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24-406: The western part of the district is flat with altitudes 1000–1600 msl, and the eastern part is mountainous. The climate is sharply continental with cold winters and cool summers; January temperatures averaging −5 °C to −10 °C, July +17 °C to +18 °C. Average precipitation is from 200 mm in flatlands, and up to 600–700 mm in mountains. Large rivers in the district include

48-632: A hundred kilometres, but then it leaves Kyrgyzstan and flows into Kazakhstan , where it flows at the northern edge of the Moiynkum Desert , with lake Kokuydynkol close to its channel. In wet years it may reach the endorheic salt lake Akzhaykyn , located among the vast solonchaks of the Ashchykol Depression . The area of this river was originally home to the Iranian Sughds who spoke Soghdian , an Eastern Iranian language . During

72-684: A pervasive external influence on the closest neighbouring Eastern Iranian, as it is evident in the development in the retroflex consonants (in Pashto, Wakhi, Sanglechi, Khotanese, etc.) and aspirates (in Khotanese, Parachi and Ormuri). A more localized sound change is the backing of the former retroflex fricative ṣ̌ [ʂ] , to x̌ [x] or to x [χ] , found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and certain dialects of Pashto. E.g. "meat": ɡu ṣ̌ t in Wakhi and γwa ṣ̌

96-573: Is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan . Of its total length of 1,067 kilometres (663 mi), the first 115 kilometres are in Kyrgyzstan, then for 221 kilometres the river serves as the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and the last 731 kilometres are in Kazakhstan. It is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and in Kazakhstan. It has a drainage basin of 62,500 square kilometres (24,100 sq mi). The Chüy Region ,

120-521: Is sometimes classified as Eastern Iranian, but is not assigned to a branch in 21st-century classifications. The Eastern Iranian area has been affected by widespread sound changes , e.g. t͡ʃ > ts. Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian, spirantization also generally occurs in

144-620: The Chu , Chong-Kemin , Kichi-Kemin and others. There are also several small lakes: Chong-Kelter, Chelek and Kosh-Kel The population of Kemin District, according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, was 44,118 which is second lowest among districts of the Chüy Region. Average density is 12 people per square kilometer. Some 36% of population lives in urban areas, and 64% in rural ones. According to

168-707: The Middle Ages , the area was strategically important. It was the setting of Suyab , the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate and Balasagun , the capital of the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). The Chu River posed a risk of flooding for settlements located in the Chu Valley. In the winter of 1878, an ice gorge formed on the Chu River upstream from Tokmok , the administrative centre of Semirechye Province. This

192-780: The Yaghnobi language of northwestern Tajikistan (descended from Sogdian ); and the Ossetic language of the Caucasus (descended from Scytho-Sarmatian and is hence classified as Eastern Iranian despite its location). These are remnants of a vast ethno-linguistic continuum that stretched over most of Central Asia , parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Europe , and Western Asia in the 1st millennium BC — an area otherwise known as Scythia . The large Eastern Iranian continuum in Eastern Europe would continue up to

216-662: The voiced labiodental fricative /v/ . The dental member has proved the most unstable: while a voiced dental fricative /ð/ is preserved in some Pamir languages, it has in e.g. Pashto and Munji lenited further to /l/ . On the other hand, in Yaghnobi and Ossetian, the development appears to have been reversed, leading to the reappearance of a voiced stop /d/ . (Both languages have also shifted earlier *θ > /t/ .) The consonant clusters *ft and *xt have also been widely lenited, though again excluding Ormuri-Parachi, and possibly Yaghnobi. The neighboring Indo-Aryan languages have exerted

240-561: The 2009 Census, the ethnic composition (de jure population) of the Kemin District was: In total, Kemin District include 2 towns, 1 urban-type settlement and 34 settlements in 11 rural communities ( ayyl aymagy ). Each rural community can consist of one or several villages. The towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages in the Kemin District are: 42°47′N 75°41′E  /  42.783°N 75.683°E  / 42.783; 75.683 Chu (river) The Chu

264-733: The 4th century AD, with the successors of the Scythians, namely the Sarmatians . Western Iranian is thought to have separated from Proto-Iranian in the course of the later 2nd millennium BC not long after Avestan , possibly occurring in the Yaz culture . Eastern Iranian followed suit, and developed in place of Proto-Iranian, spoken within the Andronovo horizon . Due to the Greek presence in Central Asia, some of

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288-696: The Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule. The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan. The Persian Dari language spread, leading to the extinction of Eastern Iranic languages including Bactrian and Khorezmian . Only a few speakers of the Sogdian descended Yaghnobi remain among

312-465: The Chu River and its tributaries. According to the Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08 the water pollution index of the Chu River in the Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units, which is interpreted as Class II ("Clean water"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream of Vasilyevka village where the water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 units and water quality

336-521: The Eastern Iranian subgroup have fewer than 200,000 speakers combined. Most living Eastern Iranian languages are spoken in a contiguous area: southern and eastern Afghanistan and the adjacent parts of western Pakistan; the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region in eastern Tajikistan ; and the westernmost parts of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in western China . There are also two living members in widely separated areas:

360-806: The Middle-era Western Iranian dialects , the Middle-era Eastern Iranian dialects preserve word-final syllables. The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto , with at least 80 million speakers between the Oxus River in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan . The second-largest living Eastern Iranian language is Ossetic , with roughly 600,000 speakers across Ossetia (split between Georgia and Russia ). All other languages of

384-691: The comparatively flat Chüy Valley , within which lie the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek and the Kazakh city of Shu . Much of the Chu's water is diverted into a network of canals, such as the Great Chüy Canal , to irrigate the fertile black soils of the Chüy Valley for farming, on both the Kyrgyz and Kazakh sides of the river. As the Chu flows through the Chüy Valley, it forms the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan for more than

408-611: The easternmost of these languages were recorded in their Middle Iranian stage (hence the "Eastern" classification), while almost no records of the Scytho-Sarmatian continuum stretching from Kazakhstan west across the Pontic steppe to Ukraine have survived. Some authors find that the Eastern Iranian people had an influence on Russian folk culture. Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after

432-474: The lake or draining it, it turns towards the northwest. In the 1950s an old riverbed called Ketmaldy (also Buugan) linked the Chu River and Issyk Kul. During floods part of Chu water would reach the lake, but such outflow has not been seen since the construction of the Orto-Tokoy Reservoir . After passing through the narrow Boom Gorge ( Russian : Боомское ущелье , Boomskoye ushchelye ), the river enters

456-737: The largely Persian-speaking Tajik population of Central Asia. This appears to be due to the large numbers of Persian-speakers in Arab-Islamic armies that invaded Central Asia and later Muslim governments in the region such as the Samanids . Persian was rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids. Eastern Iranian remains in large part a dialect continuum subject to common innovation. Traditional branches, such as "Northeastern", as well as Eastern Iranian itself, are better considered language areas rather than genetic groups. The languages are as follows: Avestan

480-531: The maximum allowable concentrations. In Kyrgyzstan, 4892 rivers and canals flow into Chu River. The main tributaries are, from source to mouth: Eastern Iranian languages The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages , having emerged during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD). The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. As opposed to

504-575: The northernmost and most populous administrative region of Kyrgyzstan, is named after the river; so are Chüy Avenue , the main street of the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek and the city of Shu in Kazakhstan's Jambyl Region . The Chu is formed by the confluence of the rivers Joon Aryk and Kochkor , in the Kochkor District of the Naryn Region . After approaching within a few kilometres of Lake Issyk-Kul (near Balykchy ), without either flowing into

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528-471: The word-initial position. This phenomenon is however not apparent in Avestan, and remains absent from Ormuri-Parachi. A series of spirant consonants can be assumed to have been the first stage: *b > *β, *d > *ð, *g > *ɣ. The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ has mostly been preserved. The labial member has been well-preserved too, but in most languages has shifted from a voiced bilabial fricative /β/ to

552-629: Was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III ("Moderately polluted"). According to the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet), the water pollution index of the Shu (Chu) River in the Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan amounted to 2.01 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2008, and 1.83 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2009. Such water quality parameters as biochemical oxygen demand , nitrites , copper , and phenols exceeded

576-436: Was followed by severe flooding that damaged the town and the province's capital was moved to Pishpek (Bishkek). The river flow is regulated by the dam at Orto-Tokoy Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan built in 1957 and the dam at Tasotkel Reservoir in Kazakhstan built in 1974. The Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology and the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet) operate a number of water quality monitoring stations on

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