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32-536: Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (KSWS) lies between 60 and 750 metres (200 and 2,460 ft) above sea level, and is situated in the southeast corner of Cambodia along the border with Vietnam. The northwest section of KSWS forms part of Cambodia's Eastern Plains, while the montane southeast section constitutes the south-western edge of the Annamite Range range along the Sen Monorom plateau. Major habitat types found within

64-515: A small area in northeast Cambodia . The highest points of the range are the 2,819 m (9,249 ft)-high Phou Bia , the 2,720 m (8,920 ft)-high Phu Xai Lai Leng and the 2,598 m (8,524 ft)-high Ngọc Linh (Ngoc Pan). The latter is located at the northwestern edge of the Triassic Kontum Massif in central Vietnam. Important mountain passes are the Nape Pass and

96-525: A young Asian elephant calf killed at the site in 2016. Populations of some other key species may be declining as a result of intensive snaring. Elephants are also threatened by agricultural encroachment, with one baby elephant killed in 2018 when becoming trapped in a hole left by the use of fire to illegally clear forest for agriculture, and 11 elephants becoming trapped in an irrigation pool in 2017; in this case, all 11 elephants were successfully rescued by local communities, local authorities, and NGOs including

128-517: Is also covered parts of two Important Bird Areas : KH026 (the Mondulkiri - Kratie Lowlands) and KH027 (Snoul / Keo Sema / O Reang). These are prioritized for conservation of Orange-necked partridge , Siamese fireback , Green peafowl , White-winged duck , and Great hornbill , and for vultures, ibises, sarus crane and green peafowl. Under the Global 200 priority ecoregions for global conservation, KSWS

160-584: Is included in two areas: KSWS is included as one of the 569 Last of the Wild areas globally that in 1992 - 1995 were found to have been least affected by human activities, and again included in the v2 2004 update. These areas are: During development of the REDD+ project a number of high conservation values were identified: Unusually for a protected area in Cambodia, KSWS is home to a large human population, predominately of

192-594: The Bunong ethnic group. A traditionally Animist group, forests play a large role in community identity. In March 2012, Andoung Kraloeng village in KSWS became the first Indigenous community in Mondulkiri Province , and third nationally, to receive a collective land title under the 2001 Land Law. Since then, a total of 11 indigenous communities have been awarded legal rights to their traditional land within KSWS, facilitated by

224-703: The Douc langur , the large gaur , the Chinese pangolin , and formerly the Indochinese tiger . Most of the highlands like the Annamite Range and the Central Highlands were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during the beginning of the 20th century. The demographics were drastically transformed with the colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990s, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering

256-550: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a near-threatened species. This species was described by Jean Théodore Delacour in 1927. The specific name is derived from André David-Beaulieu, a French colonial administrator who collected the type specimen earlier in 1927. There are no subspecies. The orange-necked partridge is about 27 cm (11 in) long and weighs about 241 g (8.5 oz). The forehead and crown are dusky, and

288-614: The Ministry of Environment and the sub-national Departments of Environment for Mondulkiri and Kratié provinces. The area has been supported by the Wildlife Conservation Society since its inception providing technical and financial support across the site. A number of other NGOs support projects and communities throughout KSWS, including World Hope International supporting Jahoo Gibbon Camp in Andoung Kraloeng village, and

320-707: The Mụ Giạ Pass . The Annamite Range runs parallel to the Vietnamese coast, in a gentle curve which divides the basin of the Mekong River from Vietnam's narrow coastal plain along the South China Sea . Most of the crests are on the Laotian side. The eastern slope of the range rises steeply from the plain, drained by numerous short rivers. The western slope is more gentle, forming significant plateaus before descending to

352-492: The Wildlife Conservation Society and the KSWS project. These titles have already proved vital for communities, allowing them to resist illegal land grabs, with one precedent-setting case reaching the high courts. Rural livelihoods in the area are typically based on agriculture and forest use, including rain-fed rice paddy, cassava, cashew, rubber and resin tapping from Dipterocarpus species, Dipterocarpus alatus and Dipterocarpus intricatus . Mondulkiri Province has one of

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384-538: The Wildlife Conservation Society , World Wide Fund for Nature , the Elephant Valley Project. Annamite Range The Annamite Range or the Annamese Mountains ( French : Chaîne annamitique ; Lao : ພູ ຫລວງ Phou Luang ; Vietnamese : Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn ) is a major mountain range of eastern Indochina , extending approximately 1,100 km (680 mi) through Laos , Vietnam , and

416-433: The 10-year period from 2010 the project is predicted to avoid 17.4 million tons of CO 2 -e emissions, equivalent to 4 million passenger vehicles or 4 coal-fired power stations . The project was the first initiative in Cambodia to use an extensive free, prior and informed consent process with independent legal advice, and local communities from 20 villages in and around the protected area have signed agreements to join

448-629: The Elephant Livelihoods Initiative Environment (E.L.I.E.) supporting the Elephant Valley Project (EVP) in Pu Trom village. The majority of KSWS is included in a REDD+ project that is the largest carbon emission reduction program in Cambodia's land use sector. The project was the second demonstration site in Cambodia, following the development of the Oddar Meanchey Community Forest REDD+ (OM CF REDD+). Over

480-469: The KSWS REDD+ project and receive a proportion of profits from the sale of carbon credits. Large-scale development projects are under active development, with more planned in the landscape, including mining concessions, active economic land concessions for rubber, new roads, and power transmission lines. Economic Land Concessions (ELC) granted within the protected area and activated between 2010 and 2014 led to

512-553: The Prek Te, and a large part of the Prek Chhlong watersheds, providing ecosystem services to residential and agricultural areas. Mixed forest types and a range of elevation gives rise to a rich collection of biodiversity, both flora and fauna. A total of 959 plant, fungi, and animal species have been recorded in the area, the highest reported number for any Cambodian protected area. A total of 356 bird species have been recorded, exceeding

544-607: The Vietnamese. The Annamite mountains form an important tropical seasonal forest global ecoregion , the Annamite Range Moist Forests Ecoregion, which consists of two terrestrial ecoregions , the Southern Annamites montane rain forests and the Northern Annamites rain forests . The range is home to rare creatures such as the recently discovered Annamite rabbit and the antelope-like saola ,

576-516: The banks of the Mekong. The range itself has three main plateaus, from north to south: Phouane Plateau, Nakai Plateau and Bolaven Plateau . Laos lies mostly within the Mekong basin, west of the divide, although most of Houaphan Province and a portion of Xiangkhoang Province (where the famous Plain of Jars is located) lie east of the divide. Most of Vietnam lies east of the divide, although Vietnam's Tây Nguyên (Central Highlands) region lies west of

608-482: The beak is black, and the legs are pinkish. The orange-necked partridge is found in southern Vietnam and a small area in Mondulkiri , Cambodia. It lives in forest in hills at elevations of 120–600 m (390–1,970 ft), preferring bamboos. It also occurs in some disturbed habitats, including scrubs, bamboos and logged plantations. In Vietnam, it occurs in several national parks and state forest enterprises. All of

640-499: The divide, in the Mekong basin. The mountain range is also referred to variously as the Annamese Range , Annamese Mountains , Annamese Cordillera , Annamite Mountains and Annamite Cordillera . The name "Annam" is the Vietnamese pronunciation and terminology of Chinese : 安南 ( pinyin : Ān Nán ), meaning "the tranquil south" referring to Vietnam. The French adopted the word and used "Annamese" or "Annamite" to refer to

672-412: The evergreen and semi-evergreen forest areas, including the world's only habituated groups of this species, at Jahoo Gibbon Camp. Significant threatened ungulate populations are present, including Eld's deer , sambar deer , banteng , and the largest living wild bovid, the gaur . In 2016, the tiger was acknowledged as having been driven to extinction in Cambodia, and in KSWS the last record of tiger

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704-573: The framework developed by Conservation International , KSWS forms part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hotspot . The protected area forms part of the EBA 144, South Vietnam Lowlands Endemic Bird Area , recognized for its breeding populations of three restricted-range bird species that characterize the EBA: Germain's peacock-pheasant , Orange-necked partridge and Grey-faced tit-babbler . KSWS

736-500: The global top 100 for their taxonomic group . In addition to having the highest number of species recorded in any Cambodian protected area, KSWS has been highlighted as an area of biodiversity importance under a range of prioritization frameworks. The Keo Seima REDD+ project qualifies under the Climate, Community & Biodiversity (CCB) Standards Gold Level for biodiversity under both vulnerability and irreplaceability criteria. Under

768-541: The highest number recorded on eBird for any site in Cambodia and with at least 21 Picidae species, KSWS has one of the highest global diversities of any site. Seven primate species are found in the protected area, including the vast majority of the world's population of the black-shanked douc langur , with an estimated 25,000 individuals. The next largest population, found in Vietnam, is only 500 individuals. A total of 1,432 southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon are found in

800-543: The highest population growth rates in Cambodia. From first establishment in 2002 until 2016, the site was under management by the Forestry Administration, part of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of the Royal Government of Cambodia . In 2016, all protected areas under management of the Forestry Administration, including what was then Seima Protection Forest, were transferred to management by

832-407: The individuals recorded in a 2005 survey lived less than 2 km (1.2 mi) from water. Little is known about this partridge's behaviour. The territorial calls are a repeated, accelerating prruu , becoming pwi at higher pitches, and also a series of fast tu notes. In duets, the other bird responds with tchew-tchew-tchew . The alarm call is a pher or phu . After its discovery in 1927,

864-782: The loss of more than 20,000 ha of forest within the protected area, with additional leakage around the ELC boundaries. Renaissance Minerals, owned entirely by Australian Emerald Resources, have two gold exploration licenses that fall entirely within the protected area and the adjacent protected area, Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary . KSWS shares its eastern border with Vietnam , and cross-border trade contributes to illegal logging of high value timber species. Migration from other provinces and local demand for expanding farming land continues to drive conversion of forest to agriculture in areas in close proximity to roads, existing agriculture, and markets. Poaching with snares threatens many terrestrial species, with

896-483: The nape is mottled brown. A black band extends from the beak to the sides of the neck, and a whitish band extends from the eye to the neck-sides, becoming orange. There is also a black breast-band. The chin is pale buff, and the throat is rusty-orange. The breast is olive-brown, and the belly is greyish and whitish. The flanks have black and white scallops. The back and rump are olive-brown, with dark brown bars. The wing coverts have black and grey bands. The eyes are brown,

928-406: The native ethnic groups in the highlands. Orange-necked partridge The orange-necked partridge ( Arborophila davidi ) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae . It is found in eastern Cambodia and southern Vietnam . Its habitats are lowland forests , shrubland , and plantations . It was described in 1927 and rediscovered in 1991. It is threatened by habitat loss , and

960-539: The orange-necked partridge was "lost" until its 1991 rediscovery in Cát Tiên National Park . Subsequent surveys have found it in several sites in Vietnam, possibly because of improved survey techniques. It was first recorded in Cambodia in 2002, using a camera trap , and later records in Cambodia have all been in the same site. The IUCN assessed it as a critically endangered species, downlisting to endangered in 2000 and to near threatened in 2009. The population

992-504: The protected area include tropical evergreen , mixed deciduous, semi-evergreen and deciduous Dipterocarp forest . As in much of Cambodia, two main seasons predominate in KSWS: tropical wet and dry. During the wet season, which runs between April and October, the area receives an average of 2,200–2,800 millimetres (87–110 in) of rainfall. Temperatures range annually from 16 to 36 °C (61 to 97 °F). The protected area covers part of

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1024-584: Was from 2006. At least 15 newly discovered species have been described from KSWS (the type locality ); two mammals, two amphibians, two reptiles, and nine insects: A total of 75 threatened species (classified as Critically endangered , Endangered , or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List ) have been recorded as present at the site, as well as 106 CITES listed species, and 46 species listed as Endangered or Rare under Cambodian law. A total of 28 EDGE species are found within KSWS, seven species of which are in

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