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125-470: Khokana, a traditional and small Newari village about 8 kilometers south of Kathmandu (on the outskirts of Patan ). Khokana is mainly known for the production of rich mustard oil since ancient time. It was also the first town in Nepal to be lit with electricity in 1911 AD during the reign of Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher . Khokana has been nominated to be listed as a Unesco World Heritage , representing

250-724: A United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as the location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, was 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft). The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi). As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 M w (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 M w and 5 aftershocks above 6 M w ) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 M w . A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with

375-463: A moment magnitude (M w ) of 7.3M w 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari . The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital city of Kathmandu and Mount Everest . It struck at a depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered an aftershock of

500-545: A Newar youth who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. He is known for building the white stupa at the Miaoying Temple in Beijing . Durbar squares, temple squares, sacred courtyards, stupas, open-air shrines, dance platforms, sunken water fountains, public rest houses, bazaars, multistoried houses with elaborately carved windows and compact streets are the characteristics of traditional planning. Besides

625-581: A collapsed wall while a teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake. This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest . At least 19 died, with at least 120 others injured or missing. In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park , 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela and the village of Langtang . The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela

750-470: A conversation he had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake." The previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934 . In fact, the 600-km-long Central Himalayan Gap hadn't ruptured since 1505 . Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian plate underthrusts

875-399: A deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city. Devotional songs are known as bhajan may be sung daily in community houses. Hymn societies like Gyanmala Bhajan Khala hold regular recitals. Dapa songs are sung during hymn singing seasons at Temple squares and sacred courtyards. Gunla Bajan musical bands parade through the streets during Gunla, the 10th month of

1000-465: A donation. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. In Kathmandu, the biggest street festival is Yenya (Indra Jatra) when three cars bearing the living goddess Kumari and two other child gods are pulled through the streets and masked dance performances are held. The two godchildren are Ganesh and Bhairav. Another major celebration is Pahan Charhe when portable shrines bearing images of mother goddesses are paraded through Kathmandu. During

1125-513: A fast and cost effective manner. Digital mappers, through the Kathmandu Living Labs , were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to

1250-581: A federal state. The historical territories of Newars is called Nepal Mandala . The Newa Autonomous State mandates to reconstruct the district division and create an autonomous Newa province. It includes historically Newa residing settlements and Newa dominant zones of Kathmandu , Bhaktapur , Lalitpur , Newa towns of Dolakha , Newa settlements of Nuwakot , Newa settlements of Makwanpur , Newa settlements of Ramechhap , Newa settlements of Sindupalchok , Newa settlements of Kavre West. The Newar dance consists of sacred masked dance, religious dance without

1375-486: A flourishing economic system. Elaborate cultural traditions which required the use of varied objects and services also fueled the economy. Towns and villages in the Kathmandu Valley specialized in producing particular products, and rich agriculture produced a surplus for export. For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. Rice

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1500-602: A government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples. Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme. Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since

1625-458: A long drawn out chain of events , in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades on end. The aftereffects of the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: human trafficking , labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization , private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism , disease, and damage to the healthcare system. A survey some 30 months later found only 12% of

1750-563: A luckless Tibet trader, are sung as seasonal songs. The dramas are based on stories from the epics, and almost all of them were written during the 17th and 18th centuries. Nepal Bhasa literature flourished for five centuries until 1850. Since then, it suffered a period of decline due to political oppression. The period 1909–1941 is known as the Nepal Bhasa renaissance period when writers defied official censure and braved imprisonment to create literary works. Modern Nepal Bhasa literature began in

1875-530: A report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors have increased after the earthquake. Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to

2000-417: A thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins ( Nepalese mohar ), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Devanagari began to be used to write Nepal Bhasa in the beginning of the 20th century, and Nepal script has limited usage today. Newa Autonomous State is a proposed federal state of Nepal which establishes the historical native homeland of Newa people as

2125-510: A valley to the west of Kathmandu, contains the phrase "greetings to the Nepals" indicating that the term "Nepal" was used to refer to both the country and the people. The term "Newar" or "Newa:" referring to "inhabitant of Nepal" appeared for the first time in an inscription dated 1654 in Kathmandu. Italian Jesuit priest Ippolito Desideri (1684–1733) who traveled to Nepal in 1721 has written that

2250-422: A variety of headresses. Jyapu women have a distinctive sari called Hāku Patāsi which is a black sari with distinctive red border. Jyapu men also have a distinctive version of the tapālan suruwā. Similarly, a shawl (gā) is worn by men and women. Traditionally, Newar women wear a shoe made out of red cloth, Kapa lakaan. It is decorated with glitters and colorful beads (potya). One of the major parts of Newar dress ups

2375-601: A vernacular village and its mustard-oil seed industrial heritage. The main Rudrayani temple is said to be reconstructed by King Amara Malla in 15th century. It is said that the Maharjans and Dangols of Pachali Bhairav have migrated to present location of Khokana as proven by many similarities in the cultures and traditions of people of both locations. It is said that King Amar Malla reconstructed temple of Rudrayani to cure epidemics which used to spread in mediaeval times. He also named

2500-454: A week after the earthquake. As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu, and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities. There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water,

2625-454: Is an interesting story among the people about how 'Khokana' got it names. The word’ Khokana’ is derived from the Newari word ‘khona’ which means ‘Telling while Weeping’. According to the legend, A Maharjan priest of Pachali bhairav of Kathmnandu fainted due to high cold fever. He was then taken to the bank of Bagmati River for cremation thinking that he was dead. He along with his wife was placed in

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2750-554: Is another big festival when worship is offered and natural water sources are cleaned. In addition, all Newar towns and villages have their particular festival which is celebrated by holding a chariot or palanquin procession. Paanch Chare is one of the many occasions or festivals celebrated by the Newa community, natives from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. This is celebrated on the Chaturdasi (Pisach Chaturdashi) day according to new lunar calendar on

2875-477: Is basically religious art. Newar devotional paubha painting, sculpture and metal craftsmanship are world-renowned for their exquisite beauty. The earliest dated paubha discovered so far is Vasudhara Mandala which was painted in 1365 AD ( Nepal Sambat 485). The murals on the walls of two 15th-century monasteries in the former kingdom of Mustang in the Nepal Himalaya provide illustrations of Newar works outside

3000-743: Is believed to have developed from the language spoken in Nepal during the Kirati period. Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language. It was used universally in stone and copper inscriptions, sacred manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. In 2011, there were approximately 846,000 native speakers of Nepal Bhasa. Many Newar communities within Nepal also speak their own dialects of Nepal Bhasa, such as

3125-411: Is bracelets (chūra) and mala (necklaces). Meals can be classified into three main categories: the daily meal, the afternoon snack and festival food. The daily meal consists of boiled rice, lentil soup, vegetable curry, relish and Meat are served. The snack generally consists of beaten rice, roasted and curried soybeans, curried potato and roasted meat mixed with spices. Food is also an important part of

3250-579: Is called Sikali. The Mother goddess of all. Khokana is known for its mustard-oil harvesting process in which a heavy wooden beam is used to crush the mustard seeds to extract the oil. Another practice unique to Khokana is that the people here do not keep chickens and hens. Ducks are domesticated instead and can be seen in the pond of Khokana. Dedicated to Rudrayani Goddess held twice a year during Gaijatra festival in August and during Dashain in October Held in

3375-612: Is clearly identified by its morphological, geological, and tectonic features. The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust. The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks , representing

3500-480: Is its highly projected inclined lattice work in the second storey. The temple was constructed during the reign of Amar Malla during 1570 B.S (1513 AD). Rudrayani jatra is performed every year in the month of October on the first 7 days of Dashain festival. The permanent people of Khokana does not celebrate the Dashain festival, they celebrate their own Jatra, Sikhali Jatra'. It is a big rectangular water pond located in

3625-500: Is one of the major landmark where the ‘khat’ of the Rudrayani is rested during the Rudrayani jatra. The mandap was completely destroyed during the 2015 Nepal earthquake and was reconstructed in its present shape by Chiri Maya Maharjan (Daughter of Khokana), Kathamandu. The temple lies outside the main settlement towards the south at about a 30-minute walk from Rudrayani temple. The temple is located at an isolated area. The original history of Sikhli related with Rudrayani goddess. Goddess

3750-524: Is represented by all the three major forms—prose, poetry, and drama. Most of the writings consist of prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. Poetry consists of love songs, ballads, work songs, and religious poetry. The earliest poems date from the 1570s. Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. The ballads Sitala Maju , about the expulsion of children from Kathmandu, Silu , about an ill-fated pilgrimage to Gosaikunda , and Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni , about

3875-410: Is rich in ceremony and is marked by frequent festivals throughout the year. Many festivals are tied to Hindu and Buddhist holidays and the harvest cycle. Street celebrations include pageants, jatras or processions in which a car or portable shrine is paraded through the streets and sacred masked dances. Other festivals are marked by family feasts and worship. The celebrations are held according to

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4000-555: Is said that the goddess Shikali Devi blessed them and a new settlement was established. After a while, the people from the opposite bank of the river started harassing them and for the safety purpose, they shifted towards high ground east of Kudesh. This settlement started by a weeping [Khona in Newari] woman is said to be origin of the name of the Khokana. The place Kudesh is just a ruin now without any inhabitants and might been important place from

4125-516: Is served in laptya (लप्त्य plates made of special leaves, held together by sticks). Similarly, any soups are served in botā (बोटा bowls made of leaves). Liquors are served in Salinchā (सलिंचाः bowls made of clay) and Kholchā (खोल्चाः small metal bowls). April 2015 Nepal earthquake The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake ) killed 8,962 people and injured 21,952 across

4250-684: Is still present in Majipā. No historical documents have been found after this era until the advent of the Gopal era. A genealogy of kings is recorded in a chronicle called Gopalarajavamsavali . According to this manuscript, the Gopal kings were followed by the Mahispals and the Kirats before the Licchavis entered from the south. Some claim Buddha visited Nepal during the reign of Kirat King Jitedasti. The Newars reign over

4375-546: Is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust ], now to produce an 8-magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one." According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted

4500-653: The 2021 Nepal census numbering 1,341,363 people constituting 4.6% of the total population. The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala . Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups in Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity . The Newar community within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are

4625-557: The Bodhisattva Manjusri , with the aid of a holy sword, cut a gap in the surrounding hills and let the water out. This legend is supported by geological evidence of an ancient lakebed, and it provides an explanation for the high fertility of the Kathmandu Valley soil. According to the "Swayambhu inscription", Manjusri then established a city called Manjupattan (Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"), now called Manjipā, and made Dharmākara its king. A shrine dedicated to Manjusri

4750-555: The Chwe Lachi square. During Rudrayani Jatra on Janai Purnima, a group of young men take a swim in the pond where a goat is sacrificed by drowning in this pond. After the death of goat, the group of young men fight for the goat. The culture is that a group that wins the goat should make a cultural drama show "kha pyakha" during Sikhali jatra. The Khokana festival has also drawn widespread criticism and ire from animal sympathisers and animal rights activists for its way of animal sacrifice. In

4875-558: The Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people, Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged. Several temples, including Kasthamandap , Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar,

5000-626: The Dolakha Newar Language . Newar Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition. Literature in Newar Bhasa began as translation and commentary in prose in the 14th century AD. The earliest known document in Newar Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 AD during the Thakuri period. Classical Newar Bhasa literature

5125-698: The Eurasian plate , occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are subdivided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west, and almost parallel to sub-parallel. These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain; (2) Sub Himalaya ( Shivalik Range ); (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys); (4) Higher Himalaya; and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys). Each of these zones

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5250-439: The Eurasian plate , carrying much of Europe and Asia. Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, rapidly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds. The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there

5375-488: The Nepal Sambat calendar which is a holy month for Newar Buddhists. Musical performances start with an overture which is a salutation to the gods. Seasonal songs and ballads are associated with particular seasons and festivals. Music is also played during wedding processions, life-cycle ceremonies and funeral processions. The Newars are the creators of most examples of art and architecture in Nepal. Traditional Newar art

5500-547: The Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan , with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country. Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts. Survivors were found up to

5625-709: The Patan Durbar Square , the Bhaktapur Durbar Square , the Changu Narayan Temple, the Boudhanath stupa , and the Swayambhunath stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture. Dharahara , also called Bhimsen Tower, a nine-storey 61.88-metre (203.0 ft) tall tower,

5750-519: The Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu , which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter. Tremors were felt in Pakistan and Bhutan . A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6M w within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 M w occurred on 26 April 2015 in

5875-579: The Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is predominantly spoken by Newars in Nepal's Katmandu Valley . Newars are bound together by a common language and culture. Their common language is Nepal Bhasa or the linguistic progenitor of that language. Nepal Bhasa is the term recognised by the government. Nepal Bhasa already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period and

6000-452: The 1940s with the emergence of new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays. Nepal Bhasa script is a group of scripts that developed from the Brahmi script and are used primarily to write Nepal Bhasa . Among the different scripts, Ranjana Lipi is the most common. Nepal script is also known as Nepal Lipi and Nepal Akhala. Nepal Bhasa scripts appeared in the 10th century. For

6125-556: The 25 April quake. Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal and other North-Indian States. At least 153 people died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China. Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become

6250-770: The Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including

6375-768: The Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed. The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple , Swyambhunath , Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir , inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed. In Patan,

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6500-549: The Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived and the intensities of shaking had been mapped, a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture. The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end. The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time. News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days. The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at

6625-500: The Kathmandu Valley that illustrate the skill and aesthetic sense of Newar artisans. Fine brickwork and woodcarving are the marks of Newar architecture. Residential houses, monastic courtyards known as baha and bahi, rest houses, temples, stupas, priest houses and palaces are the various architectural structures found in the valley. Most of the chief monuments are located in the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu , Lalitpur and Bhaktapur ,

6750-463: The Kathmandu Valley. Stone sculpture, wood carving, repoussé art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process are specimens of Newar artistry. The Peacock Window of Bhaktapur and Desay Madu Jhya of Kathmandu are known for their wood carving. Building elements like the carved Newar window , roof struts on temples and the tympanum of temples and shrine houses exhibit traditional creativity. From as early as

6875-609: The National Capital Region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka . Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha. Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala . The intensity in Patna was V ( Moderate ). The intensity was IV ( Light ) in Dhaka, Bangladesh . The earthquake was also experienced across southwest China , ranging from

7000-431: The Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh. It occurred at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time on Saturday 25 April 2015, with a magnitude of 7.8 M w or 8.1 M s and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X ( Extreme ). Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, roughly 85 km (53 mi) northwest of central Kathmandu , and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi). It

7125-1297: The Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed. Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District , the Rani Mahal in Palpa District , the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District , the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District , and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of

7250-609: The West China region through the 2020s. According to the USGS website, the maximum intensity was VIII ( Severe ), however certain reports state an intensity of X ( Extreme ) or higher. In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VIII-IX, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Assam , West Bengal , Odisha , Sikkim , Jharkhand , Uttarakhand , Gujarat , in

7375-436: The airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in

7500-459: The archaeological point of view. In the center is a three-storey temple, Sri Rudrayani, with a particularly wide main street, especially for a village of such small size. The Rudrayani temple is a dominant three storeyed tiered temple located in the Chwe Lachi square in Khokana. It is the temple of Goddess Rudrayani worshipped as the manifestation of Goddess Durga and the mother goddess of the town. The temple's most distinctive architectural feature

7625-409: The chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake. The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes. In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms. Single women had very little access to relief, according to

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7750-462: The coming year. Similarly, Bhai Tika is also done during Swanti. It is a ritual observed to worship and respect a woman's brothers, with or without blood relation. Another major festival is Sā Pāru when people who have lost a family member in the past year dress up as cows and saints, and parade through town, following a specific route. In some cases, a real cow may also be a part of the parade. People give such participants money, food and other gifts as

7875-445: The common alcoholic liquors that Newars make at home. Traditionally, at meals, festivals and gatherings, Newars sit on long mats in rows. Typically, the sitting arrangement is hierarchical with the eldest sitting at the top and the youngest at the end. Newar cuisine makes use of mustard oil and a host of spices such as cumin, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, mint, bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chilli and mustard seeds. Food

8000-470: The country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter. The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights. It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks, and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage. During strong aftershocks,

8125-508: The creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. The Newar are a distinct linguistic and cultural group, primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities, who share a common language, Nepal Bhasa , and predominantly practice Newar Hinduism and Newar Buddhism . Newars have developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilisation not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Newars have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as

8250-434: The current Newar civilisation. Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. The terms "Nepāl", "Newār", "Newāl" and "Nepār" are phonetically different forms of the same word, and instances of the various forms appear in texts in different times in history. Nepal is the literary ( Sanskrit ) form and Newar is the colloquial ( Prakrit ) form. A Sanskrit inscription dated to 512 in Tistung,

8375-421: The damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$ 3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$ 200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation. Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado -based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over

8500-660: The descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times. Indo-Aryan tribes like Maithils of Madhesh Province , the Licchavis , Kosala , and Mallas (N) from respective Indian Mahajanapada (i.e. Licchavis of Vajji , Kosala , and Malla (I) ) that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local native population by marriage as well as adopting their language and customs. These tribes however retained their Vedic culture and brought with them their Sanskritic languages, social structure , Hindu religion and culture, which were assimilated with local cultures and gave rise to

8625-474: The disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016. The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster. Medical Doctors from India, Ramachandra Kamath, Edmond Fernandes and Prakash Narayan stated that elderly care in disaster was more important than women and child focused one for Nepal earthquake and absence of military support for medical aid providers impacted relief work. About 90% of soldiers from

8750-401: The dominant culture and tradition of the Newars. The divisions of the Newars had different historical developments. The common identity of the Newar was formed in the Kathmandu Valley. Until the conquest of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1769, all the people who had inhabited the valley at any point in time were either Newar or progenitors of Newar. So, the history of Newar correlates to

8875-421: The earth's surface. Over 38 aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 M w   or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including one of 6.8 M w  . According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, a short sharp thrust that caught many unsuspected and dies to this thrust only, along the major fault line where the Indian plate , carrying India, is slowly diving underneath

9000-420: The earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects. Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April. Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses. Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , collapsed, as did

9125-402: The epicentre of the earthquake was in a rural setting, so the worst hit districts had low population densities and most of the population was outside when the earthquake hit. Had the earthquake occurred at night or during the working week, when many more people were inside vulnerable buildings, the death toll would have likely been much closer to the modelled estimate. After the rupture area of

9250-412: The expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8.1 was published. The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21,000 and 42,000. The M7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 killed about 8,800 people because it occurred on a Saturday and so many buildings that collapsed, such as schools and municipal buildings, were empty, reducing the death toll. In addition,

9375-524: The farmers for cleaning, renewing and renovating the community spaces. Former VDCs: Newar people Newar ( / n ɪ ˈ w ɑːr / ; Newar : नेवार , endonym : Newa ; Newar : नेवा , Pracalit script : 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅 ‎ ), or Nepami , are primarily inhabitants in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal and the Indian territories of Sikkim state and Gorkhaland including its surrounding areas and

9500-548: The festival of Jana Baha Dyah Jatra , a temple car with an image of Karunamaya is drawn through central Kathmandu for three days. A similar procession is held in Lalitpur known as Bunga Dyah Jatra which continues for a month and climaxes with Bhoto Jatra, the display of the sacred vest. The biggest outdoor celebration in Bhaktapur is Biska Jatra ( Bisket Jatra ) which is marked by chariot processions and lasts for nine days. Sithi Nakha

9625-403: The first day of Bikram era (first of Baisakh). Celebrated on the second day of Baisakh. Auditing of yearly accounts of the oil mills and worshipping of Bhimsen deity for prosperity in the future is done. Celebrated in the month of Chaitra. Mahadev is worshipped and two guthis of the settlement arrange feast for the entire community. Celebrated in the month of June. This is the main festival of

9750-576: The first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata. Common percussion instruments consist of the dhimay, khin, naykhin and dhaa. Wind instruments include the bansuri (flute), payntah (long trumpet) and mwahali (short trumpet), chhusya, bhusya, taa (cymbals), and gongs are other popular instruments. String instruments are very rare. Newa people call their music Dhime Baja . The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. Musical bands accompany religious processions in which an idol of

9875-541: The flames of dried wheat stalks), pukālā (पुकाला fried meat), wo (वः lentil cake), paun kwā (पाउँक्वा sour soup), swan pukā (स्वँपुका stuffed lungs), syen (स्येँ fried liver), mye (म्ये boiled and fried tongue), sapu mhichā (सःपू म्हिचा leaf tripe stuffed with bone marrow), sanyā khunā (सन्या खुना jellied fish soup) and takhā (तःखा jellied meat) are some of the popular festival foods. Dessert consists of dhau (धौ yogurt), sisābusā (सिसाबुसा fruits) and mari (मरि sweets). Thwon (थ्वँ rice beer) and aylā (अयला local alcohol) are

10000-733: The former kingdom in establishing coinage system. Later they were made Thikadars or Sikkimese feudal lords with judicial and administrative powers within their respective estates. Newars have also settled in Bhutan. Colonies of expatriate Newar merchants and artisans existed in Lhasa , Shigatse and Gyantse in Tibet till the mid-1960s when the traditional trade came to an end after the Sino-Indian War . In recent times, Newars have moved to different parts of Asia, Europe and America. Newar religious culture

10125-681: The ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps. Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures and drones of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help. On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. The technologies used by Kathmandu Living Labs were built on top of existing open source solutions which allowed them to work in

10250-663: The ground), with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) southeast of Lamjung , Nepal , lasting approximately 50 seconds. The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 M w   by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 M w  . The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 M s  . The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 M w   and its epicenter

10375-591: The historical cities of Kathmandu , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , Madhyapur Thimi , Chovar , Bungamati , Thankot and Kirtipur , small towns with a similar artistic heritage (like Panga in Kirtipur municipality ) dot the Kathmandu Valley where almost half of the Newar population lives. Outside the valley, historical Newar settlements include Nuwakot , Nala , Banepa , Dhulikhel , Panauti , Dolakha, Chitlang and Bhimphedi. The Newars of Kathmandu founded Pokhara in 1752 at

10500-458: The history of the Kathmandu Valley (or Nepala Mandala) prior to the establishment of the modern state of Nepal. The earliest known history of Newar and the Kathmandu Valley blends with mythology recorded in historical chronicles. One such text, which recounts the creation of the valley, is the Swayambhu Purana . According to this Buddhist scripture, the Kathmandu Valley was a giant lake until

10625-464: The houses in the three counties collapsed. Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh. A six-story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in Dhaka . A 22-year-old man died when trying to flee the Dhaka Medical College in a panic. In Tangail , a woman died trying to escape a building. Another woman was crushed to death by

10750-560: The infilling of a lake. Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region. A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the 1934 earthquake and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern. A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in

10875-605: The invitation of the rulers of Kaski. Over the last two centuries, Newars have fanned out of the Kathmandu Valley and established trade centers and settled in various parts of Nepal. Bandipur , Baglung , Silgadhi and Tansen in west Nepal and Chainpur and Bhojpur in east Nepal contain large Newar populations. Outside Nepal, many Newars have settled in Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal, Assam , Manipur and Sikkim , India. In Sikkim, many Newars became Taksaris helping

11000-471: The last consonant and lengthening the vowel, "Newā" for Newār or Newāl, and "Nepā" for Nepāl are used in ordinary speech. For over two millennia, the Newa civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status. Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) speak of 'the direct heritage of pre-Islamic India'. The Malla dynasty

11125-408: The lunar calendar, so the dates are changeable. Mohani ( Dasain ) is one of the greatest annual celebrations which is observed for several days with feasts, religious services, and processions. During Swanti ( Tihar ), Newars celebrate New Year's Day of Nepal Sambat by doing Mha Puja , a ritual in which our own body is worshipped, which is believed to purifies and strengthens one spiritually for

11250-596: The makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets. Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings. Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work. Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on

11375-538: The month of Chaitra. And also the longest jatra of Nepal Rato Machindra Nath Janka is celebrated by Newars mostly on Patan. This Jatra is one month long and contains various celebrations. Western wear is the norm as in urban areas in the rest of the country. Traditionally men wear tapuli (cap), long shirt (tapālan) and trousers (suruwā), also called Daura-Suruwal . Woman wear cheeparsi (sari) and gaa (long length shawl) while younger girls wear ankle-length gowns (bhāntānlan). Ritual dresses consist of pleated gowns, coats and

11500-482: The month of Kartik (October- November) when 14 deity representatives dance and animal sacrifices are made. Celebrated for two days. On the first day frog is worshipped and after having cereal soup, jatra or the procession begins from Rudrayani temple and on the second day procession completes. Animal sacrifices are made on the second day in Dev pukhu. Fest of bitten rice is organized in every house to celebrate this festival on

11625-454: The monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu , Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal . They cannot be restored to their original states." The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people. Concern

11750-403: The most well-known seasonal songs is Sitala Maju . The ballad describes the expulsion of children from Kathmandu in the early 19th century. Another seasonal song Silu is about a pilgrimage to Gosaikunda that went wrong. Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni is a tragedy song about a newly married couple. The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. In 1908, maestro Seturam Shrestha made

11875-537: The mountain on record. The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were reported missing. Hundreds of thousands of Nepalese were made homeless with entire villages flattened across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Kathmandu Valley , including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square ,

12000-453: The natives of Nepal are called Newars. It has been suggested that "Nepal" may be a sanskritization of "Newar", or "Newar" may be a later form of "Nepal". According to another explanation, the words "Newar" and "Newari" are colloquial forms arising from the mutation of P to W, and L to R. There are regarded as the Adivasi of Kathmandu Valley. As a result of the phonological process of dropping

12125-400: The next few years as it could "easily exceed" US$ 5 billion. More recent studies estimate the damage from the earthquake to be closer to US$ 10 billion (which would be around 50% of Nepals GDP at the time). It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of

12250-407: The old royal palace complexes built between the 12th and 18th centuries. Newa architecture consists of the pagoda , stupa , shikhara , chaitya and other styles. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina and Japan. The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Arniko ,

12375-408: The other ethnic groups of Nepal. Newars are divided into various endogamous clans or groups on the basis of their ancient hereditary occupations, deriving its roots in the classic late- Vedic Varna model. Although first introduced in the time of the Licchavis , the present Newar caste system assumed its present shape during the medieval Malla period. Nepal Bhasa , also known as Newar, belongs to

12500-510: The past, the water source in the pond used to be from Rajkulo . But in the present context, the water in the Dyo Pukhu dries up during dry season. Water in the pond is usually refilled by the water tanks during festival times. De pukhu means God pond in English. The Rudrayani temple used to be six floors but when an earth quake broke it was destroyed into 3 floors the rest of the parts somehow fell into

12625-541: The pond so it is called De pukhu Besides the De Phukhu, there are other ponds all around Khokana. Most of the ponds were fed by Rajkulo all the way from Tika Bhairab. The major ponds around Khokana includes Jitapur mandap, also known in local language as ‘Gaa-cha’ is a public rest house located in the Kwe-lachi square where major social activities like cultural processions and religious performances are observed. Jitapur mandap

12750-523: The pyre as ' Sati '. When the pyre was just alighted, heavy storm with rain occurred and the people who were arranging all the process ran away from the pyre to have shelter. As the pyre burned, the man became conscious and was saved. The people did not allow him and his wife to entre to their respective places fearing of bad omen. The couple then ran from there weeping all the way and finally settled in Kudesh (bad place or country) north-west of present Khokana. It

12875-691: The quake contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but it is certainly possible. The earthquake killed at least 8,857 people in Nepal and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit. As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries. Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless, causing around 2.6 million internal displacements . The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable. In 2005,

13000-467: The quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment. The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 per cent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of

13125-424: The reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization. Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June, killing 53 people. Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in the particularly hard-hit Solukhumbhu district. Whether or not

13250-486: The ritual and religious life of the Newars, and the dishes served during festivals and feasts have symbolic significance. Different sets of ritual dishes are placed in a circle around the staple Bawji (rice flakes or Flattened) to represent and honour different sets of deities depending on the festival or life-cycle ceremony. Kwāti (क्वाति soup of different beans), kachilā (कचिला spiced minced meat), chhoyalā (छोयला water buffalo meat marinated in spices and grilled over

13375-506: The same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari , Nepal. The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata , Siliguri , Jalpaiguri , and Assam . The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway , which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat. A model of GeoGateway, based on

13500-476: The settlement as Jitapur. Khokana was a specialized town for oil pressing. The town is first to be lit from the Pharping Hydropower during the period of Prime minister Chandra Shamshere. Rudrayani Madhyamik Vidyalaya is the oldest school in Nepal after Durbar High School. Prior to construction of motorable road through Pharping, people used to walk through this village to go to Dakshinkali temple . There

13625-422: The seventh century, visitors have noted the skill of Newar artists and craftsmen who left their influence on the art of Tibet and China. Newars introduced the lost-wax technique into Bhutan and they were commissioned to paint murals on the walls of monasteries there. Sandpainting of mandala made during festivals and death rituals is another specialty of Newar art. Besides exhibiting a high level of skill in

13750-469: The south and the Trishuli River in the west which separated it from the kingdom of Gorkha. Trade, industry and agriculture have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars. They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. Merchants, craftsmen, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other castes all played their part in creating

13875-895: The time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low. A total of 78 deaths were reported in India – including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Twenty-seven people were confirmed dead, 383 were injured and 4 were missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region . The quake destroyed 2,500 houses and damaged 24,700 others across 19 counties in Tibet , affecting nearly 300,000 people, among whom 47,500 were displaced, while A total of 82 temples were also damaged. The counties of Gyirong , Nyalam and Tingri in Xigazê were worst hit, where nearly 80 percent of

14000-516: The traditional religious art, Newar artists have been at the forefront of introducing Western art styles in Nepal. Raj Man Singh Chitrakar (1797–1865) is credited with starting watercolor painting in the country. Bhaju Man Chitrakar (1817–1874), Tej Bahadur Chitrakar (1898–1971) and Chandra Man Singh Maskey were other pioneer artists who introduced modern style paintings incorporating concepts of lighting and perspective. There are seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites and 2,500 temples and shrines in

14125-424: The true custodians of the religion, culture and civilisation of Nepal. Newars are known for their contributions to culture, art and literature , trade , agriculture and cuisine . Today, they consistently rank as the most economically and socially advanced community in Nepal, according to the annual Human Development Index published by UNDP . Newars are ranked the 8th largest ethnic group in Nepal according to

14250-537: The use of masks known as Dyah Pyakhan, dance performed as part of a ritual and meditation practice known as Chachaa Pyakhan ( Newar : चचा प्याखं ) ( Charya Nritya in Sanskrit) and folk dance. There are also masked dance dramas known as Daboo Pyakhan which enact religious stories to the accompaniment of music. The dance done in the tune of Dhime are Dhime dance. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. One of

14375-564: The valley and their sovereignty and influence over neighboring territories ended with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 by the Gorkhali Shah dynasty founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah . Prior to the Gorkha conquest, which began with the Battle of Kirtipur in 1767, the borders of Nepal Mandala extended to Tibet in the north, the nation of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in

14500-554: Was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route. The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale . On 4 May it

14625-506: Was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners. According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades. This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area. Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of

14750-428: Was another major export. Porters and pack mules transported merchandise over mountain tracks that formed the old trade routes. Since the 18th century, Newars have spread out across Nepal and established trading towns dotting the mid hills. They are known as jewelry makers and shopkeepers. Today, they are engaged in modern industry, business and service sectors. Newars forms an ethnolinguistic community distinct from all

14875-424: Was destroyed. It was a part of the architecture of Kathmandu recognized by UNESCO. Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST . The country also had a continued risk of landslides. A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (M w ) of 7.3. The epicenter

15000-462: Was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains. Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$ 19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate), is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own. Even before

15125-418: Was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu , the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) as the crow flies from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 M w  . It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below

15250-446: Was migrated to khokana in satya yug (more than 30000 years ago) due to migration of pachali's people. Pachali's people migrated to khokana to learn some knowledge from Sikha Buddha. Sikha Buddha is commonly known as Shree Khanda Bhawani. Due to Sikha Buddha the sikali is named after him. Where ' Si' is derived from Sikha Buddha. Where 'si' means biggest among all. Where ' kali' means the dangerous form of goddess Rudrayani. So that's why it

15375-469: Was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mount Everest. More than 200 people were killed and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless. The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 am NST (06:11:25 UTC) at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in

15500-595: Was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language (the language of the Mithila region) which was afforded equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. Maithil Brahmin priests were invited to Kathmandu and many Maithil families settled in Kathmandu during Malla rule. The influx of people from both the north ( Tibet ) and south ( Tirhut ) increased not only Nepal's genetic and racial diversity but also greatly moulded

15625-418: Was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake . The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, was of low frequency, which, along with its occurrence at an hour when many people in rural areas were working outdoors, decreased the loss of human lives. The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest , killing 22 people, the deadliest incident on

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