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41-517: Kilby serves as receiving and processing center for all male Alabama state inmates. The current Kilby Correctional Facility warden is Phyllis J. Billups. The Montgomery Women's Facility , an ADOC facility for women, is located behind Kilby. In 1922 and 1923, the State of Alabama constructed and opened Kilby Prison, located on 2,550 acres (10.3 km) four miles (6 km) north of the State Capitol. It

82-506: A 1993 study that this is primarily due to differences in the characteristics and backgrounds of GED test graduates. When controlling for other influences, he finds no evidence that, for the average taker, the GED test credential improves an individual's economic opportunities above those for other dropouts. However, there is a stigma for GED certification holders that affects their employability or pursuit of higher education. There are calls for

123-404: A correctional industry printing and graphic arts plant. 32°23′16″N 86°06′03″W  /  32.38778°N 86.10083°W  / 32.38778; -86.10083 Prison warden The warden ( US , Canada ) or governor ( UK , Australia ), also known as a superintendent (US, South Asia ) or director (UK, New Zealand), is the official who is in charge of a prison . In

164-505: A letter of parental consent and a letter of consent from the student's school district. In South Africa and Namibia, students who are at least 17 years old are eligible. The cost of the GED test for test-takers varies depending on the state. As of 2014 , costs in Maryland were $ 45, free in New York, but the typical fees are $ 120 for all four tests, or $ 30 for each of the four subject tests. There

205-637: A prison is known as a prison governor . The exception is a number of private or contracted-out prisons which are managed by a director instead. The director is assisted by a controller , appointed by the Ministry of Justice . Entry and training varies between these services. Prospective governors would need to pass medical, eyesight and fitness tests, and should be a UK citizen or EU national and be prepared to relocate if necessary. The companies that run private prison establishments each have their own entry requirements and recruitment methods. Entry to governor jobs

246-447: A second, similar electrode on the lower left leg. Norman was to execute the first victim, Horace DeVaughn, convicted of two murders, on April 8, 1927, but refused and quit his job days before. DeVaughn was executed, but it took four shots of electricity to kill him. On February 9, 1934, five men were executed in a span of thirty minutes: Bennie Foster, John Thompson, Harie White, Ernest Waller, and Solmon Roper. All were black. According to

287-507: A session. There may be restrictions on what test-takers may bring into the testing room. There are approximately three to six GED test forms in circulation at any time. This helps catch test-takers who may be cheating . As with any standardized test , the various test forms are calibrated to the same level of difficulty The GED has also been administered online since January 2020, but some states (Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, West Virginia, Wyoming) do not recognize

328-460: A standard diploma in a given jurisdiction. Some districts hold graduation ceremonies for GED tests passers and/or award scholarships to the highest scorers. The GED test pass rate for all takers is almost 60%. Colleges that admit based upon high school grades may require a minimum score on the GED test in order to admit students based upon the test. For example, Arizona State University requires an average sub-test score of 500 in addition to

369-477: A traditional high school diploma. The test is administered to a representative sample of graduating high-school seniors each year, about 30% of whom fail the test. The GED certification itself (i.e., without further post-secondary education or training) does not help people get jobs as much as a high school diploma does. People who have earned the GED credential tend to earn more than dropouts and less than high school graduates. Economist James Heckman found in

410-535: Is a joint venture of the American Council on Education, which started the GED program in 1942. The American Council on Education , in Washington, D.C. (U.S.), which owns the GED trademark , coined the initialism to identify "tests of general equivalency development" that measure proficiency in science, mathematics, social studies , reading, and writing. The GED Testing Service website as of 2023 does not refer to

451-477: Is again through promotion from prison officer ranks or through direct entry. Direct entry applicants usually need a degree and substantial management experience. The associate warden is the name of an acting warden in the US that would run the prison during the absence of the actual warden. General Equivalency Diploma The General Educational Development ( GED ) tests are a group of four academic subject tests in

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492-649: Is an additional fee to take the test online, typically $ 6 per test. The cost of each test outside of the U.S. is $ 80 each. In Canada the testing is free in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and the Northwest Territories. For the remaining provinces and territories the price varies between $ 6 per test in Newfoundland and Labrador to $ 40 per test in Alberta. People with disabilities who want to take

533-593: Is competitive, by whichever route. In England and Wales graduate vacancies are advertised each year (usually October) in the national press. Opportunities for direct entry in Scotland are advertised in both the Scottish and national press. In England and Wales there are two main routes into becoming a prison governor. The first is for existing staff to move up through the ranks (from being a prison officer, for example, or to move across from other management roles). The second route

574-518: Is managed by a superintendent . The precise title varies by prison and state. A superintendent is typically assisted by a deputy superintendent and one or more assistants. There are currently 139 operational prisons in England and Wales, 16 in Scotland and three in Northern Ireland. There are three separate prison services covering England and Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The manager of

615-577: Is taken in person. States and jurisdictions award a high school equivalency credential (also called a high school equivalency development or general equivalency diploma) to persons who meet the passing score requirements. In addition to English , the GED tests are available in Spanish in several states (e.g. California, Colorado, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Florida, Nevada, Texas). Tests and test preparation are also offered to people who are incarcerated or who live on military bases. People who live outside

656-521: Is through the Prison Service Intensive Development Scheme (IDS). This route is only open to those holding degrees, with a preference for candidates with relevant experience in the armed forces or police. The upper age limit for prison governor entry is 57. With this scheme it is possible to reach senior management in less than five years rather than the usual average twenty years. In Scotland , there are two ways to enter. This

697-465: The U.K. and Australia , the position is known as a governor . In New Zealand and private prisons in the U.K., the position is known as a director . In India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Sri Lanka , the English-language title is a jail superintendent or just superintendent . The exact title varies depending on the type of prison. The prison warden supervises all the operations within

738-493: The United States and its territories certifying academic knowledge equivalent to a high school diploma. This certification is an alternative to the U.S. high school diploma, as is HiSET . Passing the GED test gives those who do not complete high school, or who do not meet requirements for high school diploma , the opportunity to earn a Certificate of High School Equivalency or similarly titled credential. GED Testing Service

779-409: The United States , Mexico , and Canada , warden is the most common title for an official in charge of a prison or jail. In some U.S. states including New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Rhode Island , California , and Hawaii , the post may also be known as a superintendent . Some small county jails may be managed by the local sheriff or undersheriff . In

820-663: The Alabama Bench and Bar Historical Association, the majority of those executed in Alabama were black, and many lacked proper legal representation; others were mentally incompetent. The last man to be executed at Kilby was William Bowen, on January 15, 1965; executions then stopped while the U.S. Supreme Court debated the constitutionality of capital punishment, eventually overturning the death penalty nationwide in 1972, resulting in every inmate condemned to death having their sentence commuted to life. Deterioration after forty-five years led to

861-655: The Alabama state prison system with facilities for dental care , mental health care , general and specialty medical care . Inmate health and life skills programs are offered, including Narcotics Anonymous , Alcoholics Anonymous , Volunteers in Corrections, sex offender therapy, anger management therapy, alcohol and drug abuse counseling , individual and group mental health therapy, General Equivalency Diploma (GED) classes, Adult Basic Education (ABE) classes, and chaplaincy services. Additionally, Kilby grows its own fresh produce in correctional facility gardens, and runs

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902-402: The GED earned this way. Regulations governing who is eligible to take the GED vary by state. According to GED Testing Service policy, students at least 16 years old and not enrolled in high school are eligible for the program. However, many states require the candidate to be 17 years old and a resident of the state. Some states that allow students under 17 years of age to take the test require

943-467: The GED test may be entitled to receive reasonable testing accommodations. If a qualified professional has documented the disability, the candidate should get the appropriate form from the Testing Center: The candidate returns the completed form to the GED testing center. Each request is considered individually. If accommodations are approved, the local GED testing examiner conducts the testing with

984-675: The United States and U.S. territories may be eligible to take the GED tests through Pearson VUE testing centers. Utah 's Adult High School Completion program is an alternative for people who prefer to earn a diploma. In November 1942, the United States Armed Forces Institute asked the American Council on Education (ACE) to develop a battery of tests to measure high school-level academic skills. These tests gave military personnel and veterans who had enrolled in

1025-417: The United States and internationally, but not to Canada, which used the 2002 version. As of May 2024, Canada discontinued the GED. It retained four content areas—language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies—but with different content to "measure a foundational core of knowledge and skills that are essential for career and college readiness." There are more than 3,500 official GED Testing Centers in

1066-548: The United States and its territories, and several hundred in other countries. Testing centers are most often in adult-education centers, community colleges , and public schools . Students in metropolitan areas may be able to choose from several testing locations. Official GED Testing Centers are controlled environments. All testing sessions take place either in person or online according to specific rules, and security measures are enforced. Breaks may be permitted between tests, depending on how many tests are being administered in

1107-452: The approved accommodations, which are provided at no extra charge. Accommodations may include, but are not limited to: Possible scores on each test (4) within the GED battery range from a minimum of 100 to a maximum of 200. A score of 200 on an individual test puts the student in the top 1% of graduating high school seniors. ACE issues recommendations for what constitutes a minimum passing score for any given sub-test (currently 145) and for

1148-418: The certificate. If a student passes one or more, but not all four, tests within the battery, he or she only needs to retake the test(s) not passed. Most places limit the number of times students may take each individual test within a year. A student may encounter a waiting period before being allowed to retake a failed test. Tests must be completed by the expiration date, which is generally every two years on

1189-449: The head of security, who will be an assistant or subordinate of the warden. A warden's regular work may involve supervising security, making inspections, carrying out disciplinary procedures, writing reports, managing admissions and liaising with other professional staff who visit the prison, such as medical staff, probation officers , and social workers. Wardens are sometimes members of a parole board . They may also train staff to work in

1230-553: The last day of the year. The GED test is available in many countries around the world. Since 2015, the GED test has become popular in African countries including South Africa and Namibia. Many government institutions and universities regard the GED test credential as the same as a high school diploma with respect to program eligibility and as a prerequisite for admissions. The U.S. military , however, has higher requirements in admissions for GED test takers to compensate for their lack of

1271-561: The military before completing high school a way to demonstrate their proficiency. Passing these tests gave returning soldiers and sailors the academic credentials they needed to get civilian jobs and gain access to post-secondary education or training. ACE revised the GED tests for a third time in 1988. The most noticeable change to the series was the addition of a writing sample, or essay . The new tests placed more emphasis on socially relevant topics and problem-solving skills. Surveys of test-takers found that more students (65%) reported taking

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1312-503: The prison closing in 1970. The prisoners were moved to the new Holman Correctional Facility . The new Kilby was established as the Mt. Meigs Medical and Diagnostic Center in December 1969 and had an original capacity of 440 inmates. Kilby was designed with an on-site hospital, dormitories, and one hundred two-man cells in order to facilitate its role as receiving center for all male prisoners held by

1353-496: The prison service. These duties, and the efficiency in which they are performed, has varied over time and within different prisons. The nature of the work depends on the size and type of prison. The amount of security a prison needs varies from open prisons to supermax or high-security prisons . Prison wardens should: Prisons in India , Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka are run by the provincial prison service. Each jail or prison

1394-413: The prison. Prisons vary in size, with some housing thousands of inmates. They are responsible for the prison's security, the performance of staff of the prison (including prison officers , prison doctors , janitors , cooks and others), the management of its funds, the maintenance of its facilities and the welfare of its inmates. In practice, the day-to-day management of security is typically delegated to

1435-399: The state never to return. State engineer Harry C. Norman installed the electrical wiring; "once the switch was thrown, a prisoner would get a first fist-clenching jolt of power; the current would then reduce and automatically build back up to 2,250 volts for a second shot of electricity". A crown made of metal wire was fitted over the prisoner's head, with a wet sponge to conduct power, and

1476-718: The state of Alabama. On 1 September 2016, a corrections officer was stabbed in the head by an inmate. He died three weeks later. Kilby is a maximum-security prison because it serves as receiving and processing center for male Alabama state inmates. It covers 154 acres, is monitored by five watchtowers , and is bordered by an 18-foot (5.5 m)-high chain link double fence topped with razor wire . Montgomery security and support personnel receive employee training on-site at Kilby. Alabama state dog tracking teams are also maintained at Kilby. The dogs are used by local law enforcement for tracking prison escapees , criminal suspects and missing persons . Kilby Correctional Facility serves

1517-445: The test as a whole (currently 580—i.e., an average of 145 per test across all four sub-tests). Although most GED-issuing jurisdictions (for the most part, Boards of Education of U.S. states) adopt these minimum standards as their own, a jurisdiction may choose to establish higher standards for issuance of the certificate. Many jurisdictions award honors -level equivalency diplomas to students who meet certain criteria higher than those for

1558-464: The test as anything but "GED". It is called the GED in the majority of the United States, and internationally. In 2014, some states in the United States switched from GED to the HiSET and TASC (discontinued December 31, 2021). Iowa and Maine do not accept the GED. The GED Testing Service is a joint venture of the American Council on Education. Pearson is the sole developer for the GED test. The test

1599-411: The test with the intention of continuing their education beyond high school, rather than to get better employment (30%). A fourth revision was made in 2002 to make the test comply with more recent standards for high-school education. A fifth revision was released on January 2, 2014, designed to be administered on Pearson VUE , a proprietary computer-based testing platform. The new test applies to

1640-562: Was convicted of having broken into six homes in Mobile to pay off gambling debts. After being promised a furlough or perhaps even parole by Kilby's warden, T. J. Shirley, he built the chair (4-foot (1.2 m) tall, straight-backed, weighing 150 pounds (68 kg)) from maple, and named it "Plain Bill" for Alabama governor William W. Brandon , who he hoped would pardon him. Mason was granted a furlough by Bibb Graves , Brandon's successor, and promptly left

1681-529: Was named in honor of Thomas Erby Kilby , governor of Alabama (1919–23). Kilby prison was the site where Alabama executed prisoners who had been sentenced to death, and when in the 1920s the method was changed from hanging to electrocution, an electric chair, "(Big) Yellow Mama", was constructed in Kilby. The chair was built by a master carpenter, Ed Mason, a man born in London, England, who had been convicted of burglary; he

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