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51-442: Kiger mustangs are most often dun in color, although they are found in other solid colors . Compact and well-muscled in appearance, their coloration and phenotype make them some of the most desired by private buyers when horses are removed from the feral herds. The BLM rounds up the horses from the two herd management areas every three to four years, and auctions excess horses to the public, returning horses to public lands that meet

102-647: A Baroque horse phenotype. The northern breeds include the Garrano , Pottok , and Asturcon , all of which are considered endangered breeds. Throughout history, Iberian horses have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied Spain, including the Celts , the Carthaginians , the Romans , various Germanic tribes and the Arabs . The Iberian horse was identified as

153-882: A tan base, and many shades have their own names. The Kiger Mesteño Association separates dun shades into four categories: dun, red dun , grulla , and claybank . "Dun" as used by the Kiger registry covers dun horses with black points , and adds the terms zebra dun, dusty dun, smutty dun or coyote dun, depending on the exact shade of body color. Red dun, or the variation "apricot dun", covers horses with points that are red, brown or flaxen . Grulla covers horses with blueish, mousy or slate -colored bodies and black points, and these horses may also be called lobo duns, olive grullas, silver grullas or smutty grullas. Claybank, another variation of red dun, describes Kiger horses who have golden body coats with red or orange tints and darker red points. Dun horses may have primitive markings , which include any of

204-442: A "bay dun" horse, can closely resemble buckskin , in that both colors feature a light-colored coat with a dark mane and tail. In particular, buckskins with non-dun 1 primitive markings can easily be confused with dun. Genetically, a bay dun is a bay horse with the dun gene. A buckskin is bay horse with the addition of the cream gene , causing the coat color to be diluted from red to gold, usually without primitive markings. Visually,

255-403: A bay dun is a tan-gold color, somewhat darker and less vivid than the more cream or gold buckskin, and duns always possess primitive markings. Today, pedigree analysis, DNA testing, studying possible offspring, and the vividness of primitive markings are used to determine whether a horse is a dun. A red dun may also be confused with a perlino , which is genetically a bay horse with two copies of

306-398: A bay or chestnut horse; they blend in on a black. A horse with two copies of non-dun2 lacks primitive markings. Dun has a stronger effect than other dilution genes in that it acts on any coat color. In contrast, the silver dapple gene acts only on black-based coats, and the cream gene is an incomplete dominant which must be homozygous to be fully expressed, and when heterozygous

357-601: A body color ranging from sandy yellow to reddish brown. Duns with a chestnut base may appear a light tan shade, and those with black base coloration are a smoky gray. Manes, tails, primitive markings, and other dark areas are usually the shade of the undiluted base coat color. The dun gene may interact with all other coat color alleles. Dun is believed to be the ancestral or wild type color of horses. Many equines appearing in prehistoric cave paintings such as in Chauvet Cave are dun, and several closely related species in

408-420: A lighter shade as the horse ages. With a dun, the hair color is one solid shade and remains so for life. To further confuse matters, it is possible for a horse to carry both dun and cream dilution genes; such horses with golden buckskin coloring and a complete set of primitive markings are referred to as a "buckskin dun" or a "dunskin". On such horses, the light-shaded primitive markings are most noticeable during

459-468: A population that ranges between 51 and 83 horses. The Riddle Mountain HMA, 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Burns, covers 28,000 acres (110 km) and contains between 33 and 56 horses. Horses are sometimes exchanged between the herds to maintain the highest possible level of genetic diversity . After roundups, horses with the desired physical characteristics (including phenotype and coloration) are returned to

510-429: A subtle effect, and thus a single copy generally has no visible effect on a grullo, either. Conversely, double copies of the cream gene create very light-colored horses ( cremello , perlino , and smoky cream ). Thus, if a horse with two cream dilution alleles also carries the dun gene, it also will be cream-colored, with primitive markings not visible to any significant degree. Dorsal striping alone does not guarantee

561-620: A talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the modern horses of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horse of North Africa present convincing evidence that horses crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in both directions and crossbred. It is not possible to determine which of these strains is the older one, and both trace to the Roman era, far earlier than the Muslim conquest of Spain that

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612-573: Is a dominant gene; however, at least one study found a statistically significant variation in the shade of dilution depending on whether one or two copies of the dun gene are present. Two non-dun parents cannot produce a dun foal. Horses that are non-dun1 d1/d1 or d1/d2 may have some asymmetry in pigment distribution, producing primitive markings, but to a lesser degree than dun horses. Homozygous non-dun1/non-dun1 horses typically have clearer primitive markings than heterozygous d1/d2 horses. The primitive markings from non-dun1 are more visible on

663-469: Is a more derived allele. Nucleotide diversity across the flanking regions of chromosome 8 for the various alleles indicates that the non-dun2 mutation most likely occurred on a chromosome that already had non-dun1 . Iberian horse The Iberian horse is a designation given to a number of horse breeds native to the Iberian Peninsula . At present, some breeds are officially recognized by

714-445: Is a zebra dun, rødblakk is a red dun, grå - literally "gray" - is a grullo, buckskin duns are called ulsblakk or white dun, and a "dunalino" (dun + palomino ) is called a "yellow dun" or gulblakk. A cremello, perlino or smoky cream is called "white" or kvit. Historically, before modern genetic studies distinguished between alleles, diluted colors were sometimes lumped together and simply called "dun". The dun gene, when on

765-513: Is commonly assumed to mark the beginning of such crossbreeding. At one time, the northern Celtic horses were thought to have ancestry related to the Exmoor pony of the British Isles, but subsequent Mitochondrial DNA studies revealed that the populations are not closely related until there was some documented admixture between Exmoors and Celtic horses in the early-to-mid 20th century. If anything,

816-400: Is more difficult to recognize when combined with other dilution genes or if affected by gray . Shades include: Another characteristic of the dun gene are primitive markings . Dun traits include the following: Other variations result from the interplay of additional genes: A single copy of the cream gene on a black base coat does not significantly lighten black hair, though it may have

867-523: Is much higher than the adoption fees paid for other mustangs; horses removed from other herds in Oregon can be adopted for a walk-up fee of $ 125. Genetic testing has shown that Kiger mustang is a descendant of the Colonial Spanish Horse . The bloodline of many of today's Kiger mustangs can be traced back to a single stallion named Mesteño, captured with the original herd in 1977 and released back to

918-416: Is only visible on bay and chestnut coats, and then to a lesser degree. The dun dilution effect is caused by pigment only being placed in a part of each hair. Specifically, hairs from diluted areas only have pigment along one side of them, while hairs from darker parts such as the dorsal stripe have pigment all the way around. Genetic analysis and DNA sequencing results published in 2015 link dun color to

969-585: Is possible as their haplotype is found throughout the Iberian horse population, though it is not as frequently found as other mDNA lineages. Thus current evidence suggests they are not as closely related as once thought. However, the problem is that the Sorraia has endured a major genetic bottleneck since ancient times, and only two DNA founder lineages remain, so it is not possible to determine if certain haplotypes in various breeds descend from other lines now extinct in

1020-454: The FAO , while other horses believed to be native to the peninsula are not. Likewise, some modern breeds are understood from mitochondrial DNA to be descended from historic landraces , while others have origins outside the Iberian peninsula. The remaining FAO-recognized breeds are of well-known foreign blood, or are recently developed breeds. Cave paintings show that horses have been present on

1071-521: The Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 to 25,000 BCE. Iberian horses are thought to be among the oldest types of domesticated horses . DNA studies indicate certain breeds have ancestry that can be traced to wild horses that lived about 6200BCE, in the Early Iberian Neolithic period. There is a past hypothesis that the Sorraia may have been an ancestor of several modern breeds, and it

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1122-483: The T-box 3 ( TBX3 ) transcription factor . When functional, it creates dun coloring, including the primitive markings, and when recessive, a horse is not dun. In humans and lab mice, TBX3 is critical to development. Abnormalities are linked to a collection of developmental defects called ulnar–mammary syndrome , and the null allele (being unable to produce any TBX3 at all) is thought to be embryonic lethal. In non-dun horses,

1173-731: The US Forest Service . A census taken in April 2010 found 60 Kiger mustangs in the Riddle Mountain HMA and 81 in the Kiger HMA; estimates made in February 2013 list 40 horses in Riddle Mountain and 61 in Kiger. Dun gene The dun gene is a dilution gene that affects both red and black pigments in the coat color of a horse . The dun gene lightens most of the body while leaving

1224-427: The mane , tail, legs, and primitive markings the shade of the undiluted base coat color. A dun horse always has a dark dorsal stripe down the middle of its back, usually has a darker face and legs, and may have transverse striping across the shoulders or horizontal striping on the back of the forelegs. Body color depends on the underlying coat color genetics . A classic "bay dun" is a gray-gold or tan, characterized by

1275-606: The mustang present in the western portion of the US today. By the early 1970s, it was assumed that due to crossbreeding , the original Spanish stock had been eliminated from feral herds. In 1971, the Wild and Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act was passed, giving the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) the authority to manage the feral horse populations in the American West. Discovery of the Kiger mustang

1326-558: The Exmoor pony stallions brought to the area, or for example, the heavy Burguete and Jaca Navarra breeds crossed on foreign stallions to create a bigger animal more useful for the horsemeat industry. In Spain and Portugal, the 1980s marked the start of efforts to bring back several of the Northern Iberian breeds from extinction, some of which were down to a few dozen individuals. The Cartusian strain of Pure Spanish (Andalusian) horse

1377-575: The Iberian breeds are characterized by a "consistent absence of geographical structure". When the Spanish reached the Americas in the late 15th century, they brought various horses of Iberian ancestry with them. Their descendants have been designated as the Colonial Spanish Horse and have contributed significantly to a number of horse breeds in both North and South America. In modern times, stallions from outside breeds were crossed on local breeds, such as

1428-545: The Kiger HMA. Several organizations exist which inspect and register Kiger mustangs; each has its own standards for entry into the stud book . In 1988, the Kiger Mustang Association (now the Kiger Mesteño Association) was formed as the original registry for the herd. By 2013, the organization had registered around 800 horses, and annually inspects between 75 and 100 new horses. Two other associations are

1479-588: The Sorraia. Roman writers mention in Hispania war horses, wild horses, "tieldones" and small "asturcones'" in the north. Two distinct phenotypes of Iberian horse were identified in early research: so-called "Celtic" ponies, centered in the Cantabrian Range in the north, and the horses of the south, represented today by the Andalusian and Carthusian , Lusitano , Marismeño and related breeds, many of which have

1530-463: The Spanish or stolen by Native Americans . Their descendants crossed with horses who escaped from or were released by other European settlers, including draft breeds brought by farmers and wagoneers and lighter riding horses brought by the United States Cavalry . Horses of French descent also moved across the border from Canada to contribute to the herds. The mixture of these breeds created

1581-564: The Steens Mountain Kiger Registry, established in 1993, and the Kiger Horse Association and Registry. The Kiger mustangs of the Riddle Mountain and Kiger HMAs are the best known herds of mustangs in Oregon, despite making up only a small portion of the population. As of 2013, the state had a total estimated BLM-managed feral horse population of almost 2,600, roaming over 17 HMAs and a Wild Horse Territory co-managed with

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1632-460: The TBX3 protein is still functional, and is still produced in most cells, but not expressed in the hair cortex. Where the coat is diluted, the color is not uniform throughout each hair, but rather is more intense on the outward-facing side of the hair shaft and lighter underneath. In the darker areas, where the primitive markings occur, the hair shaft is of uniform color. One of the researchers involved in

1683-408: The cream gene, which creates a horse with a cream-colored body but a reddish mane and tail. However, perlinos usually are significantly lighter than red dun and have blue eyes. Grullos are sometimes confused with roans or grays. However, unlike blue roan , dun has no intermingled black and white hairs, and unlike a true gray , which also intermingles light and dark hairs, the color does not change to

1734-545: The desired coloration and phenotype and sometimes exchanging horses between the two herds to maintain genetic diversity . Horses in private ownership may be registered in several breed associations , the largest and oldest being the Kiger Mesteño Association, established in 1988. Kiger mustangs are most commonly dun in color, although the breed registry also allows bay , black and roan horses to be registered. There are numerous shades of dun, all variations on

1785-435: The entire body. Neither the non-dun1 nor the non-dun2 mutations were found in any other equids. The dun gene has a dilution effect, lightening the body coat, but has less of an effect on the primitive markings and on the point coloration of the mane, tail, ears, and legs. Dun visibly affects all the three base colors, bay (bay, classic, or zebra dun), black (mouse dun or grullo), and Chestnut (red dun). It

1836-480: The following: a dorsal stripe, lightened outer guard hairs on the manes and/or tails, zebra-like stripes on the upper legs, transverse striping over the upper shoulders, dark color around the muzzle, and ears with dark outlines and lighter interiors. Kiger mustangs generally stand 13.2 to 15.2  hands (54 to 62 inches, 137 to 157 cm) high. They are compact, well-muscled horses with deep chests and short backs. In general, they are agile and intelligent, with

1887-421: The function of a transcriptional enhancer regulating TBX3 expression in a specific subset of hair bulb keratinocytes during hair growth." The region deleted in non-dun2 is predicted to include binding sites for the transcription factors ALX4 and MSX2 , which are both known to be involved in hair follicle development. TBX3 was significantly downregulated in non-dun horses compared to dun horses, while

1938-471: The genus Equus show dun characteristics. These include the Przewalski's horse , onager , kiang , African wild ass , an extinct subspecies of plains zebra , the quagga , and an extinct subspecies of horse , the tarpan . Zebras can also be considered a variant of dun where the dilution is so extreme it turns the hair nearly white, and the primitive markings (like the striped leg barring) extend across

1989-433: The hair where TBX3 was expressed. Two markers of mature melanocytes , KIT and MITF , were found only in the pigmented areas of the hair. This indicates that the hair follicles of dun and non-dun horses have different distributions of pigment-producing cells. KITLG encodes KIT ligand , a molecule required for melanocyte migration and survival in the skin and hair follicle. Keratinocytes expressing KITLG were found all

2040-425: The herds to maintain a high quality of breeding stock . The herds are rounded up every three to four years, and excess horses are auctioned to the public. At two of the more recent auctions, in 2007 and 2011, over 100 horses were auctioned at each event. The 2007 event resulted in 106 horses being adopted to homes in 14 states for a total of $ 100,206. The two horses with the highest bids went for $ 7,800 and $ 7,400. This

2091-466: The horse , dun, non-dun1, and the leopard complex are thought to have been the wild type modifiers of the base colors bay and black for wild horses . It is thought that the non-dun2 genetic mutation (as well as the development of chestnut base color) occurred after domestication. Ancient DNA from a horse that lived about 43,000 years ago, long before horses were domesticated, carried both dun and non-dun1 genes. The non-dun mutations appear to "disrupt

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2142-434: The horse carries the dun gene. There two types of non-dun, called non-dun1 and non-dun2 . Non-dun1 horses have no dun color dilution but may keep primitive markings, while non-dun2 horses have neither the dun color dilution nor primitive markings. The Fjord horse breed, which is predominantly dun, uses unique Norwegian-based terminology to distinguish between the different shades of dun horses. "Brown dun", or brunnblakk

2193-409: The neighboring gene, TBX5 , was expressed in about the same amount. In dun horses, the pattern of TBX3 expression mirrored the pattern of pigment deposition in the hair, that is, TBX3 was found wherever the pigment was not. TBX3 was not found in the hair cortex keratinocytes from non-dun horses nor in those from the dorsal stripe of dun horses. However, all of the horses had a thin outer layer of

2244-755: The other horses and the BLM placed two groups in separate areas of Steens Mountain to preserve the breed. Seven horses were placed in the Riddle Mountain Herd Management Area (HMA) and twenty in the Kiger HMA. In 2001, the Kiger mustang was proposed as the state horse of Oregon. State Senator Steve Harper proposed Senate Joint Resolution 10 after being encouraged to do so by the Kiger Mesteño Association. The resolution, however, failed to pass. Kiger mustangs have been used as models for model horses and animated films . The original herd stallion Mesteño

2295-493: The stamina and sure-footedness seen in many feral horse breeds. They are generally bold but gentle and calm. They are used for pleasure riding as well as endurance riding , assorted performance competition under saddle, driving , and many other situations where an athletic horse is desired. Horses have been present in the American West since the 1500s, when they arrived with Spanish explorers. Many escaped, were released by

2346-456: The study said it could be called a "microscopic spotting pattern". This phenomenon is new to science and has not been observed in rodents, primates, or carnivores. The location of TBX3 expression may also determine the striping pattern of zebras . There are two forms of non-dun color, non-dun1 and non-dun2, caused by different mutations. Non-dun1 horses have some primitive markings, while non-dun2 horses do not. Prior to domestication of

2397-616: The summer months, when the winter hair sheds. A palomino that also carries dun, showing primitive dorsal striping or leg bars indicative of a red dun may be called a "dunalino." Countershading such as light dorsal stripes resulting from the presence of the gene nd1 (see section below) may be difficult to detect on light-colored horses. There are three known alleles of the dun gene: dun ( D ), produces dilution and primitive markings. Non-dun1 ( d1 ) horses do not have dun dilution but may exhibit some primitive markings. Non-dun2 ( d2 ) horses have neither dilution nor primitive markings. Dun

2448-400: The version of dun that is most common in domestic horses, where a guanine in dun is replaced with thymine in non-dun1 at chr. 8: 18,227,267. However, that SNP was also found in some dun Estonian native horses , so is not necessary for dun. Non-dun2 has a 1,609 bp deletion and another very near 8 bp deletion. Comparison with TBX3 in other species showed that the non-dun2 deletion

2499-616: The way around the hair in non-dun horses, but only on the pigmented side in dun horses. The region where KITLG was not expressed was similar to, but not exactly the same as, the region where TBX3 was expressed. TBX3 is not thought to directly affect KITLG expression. Both non-dun1 and non-dun2 are found in a region of equine chromosome 8 whose only gene is TBX3 . Non-dun1 has a guanine where dun has an adenine at chromosome 8 base pair 18,226,905, which appears to be sufficient to cause non-dun1 coloration. In addition, non-dun1 has another single nucleotide polymorphism compared to

2550-582: Was the result of a BLM mustang roundup in the Beatys Butte area in Harney County in 1977. During the roundup, it was noticed that among the horses collected from the area, there was a group with similar color and markings. DNA testing by the University of Kentucky showed close relation to the Iberian horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish in the 17th century. These distinct horses were separated from

2601-670: Was used as the model for a series of Breyer Horses , showing the horse at several ages from foal to old age. It was the first time the company had made a series of models showing the same horse. The artist's model for the title horse of the animated film Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron was a Kiger Mustang named Donner, who now lives at the Return to Freedom American Wild Horse Sanctuary. The Kiger HMA , 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Burns, Oregon , and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Diamond, Oregon , covers 36,618 acres (148.19 km) and hosts

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