Misplaced Pages

#665334

106-564: Sandstone and mudstone rocks rise about 300–600 m (984–1,969 ft) above sea level. The park is traversed by a limestone mountain range from north to south with a high point of 950 m (3,117 ft). This mountain range is hit by monsoon rain coming from both the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea , which makes it among Thailand's wettest regions with an annual rain fall of 3,500 mm (137.8 in). Heavy rainfall and falling leaves led to

212-555: A change in the ruling government. While the uprising did not change the role of the monarch, it did emphasize his position as a final arbiter between opposing forces. On 14 October, King Bhumibol appointed the Thammasat chancellor and dean of the faculty of law, former Supreme Court Judge Sanya Dharmasakti , as prime minister by royal command. This established a precedent subsequently exercised only three times, of appointing Prime Ministers of Thailand . On 22 May 1974, Dr Sanya appointed

318-476: A commission to draft a new constitution , and on 27 May tendered his resignation. A House of Representatives resolution called on him to serve a second consecutive term. In December 1973, the king appointed a 2,346-member National General Assembly that elected a new 299-member National Legislative Assembly to replace the old one. The king has remained a key reference point for the Thai people ever since. The role of

424-477: A consequence of the increasing collegial contact between students, the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) was founded in 1968. Its purpose was to represent and coordinate student action. The NSCT was to play a crucial role in the 1973 uprising. After several meetings between representatives from Thailand's universities, it was proposed that Thai students should have an inter-university organization,

530-428: A crisis control center with Praphas Charusathien as its director. On 11 October, Praphas agreed to meet with the students, who demanded the release of the 13 prisoners. He refused to meet their demands. By this time, the rally had moved to the grounds of Thammasat University to accommodate its growing size, with the number of protesters now reaching 50,000. On 12 October, the government announced that it would release

636-410: A film star. The death of the highly popular film star, as well as of the prominent businessmen, could not be covered up. The satire made public some of the details, arousing nationwide public outrage. These activities were exposed at a time when the government extended the terms of office of Thanom and his deputy Praphas Charusathien for another year. The NSCT reacted by organizing rallies to call for

742-507: A large portion of the boundary between the Burma plate and the Indo-Australian plate slipped, causing the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . This megathrust earthquake had a magnitude of 9.3. Between 1,300 and 1,600 kilometres (810 and 990 mi) of the boundary underwent thrust faulting and shifted by about 20 metres (66 ft), with the sea floor being uplifted several meters. This rise in

848-693: A long period. To the south of Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of Malacca (between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra ) forms the southern exitway of the basin, which is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide and 37 metres (121 ft) deep. The International Hydrographic Organization defines

954-406: A member of a group advocating early promulgation of the permanent constitution, was also arrested. On 8 October, the twelve arrestees were denied bail and were also accused by Deputy Prime Minister Praphas Charusathien of being linked to a plot to overthrow the government. On 9 October, more than 2,000 students from Thammasat University demonstrated at an anti-government rally. After the rally,

1060-548: A rich eco-system in this tropical rain forest. This area is estimated to be over 160 million years old, built through tectonic movements, climate changes, erosions and sediment accumulations. Approximately 300 million years ago, shallow water and warm temperatures in this region led to the creation of a huge coral reef. Estimated to be 5 times as big as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, it originally stretched from China all

1166-667: A short distance of 200 kilometres (120 mi), as one moves from the Bay of Bengal (around 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) deep) to the vicinity of islands (up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) depth) and further into the Andaman Sea. Water is exchanged between the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal through the straits between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Out of these, the most important straits (in terms of width and depth) are Preparis Channel (PC), Ten Degree Channel (TDC), and Great Channel (GC). PC

SECTION 10

#1733085792666

1272-467: A system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth exceeds 4,000 meters (13,000 feet). The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel, and sand. The western boundary of the Andaman Sea is marked by islands and sea mounts, with straits or passages of variable depths that control the entry and exit of water to the Bay of Bengal . There is a drastic change in water depth over

1378-587: A ten-point economic plan to Thanom, the NSCT also organized a protest march. It was difficult for the Thanom government to crack down on the NSCT despite the ban on other political parties as the NSCT played up nationalistic sentiment. With the success of the anti-Japanese goods campaign, the NSCT took a more obvious stance in December 1972 by responding to the government's National Executive Council Decree No. 299, which enabled

1484-415: A tree in the jungle because it can pull connected liana vines with it creating a cascade of damage. Buttress roots are enlarged root bases mostly of trees that grow above the upper canopy. The theory about these roots is that they either developed in order to be more grounded in storms and rain or that they spread out on the ground in order to get more nutrients. Many kinds of wild fruit can be found around

1590-569: Is 31.5–32.5‰ (parts per thousand) in summer and 30.0–33.0‰ in winter in the southern part. In the northern part, it decreases to 20–25‰ due to the inflow of freshwater from the Irrawaddy River . Tides are semidiurnal with an amplitude of up to 7.2 metres (24 ft). The effect of wind stress on the ocean surface can be explained by wind stress curl . The net divergence of water in the ocean mixed layer results in Ekman pumping . The contrast between

1696-523: Is as high as 3,000 millimetres (120 in)/year and mostly occurs in summer. Sea currents are south-easterly and easterly in winter and south-westerly and westerly in summer. The average surface water temperature is 26–28 °C (79–82 °F) in February and 29 °C (84 °F) in May. The water temperature is constant at 4.8 °C (40.6 °F) at the depths of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) and below. Salinity

1802-469: Is caught in the Gulf of Thailand and 19% in the Andaman Sea. 40% is caught in waters outside Thailand's EEZ . Production numbers are significantly smaller for Malaysia and are comparable, or higher, for Myanmar. Competition for fish resulted in numerous conflicts between Myanmar and Thailand. In 1998 and 1999, they resulted in fatalities on both sides and nearly escalated into a military conflict. In both cases,

1908-415: Is the widest but shallowest (250 metres (820 ft)) of the three and separates south Myanmar from north Andaman. TDC is 600 metres (2,000 ft) deep and lies between Little Andaman and Car Nicobar . GC is 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep and separates Great Nicobar from Banda Aceh . Running in a rough north–south line on the seabed of the Andaman Sea is the boundary between two tectonic plates ,

2014-554: The 6 October 1976 massacre of student protesters at Thammasat University, which marked the end of the "democratic period". The uprising was undoubtedly driven by the actions of the university students, but the role of other forces should also be mentioned. These include armed forces rivalries, especially between the army and the navy, and a series of wildcat strikes by common labourers and civilian workers in August and September 1973, both of which helped to create an atmosphere conducive to

2120-610: The Burma Plate and the Sunda Plate . These plates (or microplates) are believed to have formerly been part of the larger Eurasian Plate , but were formed when transform fault activity intensified as the Indian Plate began its substantive collision with the Eurasian continent . As a result, a back-arc basin center was created, which began to form the marginal basin which would become

2226-702: The Burma Sea ) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula , and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra , with the Strait of Malacca further southeast. Traditionally,

SECTION 20

#1733085792666

2332-561: The Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) within the student movement is unusual as it had no visible influence on the events in October 1973. The CPT also failed to incorporate the students into their struggle for a number of reasons. First, the nature of the students prevented their recruitment. The majority of the university students were from middle-class or lower-middle-class backgrounds and had enrolled in universities in hopes of finding work in

2438-503: The "Sapha Na Dome" and "Sethatham" and the "SOTUS" group. These independent groups in turn produced their own writings and the Social Science Review began to publish articles from them. Some of the writings were critical of the government. These groups also started to hold clandestine political seminars which encouraged students to be analytical and critical. The student discussion groups were in many important ways different from

2544-486: The 1970s, Thai student activists and communist insurgents set up strongholds in the caves of Khao Sok. Settled in the shelter of the rainforest they protected the region from the Thai army, loggers, miners, and hunters for seven years. Khao Sok became a national park in 1980. The government and the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) were interested in this region because Khao Sok holds

2650-488: The Andaman Sea is 120 centimetres (47 in) per year.) It is found that the SSH of the basin is primarily determined by the transport of water through the straits. The contributions from rainfall and rivers become substantial only during summer. Hence, a net inward flow occurs through the straits between April and November, followed by a net outward transport until March. The basin has a very high rate of transport of water through

2756-804: The Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun Provinces . These species are sensitive to the degradation of seagrass meadows. Coral reefs are estimated to occupy 73,364 rai (117 km ) in the Andaman Sea with only 6.4 percent in ideal condition. The sea has long been used for fishing and transportation of goods between the coastal countries. Thailand alone harvested about 943,000 t (2.079 × 10  lb) of fish in 2005 and about 710,000 t (1.57 × 10  lb) in 2000. Of those 710,000 t (1.57 × 10  lb), 490,000 t (1.08 × 10  lb) are accounted for by trawling (1,017 vessels), 184,000 t (406,000,000 lb) by purse seine (415 vessels), and about 30,000 t (66,000,000 lb) by gillnets . Of Thailand's total marine catch, 41%

2862-457: The Andaman Sea, the current stages of which commenced approximately 3–4 million years ago ( Ma ). The boundary between two major tectonic plates results in high seismic activity in the region (see List of earthquakes in Indonesia ). Numerous earthquakes have been recorded, and at least six, in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004 , 2005, and 2007 , had a magnitude of 8.4 or higher. On 26 December 2004,

2968-407: The Burma plate. The last eruption started on 13 May 2008 and continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam , which lies further north, was also formed by this process. No records exist of its activity. Collectively, the modern Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) rivers deliver >600 Mt/yr of sediment to the sea. Most recent studies show: 1) There is little modern sediment accumulating on

3074-589: The Martaban Canyon; 3) a mud drape/blanket is wrapping around the narrow western Myanmar Shelf in the eastern Bay of Bengal. The thickness of the mud deposit is up to 20 metres (66 ft) nearshore and gradually thins to the slope at −300 metres (−980 ft) water depth, and likely escapes into the deep Andaman Trench; 4) The estimated total amount of Holocene sediments deposited offshore is approximately 1,290 by 109 tonnes (1,270 by 107 long tons; 1,422 by 120 short tons). If we assume this has mainly accumulated since

3180-541: The NSCT was not particularly active, and did not organize any political activities. For example, the NSCT was not involved during the demonstrations against internal corruption at Chulalongkorn University in September 1970. Instead, it concentrated on areas such as community services, counseling new students, and producing a television show which praised the King, Bhumibol Adulyadej . This conservative, royalist outlook can be traced to

3286-424: The NSCT, as they were still viewed with suspicion by most students. As a result, activists were unable to win election to the campus student unions and thus to the NSCT. Many discussion groups found the NSCT to be conservative and unprogressive. This changed in 1972 when Thirayuth Boonmee , an engineering student from Chulalongkorn University, became secretary-general of the NSCT. He began the political activism of

Khao Sok National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

3392-441: The NSCT. He was prudent in choosing issues to campaign against, allowing the NSCT time to mobilize and maintain political momentum. Despite the apparent unity of the student movement, there were noticeable splits among the students. While they were united in their aim to remove Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn and his clique from office, once Thanom went into exile the student movement split into two main factions:

3498-497: The NSCT. It was to include two members from each of eleven institutions: Chulalongkorn University , Thammasat University , Kasetsart University , Silpakorn University , Mahidol University , Chiang Mai University , Khon Kaen University , Prince of Songkla University , Prasanmit Teachers College (now Srinakharinwirot University ), Bangsaen Teachers College (now Burapha University ), and Patumwan Teachers College (now combined with Srinakharinwirot University). In its early years,

3604-722: The Southeast. A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam [Thailand], and Pedropunt (5°40'N) in Sumatra. Oedjong means " cape " and Lem means "point in the Dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket ( Phuket Island ). Exclusive economic zones in Andaman Sea: The northern and eastern side of

3710-606: The Thai navy intervened when Burmese vessels tried to intercept Thai fishing boats in the contested sea areas, and Thai fighter aircraft were thought to be deployed by the National Security Council. Thai fishing boats were also frequently confronted by the Malaysian navy to the extent that the Thai government had to caution its own fishers against fishing without license in foreign waters. The 2004 marine production in Thailand

3816-407: The Thai shores of Malay Peninsula whereas seagrass meadows occupy an area of 79 km (31 sq mi). Mangroves are largely responsible for the high productivity of the coastal waters – their roots trap soil and sediment and provide shelter from predators and nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves, and their detritus are a part of

3922-476: The United States Peace Corps , took students from various campuses to work in rural areas during their vacations and forced them to recognize the problems in the countryside. The programs also served to show the students how inadequate their university training had been, as they were not able to use any of their knowledge to improve the conditions which the majority of the rural population faced. As

4028-415: The aquatic food chain. A significant part of the Thai mangrove forests in the Andaman Sea was removed during the extensive brackish water shrimp farming in 1980s . Mangroves were also significantly damaged by the 2004 tsunami. They were partly replanted after that, but their area is still gradually decreasing due to human activities. Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and

4134-402: The area. Those interested in trekking can hire a local guide. Guides are required for night tours. Tourists may stay in the rainforest overnight. Canoeing and Bamboo rafting: Sok River is known for beautiful views along the river. There are local guides for tourists to hire for canoeing and bamboo rafting tours. Boat Tours: Tours on Cheow Lan Lake is the most popular tourist destination in

4240-435: The basin is shallow, as the continental shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over 200 kilometres (120 mi) (marked by 300 metres (980 ft) isobath ). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here,

4346-404: The basin is suggestive of strong shear in the flow during different times of the year, and further indicates the presence of low frequency geophysical waves (such as westward propagating Rossby waves) and other transient eddies. The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea are characterized by mangrove forests and seagrass meadows . Mangroves cover between more than 600 km (232 sq mi) of

Khao Sok National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

4452-403: The blame for the consequences of the past dictatorships. There were a myriad of reasons for the widespread support for the students. For a majority of the people, the military government was a main reason to support the students because it failed to curb inflation and prevent rice shortages. Benedict Anderson , a Southeast Asia scholar, has argued that despite the power and credibility they lent to

4558-478: The constitution. The ruling government used a decree banning gatherings of more than five people to arrest them. The other arrestees were Thirayuth, Prapansak Kamolpetch, Boonsong Chalethorn , Bandhit Hengnilrat, Visa Kanthap, Thanya Chunkathatharn, Thawee Muenthikorn, Montri Juengsirinarak, Nopporn Suwanpanich, Preedi Boonsue, and Chaiwat Suravichai. They were taken to police headquarters and their homes were searched. On 7 October, Kongkiat Kongka, accused of being

4664-497: The cooperation between Seksan and Sombat in protesting the construction of a second international airport for Bangkok as evidence that it was possible for them to cooperate. In November 1972, the NSCT began a campaign to boycott Japanese goods. This was a strategic move as it avoided a direct attack on the Thanom government, but served to show the public the students' intentions. As well as handing out leaflets in shopping centers, proclaiming an "Anti-Japanese Goods Week" and presenting

4770-467: The council to place the judiciary under direct bureaucratic control. This increased its powers vis-à-vis the judiciary. The NSCT organized an all-night sit-in at Thammasat University and a march from there to Chulalongkorn University. A protest rally was also held at Chiang Mai University. The NSCT was supported by the Lawyers Association of Thailand and by some members of the media. Three days later,

4876-403: The country did calm return to Bangkok. The end had come as quickly and unexpectedly as the violence had begun. The uprising unleashed a range of political forces not seen in Thailand before, and the country gradually became more polarized. In the immediate aftermath of the uprising, there was a popular perception of promise and euphoria. However, things took a turn for the worse, as democracy took

4982-461: The demands and promised that the permanent constitution would be in place by October 1974. With their demands met, the students agreed to go back to their universities. About 200,000 students refused to disband, however, and their leader, Seksan Prasertkul , decided to lead them to the palace to seek advice from King Bhumibol. On 14 October, the students reached the palace and were met by the king's representative, who said that Bhumibol requested that

5088-532: The domain experiences maximum wind intensity. It weakens by March–April and reverses to strong south-westerlies from May to September, with mean wind speeds touching 8 m/s (29 km/h) in June, July, and August, distributed near-uniformly over the entire basin. Wind speeds plummet by October and switch back to north-easterlies from November. Air temperature is stable over the year at 26 °C (79 °F) in February and 27 °C (81 °F) in August. Precipitation

5194-459: The eastern side of the basin. This is characteristic of the propagation of Kelvin Waves. It is observed that the water level rises in the basin between April and November with the maximum rate of piling up of water during April and October (marked by the steep slope of the curve). The rise in sea surface height (SSH) is attributed to rainfall, fresh water influx from rivers, and inflow of water through

5300-447: The erosion of the limestone rocks and created the significant karst formations seen today. Bamboo holds topsoil very tenaciously, preventing soil erosion on hillsides and riverbanks. With more than 1,500 species, bamboo is the oldest grass in the world, dating back nearly 60 million years. Liana trees grow rapidly wrapping around any vertical or horizontal support base such as takian or "rain trees". Thus, it's dangerous to simply cut

5406-408: The evening, and about 19:15 the king announced on television and radio that Thanom's military government had resigned. Violence continued on 15 October around the police headquarters, with students demanding that Thanom be removed as head of the armed forces. Only when it was announced that Thanom, Praphas, and Thanom's son, Colonel Narong Kittikachorn, who was married to Praphas' daughter, had fled

SECTION 50

#1733085792666

5512-499: The government backed down and retracted the decree. In June 1973, several university students from Ramkhamhaeng University were expelled for publishing a satire on the ruling government. The satire was related to the Thung Yai hunting scandal that took place in April 1973, when a military helicopter crashed with the loss of senior military officers, family members, wealthy businessmen, and

5618-555: The government bureaucracy. Further, Gawin Chutima, an ex-communist, argues that students were firmly locked into the Sakdina ideology and were subordinate and obedient to older and socially superior persons. In addition, the CPT pursued a strict Maoist line, which called for revolution to take place in rural areas first. The CPT did not consider students the vanguard of a Marxist revolution. They saw

5724-608: The lake slowly filled over a period of 3 years. Unfortunately, a study from 1995 revealed the loss of some 52 species of fish from the river, which could not survive in the stagnant water. Khao Sok National Park has numerous outdoor activities for tourists. Trekking: During the day, tourists can enter the West Entrance Due to hike the maintained trails. Sightings of monkeys, tropical birds and insects are common, however its possible to find wild elephants, serow, tigers, and Malayan sun bears. Rafflesia Kerrii Meijer can be found in

5830-619: The largest watershed in southern Thailand. Only 2 years later, EGAT completed the 94 m (308 ft) high Ratchaprapha Dam, blocking off the Klong Saeng River , a tributary of the Phum Duang River and creating a 165 km (64 sq mi) lake inside the park. The dam provides electricity for the south, and the lake became a major holiday destination for Thai and foreign tourists alike. There were several species of animals that had to be resettled to save them from drowning, as

5936-685: The limits of the "Andaman or Burma Sea" as follows: On the Southwest. A line running from " Oedjong Raja " [ "Ujung Raja" or "Point Raja" ] ( 5°32′N 95°12′E  /  5.533°N 95.200°E  / 5.533; 95.200 ) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all

6042-411: The local currents that are influenced by tides, and seasonally varying monsoons winds and waves. The climate of the Andaman Sea is determined by the monsoons of southeast Asia , as the prevailing winds reverse with the start of either season. The region experiences north-easterlies with an average windspeed of 5 m/s (18 km/h) from November to February. During these months, the western part of

6148-557: The middle Holocene highstand (~6000 yr BP) like other major deltas, the historical annual mean depositional flux on the shelf would be 215 megatonnes (212,000,000 long tons; 237,000,000 short tons) per year, which is equivalent to ~35% of the modern Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin rivers derived sediments; 5) Unlike other large river systems in Asia, such as the Yangtze and Mekong, this study indicates a bi-directional transport and depositional pattern controlled by

6254-577: The military government. The NSCT also learned to organize effective rallies and demonstrations, showing their growing experience and resourcefulness as logisticians. By October 1973, they had earned themselves a political voice and, emboldened by their previous successes, took decisive action. On 6 October, Thirayuth Boonmee and ten other political activists were arrested for distributing leaflets in crowded places in Bangkok such as Bang Lamphu , Siam Square , and Pratunam , urging support for an early drafting of

6360-444: The moderate university students and the radical vocational students. The vocational students were marked by their propensity for violence and their demands for the right to study for degrees. Likewise, the NSCT was divided between two personalities, Sombat Thamrongthanyawongse and Seksan Prasertkul . Some scholars link this conflict to the traditional Thai personal clique power competition typical of Thai bureaucracy. However, others cite

6466-461: The month of April. Although the surface flow through PC is generally inward during summer monsoon, the preceding and succeeding months experience outflow (strong outflow in October, but weak outflow in April). During April and October, when the effects of local winds are minimal, Andaman Sea experiences the intensification of meridional surface currents in the poleward direction along the continental slope on

SECTION 60

#1733085792666

6572-399: The movement, the Thai middle class were far less concerned about the students' goals than they were dissatisfied with social and economic changes affecting their lives. In its idealism, the NSCT decided to use the donations they had gathered during October 1973 to educate villagers about democracy and its processes. The Democracy Propagation Program began in earnest over the few months after

6678-417: The mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. They also create a habitat or temporal shelter for many burrowing and benthic organisms. Many aquatic species migrate from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle. The human activities which damage seagrass beds include waste water discharge from coastal industry, shrimp farms and other forms of coastal development, as well as trawling and

6784-666: The narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea. On the Northwest. The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma [Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E]. On

6890-704: The national park and serve as sustenance for animals. Among those fruits are wild jackfruit , mangosteen , durian , rambutan , jujube , pomelo , and wild bananas. Wild pepper and ginger are not uncommon. Khao Sok National Park is perhaps most famous for the bua phut ( Rafflesia kerrii ) flower. The park is estimated to contain over five percent of the world's species. Wild mammals include Malayan tapir , Asian elephant , tiger , sambar deer , bear , gaur , banteng , serow , wild boar , pig-tailed macaque , langur , white handed gibbons , squirrel , muntjak , mouse deer , and barking deer . The world's first known amphibious centipede , Scolopendra cataracta ,

6996-726: The national park. The first migrants to Thailand migrated during the Ice Age from Borneo around 37,000 BCE. The first accounts of people living in Khao Sok were found in the 1800s, during the reign of Rama II. In the Burmese-Siamese War (1809-1812) , the Burmese army invaded the western portion of the area, forcing the inhabitants to flee inland. They found the area to be extremely alluring, in beauty, wildlife abundance, and good soil. As news spread of this discovery, more people immigrated to settle

7102-548: The new civilian leadership feared offending the military and would not curb the privileges of powerful officers. In the years after the uprising, riots and strikes took place with higher frequency and insurgency in the hills seemed commonplace while taxes rose. Electric power was intermittent and Bangkok at night was sometimes darkened. This was made worse as the international situation in Indochina deteriorated. Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia all fell to communist forces in 1975, and

7208-665: The new regime was installed and "democracy emissaries" were sent to all 580 districts in Thailand. This lasted till 1974, when the realities of the difference in culture, resistance, and inertia forced the program to a halt. Student dissidence continued to emerge with grievances ranging from educational reform to Thailand's trade imbalance with Japan to the CIA 's influence over the Thai military establishment. Strikes and sit-ins began in November 1973 and disrupted both businesses and private lives. The atmosphere of chaos continued as reports streamed from

7314-412: The northeast about the country's communist insurgency. The lack of strong leadership in the interim government meant there was little break from the past. Even under the new constitution and after the general elections, the deputies approached their legislative duties with caution, voting conservatively and rejecting any legislation that might threaten the entrenched and wealthy upper class. Furthermore,

7420-507: The only currently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent . This island volcano is 3 km (2 mi) in diameter and rises 354 metres (1,161 ft) above sea level. Its recent activity resumed in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. It is caused by the ongoing subduction of the India plate beneath the Andaman island arc , which forces magma to rise in this location of

7526-400: The organization of the NSCT and the manner in which people were elected officers. The NSCT consisted of three committees composed of the presidents of the student unions, who were responsible for formulating NSCT policy and selecting the leaders of the divisions in the secretariat committee. This made it difficult for members of the more politically conscious groups to control or even influence

7632-424: The park, due to the picturesque limestone cliffs and turquoise waters. Across the lake, there are several caves to explore such as Diamond cave, Khang Cow Cave and Nam Talu cave. Nam Talu cave is about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the headquarters of Khao Sok National Park. Tour guides are available to boat visitors from the waterfall to the lake. Andaman Sea The Andaman Sea (historically also known as

7738-449: The perspective view of the submarine topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) within a short horizontal distance of a degree. Isobaths corresponding to 900 and 2,000 metres (3,000 and 6,600 ft) are also shown in the figure to emphasize the steepness of the slope. Further, it may be noted that the deep ocean is also not free from sea mounts; hence only around 15 percent of

7844-444: The political system. The death of Sarit Thanarat in December 1963 changed things as the government under Thanom was more tolerant of students and intellectuals. The publication of the Social Science Review in the 1960s was credited as being responsible for restarting intellectual thinking and debate in Thai politics. Discussion groups sprang up at major universities which developed into organized and important independent groups, e.g.,

7950-453: The pro-American policies of the ruling government. The rise of university students as a political force was also due to the increase in absolute numbers of university students. From 1961 to 1972, the number of university students increased from 15,000 to 150,000, while the number of universities increased from five to seventeen. Prior to 1968, student activity was confined to demonstrations of loyalty rather than demands for change or criticism of

8056-409: The regime by the student movement ushered in a period (1973–1976) in Thai politics termed "democratic". However, in hindsight the period was not democratic in most senses of the word. The strong resurgence of the right wing and the military in late-1974 began a program of politically motivated assassinations of prominent peasant, farmer, and student leaders. Ironically, after the end of the Thanom regime,

8162-533: The region. In 1944, the inhabitants of this region were stricken by a deadly epidemic. A large number of the villagers died while the few survivors escaped from the area to settle in nearby Takua Pa. In 1961, Route 401 was built from Phun Pin in Surat Thani Province to Takua Pa in Phang Nga Province. At the turn of the millennium, they began the process of expanding Route 401 to a 4 lane freeway. In

8268-423: The reinstatement of the students. Subsequently, the government decided to close the universities, which caused the rallies to grow in size, reaching 50,000. Eventually, the government relented in the end, with the students reinstated and the rector of the university forced to resign. Through these actions, the NSCT gained a reputation for being on the side of the people, helping to turn middle-class opinion against

8374-401: The same period is suggestive of the downwelling nature of Kelvin waves. The waves further propagate along the eastern boundary of the Andaman Sea, which is confirmed by the differential deepening of the 20-degree isotherm along longitudes 94°E and 97°E (averaged over latitudes 8°N and 13°N). These longitudes are chosen so that one represents the western part of the basin (94°E) and the other along

8480-508: The sea floor and the gears themselves and are becoming unpopular. So, the mollusk production has decreased from 27,374 t (60,349,000 lb) in 1999 to 318 tonnes in 2004. While crustaceans composed only 4.5 percent of the total marine products in 2004 by volume, they accounted for 21 percent of the total value. They were dominated by banana prawn , tiger prawn , king prawn, school prawn, bay lobster ( Thenus orientalis ), mantis shrimp, swimming crabs and mud crabs . The total catch in 2004

8586-547: The sea floor generated a massive tsunami with an estimated height of 28 meters (92 feet) that killed approximately 280,000 people along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The initial quake was followed by a series of aftershocks along the arc of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The entire event severely damaged the fishing infrastructure. Within the sea, to the east of the main Great Andaman island group, lies Barren Island ,

8692-435: The sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to 20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet remained unexplored for

8798-523: The shelf immediately off the Ayeyarwady River mouths. In contrast, a major mud wedge with a distal depocenter, up to 60 metres (200 ft) in thickness, has been deposited seaward in the Gulf of Martaban, extending to approximately 130 metres (430 ft) water depth into the Martaban Depression. Further, 2) There is no evidence showing that modern sediment has accumulated or is transported into

8904-473: The south than any other part of the basin. An intense surface outflux through GC, of the order of 40 cm/s (16 in/s), occurs during summers and winters. While this flow is directed westwards in winter, it is southwards along the west coast of Indonesia in summer. On the other hand, the TDC has strong surface influx in summer, which weakens by October. This is followed by a sturdy outflux in winter, which wanes by

9010-453: The steep continental slope on the eastern side of the basin (97°E). It is observed that both these longitudes experience deepening of the isotherms in April and October, but the effect is more pronounced at 97°E (isotherms deepen by 30 metres (98 ft) in April and 10 metres (33 ft) in October). This is a concrete signature of downwelling in the basin and is definitely not forced locally as

9116-424: The straits in April and October. This is a period of equatorial Wyrtki jets, which hit the coast of Sumatra and reflect back as Rossby waves and coastal Kelvin waves . These Kelvin waves are guided along the eastern boundary of Indian Ocean, and a part of this signal propagates into the Andaman Sea. The northern coast of Sumatra is the first to be affected. The 20 °C (68 °F) isotherm which deepens during

9222-473: The student unions already present on campus. They were radical and looked for new ways of interpreting Thai society and politics, often with a leftist slant. They did not organize themselves the same way the official student unions were run, i.e., on a hierarchical and politically conservative basis. These groups from different universities were able to transcend inter-university rivalry and build up contacts among themselves. Development programs, based on those of

9328-619: The students as the crowd became restive. Early in the morning, bombs exploded near the royal palace and the police began attacking the students. By late morning, there were acts of vandalism and violence by both sides as the situation spun out of control. The government brought in tanks, helicopters, and infantrymen to support the police. Seventy-seven deaths and 857 injuries resulted and many buildings near Ratchadamnoen Avenue were set on fire. The number of demonstrators quickly grew to more than 500,000, as other students and their sympathizers rallied to their defense. The soldiers finally withdrew in

9434-422: The students as weak-minded and undisciplined, a view that did not change even after the crackdown in October 1976. Nevertheless, after the events of October 1973, the CPT began recruiting in the universities by publishing books and writing articles on campus. This was most evident in an article on the NSCT newspaper which called for armed struggle as the only way to change society for the better. The toppling of

9540-432: The students disband. The students agreed to do so, and the assistant director of the police ordered barricades placed to disperse the students in an orderly, single direction. The large size of the crowd meant that many were not able to leave, but the police refused their request for another exit, which resulted in resentment among the students. It is not clear how it happened, but reports soon were heard about violence against

9646-443: The students held an all-night vigil, at which they were joined by students from Chulalongkorn University and several teacher training colleges. Khaisaeng Suksai, a former member of parliament, was also arrested, bringing the total number of those in custody to thirteen. On 10 October, rallies in Bangkok swelled as more students from other student organizations joined the protests. The government prepared to react by quietly setting up

9752-431: The thirteen prisoners on bail, but the students rejected the offer, stating that they would only accept the unconditional release of the prisoners. Money was contributed by members of the public to support the protest. On 13 October, the crowd, which had swelled to more than 400,000 (including many members of the public), marched to Democracy Monument to demand the release of the prisoners. The government quickly agreed to

9858-447: The threat of communist groups in neighboring countries led to panic among the Thai people. The presence of communist regimes on Thai borders, the abolition of the 600 year-old Lao monarchy, and the arrival of a flood of refugees from Laos and Cambodia swung public opinion in Thailand to the right, resulting in conservatives gaining far more support in the 1976 elections than they had the previous year. This right-wing shift would culminate in

9964-408: The three major straits. The first two of these are quantifiable and are hence expressed in volumes of water for comparison. From this, the expected influx through the straits (= SSH anomaly – Rainfall – River Influx) could be deduced. A possible fourth factor, evaporative losses, is negligible in comparison. (Previous studies show that the annual mean freshwater gain (precipitation minus evaporation) of

10070-408: The total area is deeper than 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). The northern and eastern parts are shallower than 180 meters (590 feet) due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River . This major river flows into the sea from the north through Myanmar. The western and central areas are 900–3,000 meters (3,000–9,800 ft) deep. Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters (9,800 feet), and in

10176-458: The two seasons elicits a very strong negative pumping velocity of more than 5 m (16 ft) per day along the north coast of Indonesia from May to September (shown here, June). This may signify coastal downwelling in the summer. It is also observed that the region develops a weak but positive pumping velocity of less than 3 m (9.8 ft) per day at the mouth of GC in winter (here, December). Generally, currents are found to be stronger in

10282-931: The use of push nets and dragnets. The 2004 tsunami affected 3.5% of seagrass areas along the Andaman Sea via siltation and sand sedimentation and 1.5% suffered total habitat loss. The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth, and there are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) reside in seagrass; so 101 species are common to both habitats. The sea also hosts many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong ( Dugong dugon ), several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris ) and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) and hawksbill turtle (Eletmochelys imbricata) and threatened green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) and olive ridley turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea ). There are only about 150 dugongs in

10388-519: The way to Borneo. Due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plate 0-66 million years ago, the Himalayas were formed, and what is now Thailand shifted dramatically near the continental divide and the limestone rocks were forced upward creating the dramatic limestone "karsts" for which the region is known today. Finally, melting ice established the river-rich landscape as well as dozens of waterfalls around

10494-839: The western coast of the Malay Peninsula , and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and Myanmar are rich in coral reefs and offshore islands with spectacular topography. Despite having been damaged by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, they remain popular tourist destinations. The nearby coast also has numerous marine national parks – 16 only in Thailand, and four of them are candidates for inclusion into UNESCO World Heritage Sites . 1973 Thai student uprising [REDACTED] Government Thirayuth Boonmee Seksan Prasertkul The popular uprising of 14 October 1973 ( Thai : เหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลา , RTGS :  Hetkan Sip-Si Tula , lit.   ' October 14 Event ' ; also วันมหาวิปโยค , RTGS:  Wan Maha Wippayok , lit.   ' Day of Great Sorrow ' )

10600-417: The winds are weaker during this period. This confirms unequivocally that the sudden burst of water into the basin through the straits, the intensification of eastern boundary currents and the coincidental deepening of isotherms in April and October are the direct consequence of the propagation of downwelling Kelvin waves in the Andaman Sea, remotely forced by equatorial Wyrtki jets. The evolution of vorticity in

10706-422: Was 333 percent for pelagic and 245 percent for demersal species in 1991. Cephalopods are divided into squid, cuttlefish and molluscs, where squid and cuttlefish in Thai waters consists of 10 families, 17 genera and over 30 species. The main mollusk species captured in the Andaman Sea are scallop , blood cockle ( Anadara granosa ) and short-necked clam. Their collection requires bottom dredge gears, which damage

10812-531: Was 51,607 t (113,774,000 lb) for squid and cuttlefish and 36,071 tonnes (79,523,000 lb) for crustaceans. The sea's mineral resources include tin deposits off the coasts of Malaysia and Thailand. Major ports are Port Blair in India; Dawei , Mawlamyine and Yangon in Myanmar; Ranong port in Thailand; George Town and Penang in Malaysia; and Belawan in Indonesia. The Andaman Sea, particularly

10918-550: Was a watershed event in Thailand 's history . The uprising resulted in the end of the ruling military dictatorship of anti-communist Thanom Kittikachorn and altered the Thai political system . Notably, it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics. Student activism in Thailand grew during the 1950s, as many students became inspired by leftist ideology to mobilize and organize demonstrations and rallies against

11024-912: Was composed of: pelagic fish 33 percent, demersal fish 18 percent, cephalopod 7.5 percent, crustaceans 4.5 percent, trash fish 30 percent and others 7 percent. Trash fish refers to non-edible species, edible species of low commercial value and juveniles, which are released to the sea. Pelagic fishes were distributed between anchovies ( Stolephorus spp., 19 percent), Indo-Pacific mackerel ( Rastrelliger brachysoma , 18 percent), sardinellas ( Sardinellars spp., 14 percent), scad (11 percent), longtail tuna ( Thunnus tonggol , 9 percent), eastern little tuna ( Euthynnus affinis , 6 percent), trevallies (6 percent), bigeye scad (5 percent), Indian mackerel ( Rastrelliger kanagurta , 4 percent), king mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla , 3 percent), torpedo scad ( Megalaspis cordyla , 2 percent), wolf herrings (1 percent), and others (2 percent). Demersal fish production

11130-521: Was discovered on a stream bank near the national park in 2001. Khao Sok on the part of the Ratchaprapha Dam is also the last natural habitat in Thailand of the Asian arowana , an endangered living fossil fish. The so-called wet season is between late April–December. The temperature ranges from 22–36 °C (72–97 °F) all year around. Humidity and warm temperature provide the optimal environment for

11236-438: Was dominated by purple-spotted bigeye ( Priacanthus tayenus ), threadfin bream ( Nemipterus hexodon ), brushtooth lizardfish ( Saurida undosquamis ), slender lizardfish ( Saurida elongata ) and Jinga shrimp ( Metapenaeus affinis ). Most species are overfished since the 1970s–1990s, except for Spanish mackerel ( Scomberomorus commersoni ), carangidae and torpedo scad ( Meggalaspis spp.). The overall overfishing rate

#665334