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69-1015: The Khorasani Turks are not to be confused with other Turkic groups which have arrived in Khorasan more recently, especially Iranian Azerbaijanis , who had a presence in the area, especially in Mashhad , from about the early 20th century. There are many clans and clans in Khorasan due to the arrival of Turks in different dates: This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Iranian Azerbaijanis Iranian Azerbaijanis ( Persian : آذربایجانی‌های ایران ; Azerbaijani : ایران آذربایجانلیلاری [iˈɾɑːn ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑnlɯlɑɾɯ] ) are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity. Most Iranian Azerbaijanis are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian. They are mainly of Iranian descent. They are primarily found in and are native to

138-563: A distant past was put into practice by both the Pahlavi kings, particularly Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who honored himself with the title Āryāmehr , Light of the Aryans . Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in an interview concisely expressed his views by declaring, "we Iranians are Aryans , and the fact that we are not adjacent to other Aryan nations in Europe is just a geographical anomaly.". Mirza Fatali Akhundov

207-438: A family of immigrants from Sweden , "Freij" had four children, his second marriage being to a scholar, who teaches at Columbia University . He spoke fluent Russian , German , Arabic , Persian , Pashto , French , Uzbek , and Turkish , and had extensive knowledge of Avestan , Pahlavi , Sogdian , and other Iranian languages and dialects, both extinct and current. Although Frye is mostly known for his works about Iran ,

276-496: A mathnawi called Deh-name , consisting of some eulogies of Ali, the fourth Caliph of early Islam. After the Safavid era, Azerbaijani could not sustain its early development. The main theme of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was the development of verse-folk stories, mainly intended for performance by Ashughs in weddings. The most famous among these literary works are Koroghlu , Ashiq Qərib, and Kərəm ilə Əsli . Following

345-605: A popular children's program called Fitileh which had depicted what was seen as a racist image of Azerbaijanis. Mohammad Sarafraz director-general of the IRIB and Davud Nemati-Anarki, the head of the public relations department, officially apologised for the "unintentional offense" caused by the program. Protests were also held in July 2016 in Tehran, Tabriz, Urmia, Maragheh, Zanjan, Ahar, Khoy, and Ardabil in response to "denigration of Azerbaijanis by

414-551: A small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe "romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future,"(42) in Iran after

483-475: Is famous for his verse book, Heydar Babaya Salam ; simply he was too mighty to be censored. Shahriar's work was an innovative way of summarizing the Cultural identity in concise poetic form and was adapted by a generation of lesser-known poets, particularly from Qareh Dagh region, to record their oral traditions. One remarkable example is Abbas Eslami, known with his pen-name Barez , (1932–2011) who described

552-491: Is loosely based on Frye's translation of Ibn Fadlan 's account of his travels up the Volga River . Frye was also directly responsible for inviting Iranian scholars as distinguished visiting fellows to Harvard University, under a fellowship program initiated by Henry Kissinger . Examples of such guests include Mehdi Haeri Yazdi (1923–1999), Sadegh Choubak , Jalal al Ahmad , and others. Frye felt that Persian civilization

621-584: Is not the only Azerbaijani intellectual in framing Iranian ultra-nationalism. Hassan Taqizadeh , the organizer of "Iran Society" in Berlin , has contributed to the development of Iranian nationalism. Since 1916 he published "Kaveh" periodical in Farsi language, which included articles emphasizing the racial unity of Germans and Iranians. Ahmad Kasravi , Taqi Arani , Hossein Kazemzadeh (Iranshahr) and Mahmoud Afshar advocated

690-1623: The Iranian Azerbaijan region including provinces of ( East Azerbaijan , Ardabil , Zanjan , West Azerbaijan ) and in smaller numbers, in other provinces such as Kurdistan , Qazvin , Hamadan , Gilan , Markazi and Kermanshah . Iranian Azerbaijanis also constitute a significant minority in Tehran , Karaj and other regions. Azerbaijanis comprise the largest minority ethnic group in Iran. Apart from Iranian Azerbaijan (provinces of West Azerbaijan , East Azerbaijan , Ardabil and Zanjan ), Azerbaijani populations are found in large numbers in four other provinces: Hamadan (includes other Turkic ethnic groups such as Afshar , Gharehgozloo, Shahsevan , and Baharloo ), Qazvin , Markazi , and Kurdistan . Azerbaijani-populated of Markazi province includes some parts and villages of Komijan , Khondab , Saveh , Zarandieh , Shazand , and Farahan . In Kurdistan, Azerbaijanis are mainly found in villages around Qorveh . Azerbaijanis have also immigrated and resettled in large numbers in Central Iran, mainly Tehran , Qom and Karaj . They have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in Khorasan . Immigrant Azerbaijani communities have been represented by people prominent not only among urban and industrial working classes but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles. Scholars put

759-695: The Iranian peoples and Iranian Central Asia, the scope of his studies was much wider and includes Byzantine , Caucasian , and Ottoman history, Eastern Turkistan , Assyria and the Assyrian people , ancient and medieval Iranian art , Islamic art , Sufism , Chinese and Japanese archeology, and a variety of Iranian and non-Iranian languages including Avestan , Old Persian , Middle Persian , Parthian , Sogdian , Khotanese , and Bactrian , New Persian , Arabic , Turkish, and even Chinese, beside research languages which include French, German, Italian, and Russian. Frye

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828-511: The Persian Cossack Brigade , deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar , the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty , and founded the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925 and established a despotic monarchy. His insistence on ethnic nationalism and cultural unitarism along with forced detribalization and sedentarization resulted in suppression of several ethnic and social groups, including Azerbaijanis. Ironically,

897-759: The Persian language , and the history and culture of Iran . In his will, Frye expressed his wish to be buried next to the Zayandeh River in Isfahan . The request was approved by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in September 2007. Two other American scholars of Iranian Studies, Arthur Pope and Phyllis Ackerman , are already buried there. In 2010 the Iranian government gave a house in Isfahan to Professor Frye in recognition of his services to Iranian studies. On June 8, 2014,

966-737: The Soviet troops withdrew in 1946 , which resulted in the quick collapse of the Azerbaijan People's Government . Beginning in the 1850s, many Iranian Azerbaijanis opted to become work migrants and seek job opportunities in the Russian Empire , primarily in the economically booming Azerbaijani-populated part of the Caucasus . Due to them being Persian subjects, Russian offices often recorded them as "Persians". The migrants referred to one another as hamshahri ("compatriot") as an in-group identity. The word

1035-651: The Turkmens of Gorgan and Kurds and constitute an intermediate position between Iranian populations and Western Siberians , specifically Chuvash , Mansi people, and Buryats (subgroups of Turkic peoples , Ugrians , and Mongols respectively). Several genetic studies show that the Azerbaijanis' gene pool largely overlap with that of the native populations in support of language replacement , including elite dominance, scenarios, while also demonstrating significant genetic influence from Siberia and Mongolia. Following

1104-625: The 1938 decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , residents of Azerbaijan with Iranian citizenship were given 10 days to apply for Soviet citizenship and were then relocated to Kazakhstan . Those who refused (numbering 2,878 people) became subject to deportation back to Iran immediately. Some naturalized Iranian Azerbaijanis were later accused of various anti-Soviet activities and arrested or even executed in

1173-692: The Azerbaijanis Ayatollah Ali Khamenei currently sitting as the Supreme Leader . Azerbaijanis in Iran remain quite conservative in comparison to most Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Nonetheless, since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence in 1991, there has been renewed interest and contact between Azerbaijanis on both sides of the border. Andrew Burke writes: Azeri are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear

1242-532: The Azerbaijanis form a single ethnic group. The burden of the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) was on the tribes of Qaradağ region, who being in front line, provided human resources and provision of the Iranian army. In the wake of the war, a significant fraction of the inhabitants of this area lived as nomadic tribes (ایلات). The major tribes included; Cilibyanlu 1,500 tents and houses, Karacurlu 2500, Haji Alilu 800, Begdillu 200, and various minor groups 500. At

1311-808: The Azerbaijanis within the modern-day borders of Iran following the ceding of the Caucasus to Russia in the 19th century, include the Shahsevan , the Qarapapaqs , the Ayrums , the Bayat , the Qajars , the Qaradaghis , and the Gharagozloo. The Iranian Azerbaijani culture was produced by centuries of a symbiosis and mixture between native and nomadic elements. According to Richard Frye , Iranian Azerbaijanis largely descend from

1380-524: The Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It

1449-492: The Iranian Azerbaijanis. Most Iranian Azerbaijanis are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian, and exogamy and intermarriage with other populations, particularly Persian speakers, are common among Iranian Azeri families that originated in the historic Azerbaijan region. Azerbaijani-specific cultural aspects have somewhat diminished in prominence among the many Azeri families that have moved to large cities like Tehran during

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1518-422: The Iranian work migrants and local women which prompted the former to settle in villages near Guba and quickly assimilate. Children from such families would be completely integrated in the community and not be regarded as foreigners or outsiders by its residents. Starting from the late nineteenth century, Baku was another popular destination for Iranian Azerbaijanis, thanks to its highly developing oil industry. By

1587-599: The Islamic revolution and recently escalated into riots over the publication in May 2006 of a cartoon that many Azerbaijanis found offensive. The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani , an ethnic Azerbaijani, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy . Another series of protests took place in November 2015, in the cities of Iranian Azerbaijan including Tabriz, Urmia, Ardabil and Zanjan, in response to an episode of

1656-686: The Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused

1725-559: The Persian majority. Persian language is thus merely used as the lingua franca of the country, which helps maintain Iran's traditional centralized model of government. More recently, the Azerbaijani language and culture is being taught and studied at the university level in Iran, and there appears to exist publications of books, newspapers and apparently, regional radio broadcasts too in the language. Furthermore, Article 15 of Iran's constitution reads: The use of regional and tribal languages in

1794-682: The Persians. The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of

1863-661: The Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–13 and 1826–28 , the Caucasian territories of Qajar Iran were ceded to the Russian Empire . The Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran. The areas to the north of the river Aras , including the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia over

1932-553: The advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Within the Islamic Revolutionary government there emerged an Azerbaijani nationalist faction led by Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari , who advocated greater regional autonomy and wanted the constitution to be revised to include secularists and opposition parties; this

2001-673: The beginning of the twentieth century, they already constituted 50% of all the oil workers of Baku, and numbered 9,426 people in 1897, 11,132 people in 1903 and 25,096 people in 1913. Amo-oghli and Sattar Khan notably worked in the Baku oil fields before returning to Iran and engaging in politics. In 1925, there were 45,028 Iranian-born Azerbaijanis in the Azerbaijan SSR . Of those, 15,000 (mostly oil workers, port and navy workers and railway workers) had retained Iranian citizenship by 1938 and were concentrated in Baku and Ganja . In accordance with

2070-605: The course of the 19th century. The Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century settled the modern-day boundary of Iran , stripping it of all its Caucasian territories and incorporating them into the Russian Empire. The eventual formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of modern Azerbaijan. As a direct result of Qajar Iran's forced ceding to Russia, the Azerbaijanis are nowadays parted between two nations: Iran and Azerbaijan . Despite living on two sides of an international border,

2139-507: The establishing of Qajar dynasty in Iran Azerbaijani literature flourished and reached its peak by the end of the nineteenth century. By then, journalism had been launched in Azerbaijani language and social activism had become the main theme of literary works. The most influential writers of this era are Fathali Akhondzadeh and Mojez Shabestari . Pahlavi era was the darkest period for Azerbaijani literature. The Azerbaijani language

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2208-550: The fall of Mosaddegh , the prominent Iranian linguist Ali Akbar Dehkhoda gave Frye the title "Irandoost" (meaning 'iranophile'). In addition, Frye was a long-standing supporter of Assyrian continuity , and valued the historical and ancestral connection between modern Assyrians and the Ancient Mesopotamians. A ceremony was held in Iran on June 27, 2004, to pay tribute to the six-decade endeavors of Frye on his lifetime contribution to Iranian Studies , research work on

2277-510: The family of Frye decided to cremate his remains after waiting more than two months for official Iranian permission to bury him in Isfahan. His death coincided with growing resentment by Iranian hardliners over signs of reconciliation with the United States after decades of estrangement. It is not clear what the family intended to do with his ashes. Richard Foltz dedicated his book A History of

2346-934: The first Iranian studies program in America. He also served as Director of the Asia Institute in Shiraz (1970–1975), was on the Board of Trustees of the Pahlavi University at Shiraz (1974–1978), and Chairman, Committee on Inner Asian Studies , at Harvard (1983–1989), and as Editor of the Bulletin of the Asia Institute (1970–1975 and 1987–1999). Among Frye's students were Annemarie Schimmel , Oleg Grabar , Frank Huddle (former US Ambassador to Tajikistan ), John Limbert , and Michael Crichton , whose Hollywood film The 13th Warrior

2415-479: The imposing landscape of Azerbaijan: Richard Frye Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian studies , and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University . His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE. Born in Birmingham, Alabama , to

2484-494: The inception and progression of the revolution, and introducing leftist ideas into Iranian mainstream politics. During the following tumultuous years, Amir Arshad , the headman of Haji-Alilu tribe, had a major impact on the subsequent political developments in Iran in relation to the status of Iranian Kurds . He is credited with fending off communism from Iran. The ill-fated Constitutional Revolution did not bring democracy to Iran. Instead, Rezā Shāh , then Brigadier-General of

2553-504: The local population left its mark in the Azerbaijani culture and language and the ethnic border between the Turkish people and Azerbaijanis was established in the 16th century. Scholars note cultural similarities between modern Persians and Azerbaijanis. A comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azerbaijanis are more related to

2622-507: The main architect of this totalitarian policy, which was justified by reference to racial ultra-nationalism, was Mirza Fatali Akhundov , an intellectual from Azerbaijan. In accordance with the Orientalist views of the supremacy of the Aryan peoples , he idealized pre-Islamic Achaemenid and Sassanid empires, whilst negating the 'Islamization' of Persia by Muslim forces." This idealization of

2691-399: The majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for the formation of a society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity. The ultimate purpose was to persuade these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and join

2760-409: The majority of Iranians – within an ethnic context. According to another Iranian Azerbaijani scholar, Dr. Hassan Javadi – a Tabriz-born, Cambridge-educated scholar of Azerbaijani literature and professor of Persian, Azerbaijani and English literature at George Washington University – Iranian Azerbaijanis have more important matters on their mind than cultural rights. "Iran's Azerbaijani community, like

2829-406: The melancholic demise of his homeland in a book titled mourning Sabalan . Another example is Mohamad Golmohamadi's long poem, titled I am madly in love with Qareh Dagh (قاراداغ اؤلکه‌سینین گؤر نئجه دیوانه‌سی ام), is a concise description of the region's cultural landscape. The long-lasting suppression finally led to a generation of revolutionary poets, composing verses by allegoric allusion to

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2898-480: The multi-ethnic Iranian state. Richard Thomas, Roger East, and Alan John Day state: The 15–20 million Azeri Turks living in northern Iran, ethnically identical to Azeris, have embraced Shia Islam and are well integrated into Iranian society According to Michael P. Croissant: Although Iran's fifteen-million Azeri population is well integrated into Iranian society and has shown little desire to secede, Tehran has nonetheless shown extreme concern with prospects of

2967-454: The new pan-Turkic homeland. It was the latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis, which, contrary to Pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of Iran. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies threatening Iran's territorial integrity. It

3036-495: The past century. Iranian Azerbaijanis are traditionally sensitive to their ethnic identity, but are supportive of bilingualism in Azerbaijani and Persian as well. Jahan Shah (r. 1438–67), the Qara Qoyunlu ("black sheep") ruler of Iran was a master poet. He compiled a diwan under the pen-name Haqiqi. Shah Ismail (1487–1524), who used the pen-name Khata'i, was a prominent ruler-poet and has, apart from his diwan compiled

3105-488: The people of Georgia , than they are to other Iranians , as well as to Armenians . The same multidimensional scaling plot demonstrates the intermediate position of Caucasian Azerbaijanis between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians groupings. There is no significant difference between Iranian Azerbaijanis and other major ethnic groups of Iran. According to HLA testing, Azerbaijanis of Iran cluster together with

3174-475: The population of Azerbaijanis in Iran between 12 and 23 million. Iranologist Victoria Arakelova believes that political doctrines following the dissolution of the Soviet Union caused the inflation of the Iranian Azerbaijani as almost half of the 60 million Iranian population, which later decreased to 20 million, lingering for a while. She puts the number at 6 to 6.5 million. Sub-ethnic groups of

3243-457: The pre-existing Iranian-speakers, who were Turkified after a massive migration of Oghuz Turks but still exist in smaller pockets, while Olivier Roy writes that the Azerbaijani ethnogenesis involved the Turkification of the natives by Turkomans from Anatolia . According to Russian scholar Rostislav Rybakov , Iranian Azerbaijan was almost fully Turkicized by 14th and 15th centuries, though

3312-436: The press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian. According to Professor. Nikki R. Keddie of UCLA: "One can purchase newspapers, books, music tapes, and videos in Azerbaijani and Kurdish, and there are radio and television stations in ethnic areas that broadcast news and entertainment programs in even more languages". Azerbaijani nationalism has oscillated since

3381-451: The religious hierarchy.". In addition, the current Supreme Leader of Iran , Ali Khamenei , is half Azerbaijani. In contrast to the claims of de facto discrimination of some Iranian Azerbaijanis, the government claims that its policy in the past 30 years has been one of pan-Islamism , which is based on a common Islamic religion of which diverse ethnic groups may be part, and which does not favor or repress any particular ethnicity, including

3450-497: The rest of the country, is engaged in the movement for reform and democracy," Javadi told the Central Asia Caucasus Institute crowd, adding that separatist groups represent "fringe thinking." He also told EurasiaNet: "I get no sense that these cultural issues outweigh national ones, nor do I have any sense that there is widespread talk of secession." Iranian Azerbaijanis were influenced by the Iranian culture. At

3519-582: The rise of sentiments calling for union between the two Azerbaijans. While Iranian Azerbaijanis may seek greater linguistic rights, few of them display separatist tendencies. Extensive reporting by Afshin Molavi , an Iranian Azerbaijani scholar, in the three major Azerbaijani provinces of Iran, as well as among Iranian Azerbaijanis in Tehran, found that separatist sentiment was not widely held among Iranian Azerbaijanis. Few people framed their genuine political, social and economic frustration – feelings that are shared by

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3588-537: The same time, they have influenced and been influenced by their non-Iranian neighbors, especially Caucasians and Russians . Azerbaijani music is distinct music that is tightly connected to the music of other Iranian peoples such as Persian music and Kurdish music , and also the music of the Caucasian peoples . Although the Azerbaijani language is not an official language of Iran it is widely used, mostly orally, among

3657-535: The so-called "Iranian operation" of 1938. After the fall of the Azerbaijan People's Government in 1946, as many as 10,000 Iranian Azerbaijani political émigrés relocated to Soviet Azerbaijan, fleeing the inevitable repressions of the Shah's government. Notable Azerbaijanis of Iranian descent living in Azerbaijan included writers Mirza Ibrahimov and Mir Jalal Pashayev , singers Rubaba Muradova and Fatma Mukhtarova , actress Munavvar Kalantarli , poets Madina Gulgun and Balash Azeroghlu and others. However, with

3726-607: The state media". Plastic bullets were shot at protesters and several people were arrested. Despite sporadic problems, Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community within Iran. Currently, the living conditions of Iranian Azerbaijanis closely resemble that of Persians : The life styles of urban Azeri do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azeri villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers. Iranian Azerbaijanis are in high positions of authority with

3795-425: The suppression of the Azerbaijani language as they supposed that the multilingualism contradicted the racial purity of Iranians. Therefore, It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non-Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group,

3864-474: The throne on 16 September 1941. At the aftermath of a four-year-long tumultuous period the Azerbaijan People's Government , a Soviet puppet state, was established in Tabriz , perhaps through direct involvement of the Soviet leadership. This government autonomously ruled the province from November 1945 to November 1946. However, the Soviet soon realized their idea was premature, the mass of the population did not support separatism; under largely Western pressure,

3933-473: The time Ahar , with 3,500 inhabitants, was the only city of Qaradağ. The Haji-Alilu tribe played major rule in the later political developments. During the Persian Constitutional Revolution , Tabriz was at the center of battles which followed the ascent to the throne of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar on 8 January 1907. The revolutionary forces were headed by Sattar Khan who was originally from Arasbaran . Haydar Khan Amo-oghli had significant contribution in

4002-401: The traditional wool hat and their music and dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated and many Azeri Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics and clerical world. According to Bulent Gokay: The Northern part of Iran, that used to be called Azerbaijan, is inhabited by 17 million Azeris. This population has been traditionally well integrated with

4071-456: The way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. In late 1941 Soviet forces invaded Iran in coordination with British Army under an operation known as Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . Their forces broke through the border and moved from the Azerbaijan SSR into Iranian Azerbaijan . Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who replaced his father as Shah on

4140-610: The wider Tehran Province. In October 2020, several protests erupted in Iranian cities, including the capital Tehran and Tabriz, in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Iranian Azerbaijani demonstrators chanted pro-Azerbaijan slogans and clashed with Iran's security forces. Generally, Iranian Azerbaijanis were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to Iran's Islamic Revolution . Despite friction, they came to be well represented at all levels of, "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as

4209-428: The word was borrowed into the Russian slang of Ashkhabad and was used to refer to forestallers. Iranian Azerbaijanis often worked menial jobs, including on dyer's madder plantations in Guba where 9,000 out of 14,000 Iranian Azerbaijani contract workers were employed as of 1867. In the 1886 economic report on the life of the peasantry of the Guba district, Yagodynsky reported frequent cases of intermarriage between

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4278-416: Was adopted by the Azerbaijani-speaking locals as həmşəri and has since been applied by them to Iranian Azerbaijani migrants in general. Already in the nineteenth century, the word also spread to urban varieties of Russian of Baku and Tiflis in the form of gamshara ( гамшара ) or amshara ( амшара ), where it was, however, used with a negative connotation to mean "a raggamuffin". In the Soviet times,

4347-423: Was banned in official spheres with the advent of Reza Shah 's reign, including at schools. This prohibition was formally abolished after the Islamic revolution, though the Azerbaijanis haven't enjoyed much cultural freedom since then. Writers of Azerbaijan, such as Gholam-Hossein Saedi , Samad Behrangi and Reza Barahani , published their works in Persian. The only exception was Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar , who

4416-481: Was born in Birmingham, Alabama . He first attended the University of Illinois , where he received a BA in history and philosophy in 1939. He received his MA from Harvard University in 1940 and his PhD from Harvard in 1946, in Asiatic history . Frye served with the Office of Strategic Services during World War II . He was stationed in Afghanistan and traveled extensively in the Middle East , Central Asia , and South Asia . In 1948, he visited Sar Masshad , and

4485-428: Was denied. Other Azerbaijanis played an important rule in the revolution including Mir-Hossein Mousavi , Mehdi Bazargan , Sadeq Khalkhali , and Ali Khamenei . Azerbaijanis make up 25% of Tehran 's population and 30.3% – 33% of the population of the Tehran Province . Azerbaijanis in Tehran live in all of the cities within Tehran Province . They are by far the largest ethnic group after Persians in Tehran and

4554-541: Was during this period that Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others. Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis. They viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and a modern state. Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations. The adoption of these integrationist policies paved

4623-431: Was the first European to find and report the existence of the Gur-e Dokhtar tomb (meaning "Tomb of the Maiden" in Persian ). He returned to Harvard to teach. He was a member of the Harvard faculty from 1948 to 1990. He then became a professor emeritus at Harvard. He also served as faculty, guest lecturer, or visiting scholar at the following: Professor Frye helped found the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard,

4692-464: Was under-appreciated by other Muslims , particularly Arabs . Frye wrote: Arabs no longer understand the role of Iran and the Persian language in the formation of Islamic culture. Perhaps they wish to forget the past, but in so doing they remove the bases of their own spiritual, moral and cultural being... without the heritage of the past and a healthy respect for it... there is little chance for stability and proper growth. In August 1953, shortly before

4761-426: Was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided

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