3D films are motion pictures made to give an illusion of three-dimensional solidity, usually with the help of special glasses worn by viewers. They have existed in some form since 1915 , but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and display a 3D film, and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment business. Nonetheless, 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema, and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters and Disney -themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity. Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated auteur Jean-Luc Godard in his film Goodbye to Language .
105-640: The Kerala Film Critics Association Awards are presented annually by the Kerala Film Critics Association to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Malayalam language film industry of India . The awards were instituted in 1977. The Kerala Film Critics Association is an organisation of film critics from Kerala , India . It presents the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards each year to honour
210-407: A leave of absence from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet. In 1932, he introduced Polaroid J Sheet as a commercial product. While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed Polaroid filters in stereoscopic presentations. In February 1936, Land gave
315-478: A neorealistic film, drew inspiration from Italian neorealism . Padayottam (1982) is India's first indigenously produced 70 mm film , while My Dear Kuttichathan (1984) is India's first 3D film. O' Faby (1993) is India's first Live action / animation hybrid film. Amma Ariyan (1986) is the first film made in India with money collected from the public. It was produced by Odessa Collective, founded by
420-830: A Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International Film Festival , and a gold medal at the Cannes Film Festival for Best Cinematography. Swaham (1994) won the Bronze Rosa Camuna at the Bergamo Film Meeting in Italy . Malayalam cinema has also produced India's first 3D film , My Dear Kuttichathan (1984). The first CinemaScope film produced in Malayalam was Thacholi Ambu (1978). Active Malayalam film production did not take place until
525-457: A black background, mostly miming their singing or musical skills or dancing to the circa four-minute pre-recorded phonographs. The film recordings would be projected from below, to appear as circa 30 inch figures on a glass pane in front of a small stage, in a setup very similar to the Pepper's ghost illusion that offered a popular stage trick technique since the 1860s. The glass pane was not visible to
630-612: A blockbuster hit Narasimham starring Mohanlal . In 2001 came the world's first film with only one actor in the cast, The Guard . Slapstick comedy was the predominant theme of the films of this era. C.I.D. Moosa (2003) by Johny Antony , Meesa Madhavan (2002) by Lal Jose and Kunjikoonan (2002) directed by Sasi Shanker are examples. Sequels to a number of successful films were made. Some movies were examples of exemplary film making, such as Meghamalhar , Madhuranombarakattu , Nandanam , Perumazhakkalam , and Kaazhcha . In 2008, Malayalam movie artists came together in
735-403: A camera that would record stereoscopic pairs for four different poses (patented in 1853). Claudet found that the stereoscopic effect did not work properly in this device, but believed the illusion of motion was successful. In 1855, Johann Nepomuk Czermak published an article about his Stereophoroskop. His first idea to create 3D animation involved sticking pins in a stroboscopic disc to create
840-456: A color film invented and patented by Harry K. Fairall. A single projector could be used to display the movie but anaglyph glasses were used for viewing. The camera system and special color release print film all received U.S Patent No. 1,784,515 on December 9, 1930. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and
945-501: A conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed Down the Hatch in 3D for film festivals.) John Ireland , Joanne Dru and Macdonald Carey starred in the Jack Broder color production Hannah Lee , which premiered on June 19, 1953. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder counter-sued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with
1050-422: A distinct style of Malayalam music. Kamukara Purushotaman, Mehboob, Kozhikode Abdul Kader , AM Raja, P. B. Sreenivas , K. P. Udayabhanu , Santha P. Nair , P. Leela , S. Janaki , P. Susheela , B. Vasantha, Renuka, and Jikki were the most prominent singers of the 1950s. The drama artist and school teacher Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai lent many of his skills to the cinema in this period. Ramu Kariat , one of
1155-426: A logical step to lure visitors back into the movie theatres. In 1909, German civil engineer August Engelsmann patented a process that projected filmed performances within a physical decor on an actual stage. Soon after, Messter obtained patents for a very similar process, probably by agreement with Engelsmann, and started marketing it as "Alabastra". Performers were brightly dressed and brightly lit while filmed against
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#17328811532311260-679: A mid the COVID-19 lockdown, Sufiyum Sujatayum , starring Jayasurya and Aditi Rao Hydari , has become the first Malayalam film to be released on the Amazon Prime Video ( OTT ) platform as theatres remain shut in Kerala due to the pandemic. In 2021, Drishyam 2 , Nayattu , Kala , Joji , The Great Indian Kitchen and Malik made their list in the highest rated 2021 movies in Imdb . Malayalam Cinema's first ever original superhero Minnal Murali
1365-442: A much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures. In 1861, American engineer Coleman Sellers II received US patent No. 35,317 for the kinematoscope , a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". In his application he stated: "This has frequently been done with plane pictures but has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". He used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in
1470-426: A novelty ( M.A.R.S. itself got poor reviews), but Teleview was never seen again. In 1922, Frederic Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. The first film, entitled Plastigrams , was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red-and-blue anaglyph format. Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in
1575-417: A period that had seen declining box-office admissions. As with practically all of the features made during this boom, Bwana Devil was projected dual-strip, with Polaroid filters . During the 1950s, the familiar disposable anaglyph glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist Dan Sonney , and three shorts produced by Lippert Productions . However, even
1680-452: A reason. In 2019, Lucifer became the highest grossing Malayalam film of all time. Lucifer became the highest grossing Indian film in Dubai. The film collected a final gross of 2000 million at the box office. In November 2020, Lijo Jose Pellissery 's film Jallikattu was selected as India's submission for Oscar for best foreign language film making as third Malayalam film as entry. In 2020
1785-535: A remake of his 1895 short film L'Arrivée du Train , this time in anaglyphic 3D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science. In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's Audioscopiks series. The prints were by Technicolor in the red-and-green anaglyph format, and were narrated by Pete Smith . The first film, Audioscopiks , premiered January 11, 1936, and The New Audioscopiks premiered January 15, 1938. Audioscopiks
1890-420: A sequence that would show one pin moving further into the cardboard and back. He also designed a device that would feed the image pairs from two stroboscopic discs into one lenticular stereoscope and a vertical predecessor of the zoetrope . On February 27, 1860, Peter Hubert Desvignes received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. This included
1995-604: A sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion. On August 11, 1877, the Daily Alta newspaper announced a project by Eadward Muybridge and Leland Stanford to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made instantaneous pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot
2100-660: A series of comedy films produced between the late 1980s and late 1990s made actors like Jagadish , Siddique , Mukesh , Sreenivasan and Jayaram became very popular for their comedy roles. This series of comedy films begun in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with comedy films by Sathyan Anthikad and Siddique-Lal , like Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu , Mazhavilkavadi , Ramji Rao Speaking , Thalayana Manthram , In Harihar Nagar , and Godfather , and some of them went on to be remade by other directors in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, and other languages. The success of In Harihar Nagar led to
2205-710: A short-lived variant named "Fantomo" in 1914. Rather in agreement with Messter or not, Karl Juhasz and Franz Haushofer opened a Kinoplastikon theatre in Vienna in 1911. Their patented system was very similar to Alabaster, but projected life-size figures from the wings of the stage. With much higher ticket prices than standard cinema, it was targeted at middle-class audiences to fill the gap between low-brow films and high-class theatre. Audiences reacted enthusiastically and by 1913 there reportedly were 250 theatres outside Austria, in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia and North America. However,
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#17328811532312310-446: A steady decline in attendance. Universal-International released its first 3D feature, It Came from Outer Space , on May 27, 1953, with stereophonic sound. That was followed by Paramount's first 3D feature, Sangaree with Fernando Lamas and Arlene Dahl . The Walt Disney Studios entered 3D with its May 28, 1953, release of Melody , which accompanied the first 3D western, Columbia's Fort Ti at its Los Angeles opening. It
2415-414: A tool to revitalise society. A noted director, Aravindan, was famous in Kerala as a cartoonist before he started making films. His important movies include Kanchana Sita (1977), Thampu (1978), Kummatty (1979), Chidambaram (1985), Oridathu (1986), and Vasthuhara (1990). The 1970s also saw the emergence of the notable director P. G. Viswambharan with his debut film Ozhukinethire and
2520-690: A version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark. Desvignes' Mimoscope , received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. It could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions." Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." The horizontal slits (like in Czermak's Stereophoroskop) allowed
2625-401: A very similar patent only 10 days later. Further development and exploitation was probably haltered by World War I. Alabastra and Kinoplastikon were often advertised as stereoscopic and screenless. Although in reality the effect was heavily dependent on glass screen projection and the films were not stereoscopic, the shows seemed truly three-dimensional as the figures were clearly separate from
2730-541: A while. The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an out-of-house audience was The Power of Love , which premiered at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922. The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, Harry K. Fairall , and cinematographer Robert F. Elder. It was filmed dual-strip in black and white, and single strip color anaglyphic release prints were produced using
2835-491: Is attributed to wide critical acclaim, themes that resonated with the audience and tapping into other state markets. Malayalam independent cinema is a subsect of the Malayalam cinema which is not intended for commercial purposes. Major independent films are premiered through International film festival of Kerala . The films conveys key cultural and social messages in Kerala. Notable films are Family by Don Palathara , Chavittu by Rahman brothers Newspaper Boy (1955),
2940-417: Is credited as the father of Malayalam cinema. Daniel founded the first film studio, The Travancore National Pictures Limited, in Kerala. A second film, Marthanda Varma , based on the novel by C. V. Raman Pillai , was produced by R. Sundar Raj Nadar in 1933. However, after only being shown for four days, the film prints were confiscated due to a legal battle over copyright. The first talkie in Malayalam
3045-551: Is now considered lost . Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the Prizma color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled Movies of the Future at
3150-401: Is the director of Veena Vaadanam , the first documentary film in India shot with the same movie capture medium. Villain (2017) is the first Indian film to be shot entirely in 8K resolution . Vazhiye (2022) is the first found footage film of Malayalam Cinema. 3D film The basic components of 3D film were introduced separately between 1833 and 1839. Stroboscopic animation
3255-483: Is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language , which is widely spoken in the state of Kerala and Lakshadweep islands of india. Malayalam cinema includes the commercial film industry, sometimes known as Mollywood, as well as independent cinema made in Malayalam. The first Malayalam feature film was Vigathakumaran , a silent film directed and produced by J. C. Daniel . Production started in 1928, and it
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3360-592: The Academy Awards to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category in 2011. Christian Brothers (2011) was released worldwide with a total of 310 prints on 18 March; it went to 154 centres in Kerala, 90 centres outside Kerala and 80 centres overseas, making it the widest release for a Malayalam film at that time. This record was later broken by Peruchazhi (2014), which released in 500 screens worldwide on 29 August. Drishyam (2013) became
3465-717: The British Film Institute award. The year 1981 also saw the rise of actor Mammootty through the movie Sphodanam directed by P. G. Viswambharan . In the 1980s Padmarajan made some of the landmark motion pictures in Malayalam cinema, including masterpieces like Oridathoru Phayalvaan (1981), Koodevide (1983), Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam (1985), Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986), Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal (1986), Thoovanathumbikal (1987), Moonnam Pakkam (1988), Innale (1989) and Season (1989). He wrote several short stories that were unique in content and presentation. His novels handled
3570-662: The National Film Awards , including 14 for Best Actor , 6 for Best Actress , 13 for Best Film , and 13 for Best Director . Malayalam cinema garnered international recognition, with Elippathayam (1982) winning the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival , and being named the Most Original Imaginative Film of 1982 by the British Film Institute . Additionally, Marana Simhasanam won
3675-578: The "Stereoscopiks Series" released by Pathé Films in 1925: Zowie (April 10), Luna-cy! (May 18), The Run-Away Taxi (December 17) and Ouch (December 17). On September 22, 1924, Luna-cy! was re-released in the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film system. The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. In Paris, Louis Lumiere shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following March he exhibited
3780-401: The 1940s, World War II prioritized military applications of stereoscopic photography and it once again went on the back burner in most producers' minds. What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3D began in late 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, Bwana Devil , produced, written and directed by Arch Oboler . The film was shot in "Natural Vision", a process that
3885-465: The 1960s and became famous later. The 70s saw the emergence of a new wave of cinema in Malayalam. The growth of the film society movement in Kerala introduced the works of the French and Italian New Wave directors to the discerning Malayali film enthusiasts. Adoor Gopalakrishnan 's first film, Swayamvaram (1972), brought Malayalam cinema to the international film arena. In 1973 M. T. Vasudevan Nair , who
3990-482: The 1970s were Mankada Ravi Varma for Swayamvaram (1972), P. S. Nivas for Mohiniyattam (1977), and Shaji N. Karun for Thampu (1979). John Abraham , K. R. Mohanan , K. G. George , and G. S. Panikkar were products of the Pune Film Institute who made significant contributions. During the late 1970s, some young artists started seeing Malayalam cinema as a medium of expression and thought of it as
4095-464: The 1990s and 2000s and have introduced several new trends to the Malayalam industry. While the new generation's formats and styles are deeply influenced by global and Indian trends, their themes are firmly rooted in Malayali life and mindscapes. The new generation also helped the Malayalam film industry regain its past glory. Salim Ahamed 's Adaminte Makan Abu was chosen as India's official entry to
4200-595: The 3D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. Robot Monster also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer Elmer Bernstein . The film was released June 24, 1953, and went out with the short Stardust in Your Eyes , which starred nightclub comedian, Slick Slavin . 20th Century Fox produced its only 3D feature, Inferno , in 1953, starring Rhonda Fleming . Fleming, who also starred in Those Redheads From Seattle , and Jivaro , shares
4305-589: The Astor Theater in New York City. In red-green anaglyph , the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of Marie Doro , a segment of John Mason playing a number of passages from Jim the Penman (a film released by Famous Players–Lasky that year, but not in 3D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of Niagara Falls . However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in
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4410-497: The January 24, 1878, edition of Nature that he would advance that conception: "By combining the phonograph with the kinesigraph I will undertake not only to produce a talking picture of Mr. Gladstone which, with motionless lips and unchanged expression shall positively recite his latest anti-Turkish speech in his own voice and tone. Not only this, but the life size photograph itself shall move and gesticulate precisely as he did when making
4515-518: The Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively. Because the features utilized two projectors, the capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet (1,800 m), or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every feature-length film. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script at a major plot point. During Christmas of 1952, producer Sol Lesser quickly premiered
4620-541: The Malayalm filim industry . P.J. Cherian introduced play-back singing in Malayalam cinema. The lyrics of the film written by G. Sankara Kurup became popular. Udaya Studios ' Vellinakshatram (1949) was the first movie with audio to be made completely in Kerala. Malayalam cinema has always taken its themes from relevant social issues and has been interwoven with material from literature , drama , and politics since its inception. One such film, Jeevitha Nouka (1951),
4725-766: The Motion Picture Industry , nothing was produced in this process after these tests. By 1909, the German film market suffered much from overproduction and too much competition. German film tycoon Oskar Messter had initially gained much financial success with the Tonbild synchronized sound films of his Biophon system since 1903, but the films were losing money by the end of the decade and Messter would stop Tonbild production in 1913. Producers and exhibitors were looking into new film attractions and invested for instance in colorful imagery. The development of stereoscopic cinema seemed
4830-642: The Rivoli Theater in New York City. Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond (later inventor of the Hammond organ ) premiered his Teleview system, which had been shown to the trade and press in October. Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye prints and two interlocked projectors , left and right frames were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to
4935-452: The University of Ghent. The disc contains 12 albumen image pairs of a machine in motion. Most of the other early attempts to create motion pictures also aimed to include the stereoscopic effect. In November 1851, Antoine Claudet claimed to have created a stereoscope that showed people in motion. The device initially only showed two phases, but during the next two years, Claudet worked on
5040-723: The Weekend ). The Italian film was made with the Gualtierotti camera; the two German productions with the Zeiss camera and the Vierling shooting system. All of these films were the first exhibited using Polaroid filters. The Zeiss Company in Germany manufactured glasses on a commercial basis commencing in 1936; they were also independently made around the same time in Germany by E. Käsemann and by J. Mahler. In 1939, John Norling shot In Tune With Tomorrow ,
5145-524: The armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. The only theater known to have installed Teleview was the Selwyn Theater in New York City, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3D shadows, and M.A.R.S. , the only Teleview feature . The show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as
5250-404: The audience and the projected figures seemed able to move around freely across the stage in their virtual tangible and lifelike appearance. The brightness of the figures was necessary to avoid see-through spots and made them resemble alabaster sculptures. To adapt to this appearance, several films featured Pierrot or other white clowns, while some films were probably hand-coloured. Although Alabastra
5355-514: The background and virtually appeared inside the real, three-dimensional stage area without any visible screen. Eventually, longer (multi-reel) films with story arcs proved to be the way out of the crisis in the movie market and supplanted the previously popular short films that mostly aimed to amuse people with tricks, gags or other brief variety and novelty attractions. Sound film, stereoscopic film and other novel techniques were relatively cumbersome to combine with multiple reels and were abandoned for
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#17328811532315460-570: The darkest emotions and considered as classics. Most plots were nascent for that age literature. All works were so cinematic and can be easily visualised to the celluloid version. K. G. George released films including Yavanika and Adaminte Vaariyellu . This was the period during which script writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair started teaming up with director Hariharan to produce works like Panchagni , Nakhakshathangal , Aranyakam and Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha . John Abraham 's films such as Amma Ariyaan addressed people's issues and raised
5565-509: The device for recording and replaying sound had been published earlier in the year. An article in Scientific American concluded: "It is already possible, by ingenious optical contrivances, to throw stereoscopic photographs of people on screens in full view of an audience. Add the talking phonograph to counterfeit their voices and it would be difficult to carry the illusion of real presence much further". Wordsworth Donisthorpe announced in
5670-407: The director John Abraham and friends. The money was raised by collecting donations and screening Charlie Chaplin 's film The Kid . Moonnamathoral (2006) is the first Indian film to be shot and distributed in digital format . Jalachhayam (2010) is the first Indian feature film shot entirely on a Camera phone and it was also an experimental film directed by Sathish Kalathil who
5775-496: The directors of Neelakuyil (along with P. Bhaskaran), went on to become a successful director in the 1960s and 1970s. P. Bhaskaran directed many acclaimed and hit films in the 1960s and 70s. The cameraman of Neelakkuyil , A. Vincent , also became a noted director of the 1960s and 1970s. Notable films of this decade include Odayil Ninnu , Bhargavi Nilayam (1964), Chemmeen (1965), Murappennu (1965) and Iruttinte Athmavu (1966). Malayalam cinema's first colour film
5880-682: The dual-strip showcase called Stereo Techniques in Chicago. Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them, Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses) and Around is Around , were directed by Norman McLaren in 1951 for the National Film Board of Canada . The other three films were produced in Britain for The Festival of Britain in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. These were A Solid Explanation , Royal River , and The Black Swan . James Mage
5985-430: The eyes." Sol Lesser attempted to follow up Stereo Techniques with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced. The project was to be called The 3-D Follies and was to be distributed by RKO. Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the general loss of interest in 3D, Lesser canceled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3D film to be aborted in production. Two of
6090-498: The few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by Jack Pierce for Universal Studios outside of their company. While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect. While attending Harvard University , Edwin H. Land conceived the idea of reducing glare by polarizing light . He took
6195-572: The fight against obscurantist beliefs, the degeneration of the feudal class, and the break-up of the joint-family system. In the 1960s, M. Krishnan Nair , Kunchacko and P. Subramaniam were the leading Malayali producers. Thikkurusi Sukumaran Nair, Prem Nazir, Sathyan, Madhu, Adoor Bhasi, Bahadur, S.P. Pillai, K.P. Ummer, Kottarakara Sreedharan Nair, Raghavan, G.K. Pillai, Muthukulam, Joseprakash, Paravur Bharatan, Muthayya, Shankaradi, Govindankutty, K.R. Vijaya, Padmini, Ragini, Sharada, Sheela, Ambika, Jayabharathi, Arumula Ponnamma and Sadahna were among
6300-422: The film. Another famous entry in the golden era of 3D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of Robot Monster . The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget. Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly built camera rig, luck was on the cinematographer 's side, as many find
6405-556: The finance directly from people. The period had movies with humour from directors like Priyadarshan , Sathyan Anthikad , Kamal and Siddique-Lal . Piravi (1989) by Shaji N. Karun was the first Malayalam film to win the Caméra d'Or -Mention at the Cannes Film Festival. Ratheesh and Sukumaran also were leading stars in the industry in the early eighties. By the end of 80s, Mammooty and Mohanlal also established themselves as
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#17328811532316510-452: The finest achievements in filmmaking. The awards are given in several categories. In addition to regular categories, the association occasionally has special awards. The awards include a cash award of Rs. 1 lakh for the best film. The second best film, best director, best actor and best actress will receive Rs. 25,000 each. This is a list of films receiving the most awards at each awards ceremony. Malayalam cinema Malayalam cinema
6615-597: The first Kinoplastikon in Paris started in January 1914 and the premiere in New York took place in the Hippodrome in March 1915. In 1913, Walter R. Booth directed 10 films for the U.K. Kinoplastikon, presumably in collaboration with Cecil Hepworth . Theodore Brown, the licensee in the U.K. also patented a variant with front and back projection and reflected decor, and Goldsoll applied for
6720-490: The first Malayalam film to cross the 500 million mark at the box office. The film was critically acclaimed and was remade in four languages. Later, in 2016, Pulimurugan directed by Vyshak became the first Malayalam film to cross the 1 billion mark at the box office. In recent years, Malayalam films have gained popularity in Sri Lanka, with fans citing cultural similarities between Sinhalese people and Malayalis as
6825-532: The first commercial 3D film using Polaroid in the US . This short premiered at the 1939 New York World's Fair and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motors Pavilion. In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title New Dimensions . In 1953, it
6930-662: The first permanent theatre in Kerala was established in Thrissur town by Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope , now Jos Theatre . The first film made in Malayalam was Vigathakumaran . Production started in 1928, and it was released at the Capitol Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram on 23 October 1930. It was produced and directed by J. C. Daniel , a businessman with no prior film experience, who
7035-524: The first public demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3D photography at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel . The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science. It is unknown what film was run for audiences at this exhibition. Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new form of projection, however. Two prints, each carrying either
7140-422: The first quarter. Malayalam Cinema achieved its first calendar year ₹1000 crore worldwide gross by May. As of 24 May, total worldwide box office gross stood at ₹1030 crores, including ₹660 crores from India and ₹370 from overseas. The films that led the success story were Manjummel Boys , Aadujeevitham , Premalu , and Aavesham , all of which earned over ₹100 crores at worldwide box office. The success
7245-582: The late 1890s, British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D film process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical. Frederic Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (4.45 centimeters) apart. On June 10, 1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at
7350-1038: The leading actors in Malayalam. The mid of 80s saw the emergence of low-quality Malayalam softcore films made with fairly low budgets . They were remarked as B-grade films, and were certified as fit for adults only (A rated). These films emerged parallel with the mainstream Malayalam cinema. In 1986, roughly 14 of the 32-odd films released were classified as B-grade films. Some examples are Mathilukal (1990) directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Kattukuthira (1990) directed by P. G. Viswambharan , Amaram (1991) directed by Bharathan , Ulladakkam (1992) directed by Kamal , Kilukkam (1991) directed by Priyadarshan , Kamaladalam (1992) by Sibi Malayil , Vidheyan (1993) by Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Devaasuram (1993) by I. V. Sasi , Manichitrathazhu (1993) by Fazil, Ponthan Mada (1993) by T. V. Chandran , Spadikam (1995) by Bhadran , Commissioner (1994) The King (1995) by Shaji Kailas , Hitler (1996) by Siddique and Desadanam (1997) by Jayaraj . Due to
7455-421: The long exposure times necessary for the light-sensitive emulsions that were used. Charles Wheatstone got inventor Henry Fox Talbot to produce some calotype pairs for the stereoscope and received the first results in October 1840. Only a few more experimental stereoscopic photographs were made before David Brewster introduced his stereoscope with lenses in 1849. Wheatstone also approached Joseph Plateau with
7560-582: The more popular actors active in this period. During the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Kunchacko made significant contributions to Malayalam cinema, both as a producer and as director of some notable movies. He started Udaya Studios in Alappuzha in 1947, reducing the travel to Madras (Chennai) for film crew and actors. This boosted Malayalam film production in Kerala. Many directors sprang up in this period. P.N. Menon made Rosy and later Chemparanthi . G. Aravindan and Adoor Gopalakrishnan also started work in
7665-518: The multistar film Twenty:20 to raise funds for the AMMA. The 2000-2003 period also saw witnessed the Shakeela tharangam , that resulted in the series of production of low budget softporn films in Malayalam cinema . The continued failure of comedy films and the theater strikes in Kerala, that started in the early 2000s, were the major reasons behind the comeback of B-grade films in Malayalam. Around 57 of
7770-521: The mythical film Satyavan Savithri , which were well accepted. Also, commercial cinema in this period saw several worker-class themed films which mostly had M. G. Soman , Sukumaran and Sudheer in the lead followed by the emergence of a new genre of pure action-themed films, in a movement led by Jayan . However, this was short-lived, and almost ended when Jayan died while performing a stunt in Kolilakkam (1980). The Malayalam cinema of this period
7875-503: The only slapstick comedies conceived for 3D. The Three Stooges starred in Spooks and Pardon My Backfire ; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in Down the Hatch . Producer Jules White was optimistic about the possibilities of 3D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3D. Down the Hatch was released as
7980-526: The prestigious Caméra d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival . Several Malayalam films have been India's official entries for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Academy Awards , including Rajiv Anchal 's Guru (1997), Salim Ahamed 's Adaminte Makan Abu (2011), Lijo Jose Pellissery 's Jallikkattu (2019) and Jude Anthany Joseph 's 2018 (2023). Other globally acclaimed films include Chemmeen (1965), which received
8085-537: The production of a series of comedy films in the early and mid-1990s. Swaham (1994), directed by Shaji N. Karun , was the first Malayalam film entry for the competition in the Cannes International Film Festival , where it was a nominee for the Palme d'Or . Murali Nair 's Marana Simhasanam later won the Caméra d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival . Guru (1997), directed by Rajiv Anchal ,
8190-579: The proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his zoopraxiscope were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping". Thomas Edison demonstrated his phonograph on November 29, 1877, after previous announcements of
8295-572: The right or left eye view, had to be synced up in projection using an external selsyn motor. Furthermore, polarized light would be largely depolarized by a matte white screen, and only a silver screen or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images. Later that year, the feature, Nozze Vagabonde appeared in Italy, followed in Germany by Zum Greifen nah ( You Can Nearly Touch It ), and again in 1939 with Germany's Sechs Mädel rollen ins Wochenend ( Six Girls Drive Into
8400-486: The second half of the 20th century: there were only two silent films, and three Malayalam-language films before 1947. With support from the Kerala state government production climbed from around 6 a year in the 1950s, to 30 a year in the 1960s, 40 a year in the 1970s, to 127 films in 1980. The first cinema hall in Kerala , with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913,
8505-515: The speech, the words and gestures corresponding as in real life." Dr. Phipson, a correspondent for British news in a French photography magazine, relayed the concept, but renamed the device "Kinétiscope" to reflect the viewing purpose rather than the recording option. This was picked up in the United States and discussed in an interview with Edison later in the year. Neither Donisthorpe's or Edison's later moving picture results were stereoscopic. In
8610-778: The spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in Sangaree , Phantom of the Rue Morgue and Drums of Tahiti . Darryl F. Zanuck expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, CinemaScope . The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953. The factors causing this decline were: Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on
8715-471: The stereoscopes of Wheatstone and Brewster. In November 1852, Duboscq added the concept of his "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope" to his stereoscope patent. Production of images proved very difficult, since the photographic sequence had to be carefully constructed from separate still images. The bioscope was no success and the only extant disc, without apparatus, is found in the Joseph Plateau collection of
8820-460: The story of a printing press employee and his family being stricken with extreme poverty. The music took a turn away from the trend of copying Tamil and Hindi songs. The poets Tirunainaarkurichy Madhavan Nair – Thirunaiyarkurichy, P. Bhaskaran , O. N. V. Kurup , and Vayalar Ramavarma rose up in this period as film lyricists. Brother Lakshmanan, Dakshinamurthy , K. Raghavan , G. Devarajan , M. S. Baburaj , and Pukhenthey Velappan Nair started
8925-418: The suggestion to combine the stereoscope with the fantascope. In 1849, Plateau published about this concept in an article about several improvements made to his fantascope and suggested a stop motion technique that would involve a series of photographs of purpose-made plaster statuettes in different poses. The idea reached Jules Duboscq , an instrument maker who already marketed Plateau's Fantascope as well as
9030-608: The three shorts were shot: Carmenesque , a burlesque number starring exotic dancer Lili St. Cyr , and Fun in the Sun , a sports short directed by famed set designer/director William Cameron Menzies , who also directed the 3D feature The Maze for Allied Artists. Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was wide-screen, but two-dimensional, anamorphic , first utilized by Fox with CinemaScope and its September premiere in The Robe . Anamorphic films needed only
9135-482: The total 89 films released in 2001 belonged to the soft-porn category and Shakeela featured in many of them . After several years of quality deterioration, Malayalam films saw the signs of massive resurgence after 2010 with the release of several experimental films (known as New Wave or New Generation films), mostly from new directors. New Wave is characterised by fresh and unusual themes and new narrative techniques. These films differ from conventional themes of
9240-506: Was Balan , released in 1938. It was directed by S. Nottani with a screenplay and songs written by Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai . It was produced by Modern Theatres at Salem in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu . Balan was followed by Gnanambika in 1940, which was directed by S. Nottani. Then came Prahlada in 1941, directed by K. Subramoniam of Madras and featuring Guru Gopinath and Thankamani Gopinath. Until 1947 most Malayalam films were made by Tamil producers, P. J. Cherian
9345-493: Was Kandam Bacha Coat (1961). Chemmeen (1965), directed by Ramu Kariat and based on a novel of the same name by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , went on to become very popular and became the first South Indian film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film . Most of the films of the 1960s were animated by the nationalist and socialist projects and centered on issues relating to caste and class exploitation,
9450-493: Was a musical drama that spoke about the problems in a joint family. In 1954, the film Neelakuyil captured national interest by winning the President's silver medal. It was scripted by the well-known Malayalam novelist Uroob , and directed by P. Bhaskaran and Ramu Kariat . Newspaper Boy (1955) contained elements of Italian neorealism . This film is notable as the product of a group of amateur college filmmakers. It told
9555-515: Was also an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his Triorama program on February 10, 1953, with his four shorts: Sunday In Stereo , Indian Summer , American Life , and This is Bolex Stereo . This show is considered lost. Another early 3D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short A Day in the Country , narrated by Joe Besser , which
9660-401: Was also the film that typecast Vincent Price as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3D features (the others were The Mad Magician , Dangerous Mission , and Son of Sinbad ). The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting filmgoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing
9765-458: Was by then recognised as an important author in Malayalam, directed his first film, Nirmalyam , which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film . G. Aravindan followed Adoor 's lead with his Uttarayanam in 1974. K. P. Kumaran 's Adhithi (1974) was another film that was acclaimed by the critics. Cinematographers who won the National Award for their work on Malayalam films in
9870-450: Was characterised by detailed screenplays dealing with everyday life with a lucid narration of plot intermingling with humour and melancholy. This was aided by the cinematography and lighting. The films had warm background music. In 1981 Fazil directed Manjil Virinja Pookal the film also introduced then Romantic star Shankar (actor) and later actor Mohanlal to the world. Adoor Gopalakrishnan made Elippathayam in 1981. This movie won
9975-517: Was chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category for that year, making it the first film in Malayalam to be chosen for Oscar nomination. Noted script writer A.K. Lohithadas made his directorial debut with Bhoothakkannadi , for which he won the Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director . The millennium started with
10080-430: Was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother, Julian, and two other associates, shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, The Lions of Gulu . The critically panned film was nevertheless highly successful with audiences due to the novelty of 3D, which increased Hollywood interest in 3D during
10185-515: Was composed mostly of test footage. Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only. April 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: Columbia 's Man in the Dark and Warner Bros. ' House of Wax , the first 3D feature with stereophonic sound . House of Wax was (outside of Cinerama ) the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound; it
10290-660: Was developed by Joseph Plateau in 1832 and published in 1833 in the form of a stroboscopic disc, which he later called the fantascope and became better known as the phénakisticope . Around the very same time (1832/1833), Charles Wheatstone developed the stereoscope , but he did not really make it public before June 1838. The first practical forms of photography were introduced in January 1839 by Louis Daguerre and Henry Fox Talbot . A combination of these elements into animated stereoscopic photography may have been conceived early on, but for decades it did not become possible to capture motion in real-time photographic recordings due to
10395-577: Was later shown at Disneyland 's Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short Working for Peanuts , entitled, 3-D Jamboree . The show was hosted by the Mousketeers and was in color. Columbia released several 3D westerns produced by Sam Katzman and directed by William Castle . Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia and Allied Artists features as 13 Ghosts , House on Haunted Hill , and The Tingler . Columbia also produced
10500-481: Was nominated for the Academy Award in the category Best Short Subject, Novelty in 1936. With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3D, another Pete Smith Specialty called Third Dimensional Murder (1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red-and-blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of
10605-677: Was reissued by RKO as Motor Rhythm . Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3D process was 1940's Magic Movies: Thrills For You produced by the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. for the Golden Gate International Exposition . Produced by John Norling, it was filmed by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen from the Pennsylvania Railroad's trains. In
10710-654: Was released at the Capitol Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram on 23 October 1930. The first talkie in Malayalam was Balan (1938) directed by S. Nottani . During the 1920s, the Malayalam film industry was based in Thiruvananthapuram, although the film industry started to develop and flourish by the late 1940s. Later the industry shifted to Madras (now Chennai). By the late 1980s, the industry returned to Kerala, establishing Kochi as its hub with most production and post-production facilities located there. As of 2024, Malayalam cinema has earned numerous accolades at
10815-631: Was released through Netflix on 24 th December 2021. Tovino Thomas as Minnal Murali which was directed by Basil Joseph under Weekend Blockbusters gained great reviews by critics and became top watched Non-English movie on Netflix. It broke all records of Malayalam Cinema trailers on YouTube crossing 6 Million Views and 500K+ likes in 24 hours. in 2023 , disaster film 2018 was selected as India's submission for Oscar for best international film Malayalam Cinema enjoyed unprecedented box office success in early months of 2024, with worldwide box office collection of Malayalam films touching ₹900 crores in
10920-402: Was the first Malayali producer to venture into this field after JC Daniel Nadar. PJ Cherian produced Nirmala in 1948 with Joseph Cherian and Baby Joseph his son and daughter-in-law as hero and heroine. He also cast many other family members in other roles, trying to break the taboo that noble family people do not take up acting. Nirmala is the first movie which introduced play-back singing in
11025-496: Was well received by the press, Messter produced few titles, hardly promoted them and abandoned it altogether a few years later. He believed the system to be uneconomical due to its need for special theatres instead of the widely available movie screens, and he did not like that it seemed only suitable for stage productions and not for "natural" films. Nonetheless, there were numerous imitators in Germany and Messter and Engelsmann still teamed with American swindler Frank J. Goldsoll set up
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