itself. Claims of Ramkhamhaeng's large kingdom were intended to assert Siamese dominance over mainland Southeast Asia. According to the Chinese History of Yuan , King Ramkhamhaeng died in 1298 and was succeeded by his son, Loe Thai , though George Cœdès says it is "more probable" it was "shortly before 1318". Legend holds that Khamhaeng perished in the rapids of

4544-538: The tally of 44. Consonants are divided into three classes — in alphabetical order these are middle ( กลาง , klang ), high ( สูง , sung ), and low ( ต่ำ , tam ) class — as shown in the table below. These class designations reflect phonetic qualities of the sounds to which the letters originally corresponded in Old Thai. In particular, "middle" sounds were voiceless unaspirated stops ; "high" sounds, voiceless aspirated stops or voiceless fricatives ; "low" sounds, voiced. Subsequent sound changes have obscured

4615-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

4686-424: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Thai alphabet Although commonly referred to as

4757-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

4828-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

4899-566: Was formerly used to mark the end of a document , but is now obsolete. Thai (along with its sister system, Lao) lacks conjunct consonants and independent vowels, while both designs are common among Brahmic scripts (e.g., Burmese and Balinese ). In scripts with conjunct consonants, each consonant has two forms: base and conjoined. Consonant clusters are represented with the two styles of consonants. The two styles may form typographical ligatures , as in Devanagari . Independent vowels are used when

4970-555: Was often written Thai : ฤ . This practice has become obsolete, but can still be seen in Thai literature. The pronunciation below is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet and the Romanisation according to the Royal Thai Institute as well as several variant Romanisations often encountered. A very approximate equivalent is given for various regions of English speakers and surrounding areas. Dotted circles represent

5041-474: Was succeeded by Ramkhamhaeng on his death. At age 19, he participated in his father's successful invasion of the city of Sukhothai , formerly a vassal of the Khmer , establishing the independent Sukhothai Kingdom. Due to his courage in the war, he allegedly was given the title " Phra Ram Khamhaeng ” or “Rama the Bold”. After his father's death, his brother Ban Mueang ruled the kingdom, assigning Ramkhamhaeng control of

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