90-630: Ko Taku Reo: Deaf Education New Zealand is located in Archibald Road, New Lynn , Auckland , New Zealand . It is a residential special school for deaf children, as well as a resource centre providing services and support for mainstream students, students in provisions, and teachers in New Zealand. The Kelston School for the Deaf was established in 1958, as the Kelston School for Deaf Children. It replaced
180-403: A dendrochronology has been created which reaches back 4,500 years, the longest tree ring record of past climate change in the southern hemisphere. One 1700 year old swamp wood kauri that dates to approximately 42,000 years ago contains fine-scale carbon-14 fluctuations in its rings that may be reflective of the most recent magnetic field flip of the earth. Much like podocarps , it feeds in
270-580: A drying process , such ancient kauri can be used for furniture, but not for construction. The small remaining pockets of kauri forest in New Zealand have survived in areas that were not subjected to burning by Māori and were too inaccessible for European loggers. The largest area of mature kauri forest is Waipoua Forest in Northland . Mature and regenerating kauri can also be found in other National and Regional Parks such as Puketi and Omahuta Forests in Northland,
360-409: A century, has considerably decreased the number of kauri trees. It has been estimated that before 1840, the kauri forests of northern New Zealand occupied at least 12,000 square kilometres. The British Royal Navy sent four vessels, HMS Coromandel (1821), HMS Dromedary (1821), HMS Buffalo (1840), and HMS Tortoise (1841) to gather kauri-wood spars. By 1900, less than 10 per cent of
450-401: A cone contains a single winged seed approximately 5 mm by 8 mm and attached to a thin wing perhaps half as large again. The cone is fully open and dispersed within only two to three days of starting. Studies show that kauri develop root grafts through which they share water and nutrients with neighbours of the same species. Heavy logging , which began around 1820 and continued for
540-459: A different pathogen, Phytophthora agathidicida and subsequently spread to kauri forest on the mainland. The disease, known as kauri dieback or kauri collar rot, is believed to be over 300 years old and causes yellowing leaves, thinning canopy, dead branches, lesions that bleed resin, and tree death. Phytophthora agathidicida was identified as a new species in April 2008. Its closest known relative
630-419: A few weeks. In terms of local topography , kauri is far from randomly dispersed. As mentioned above, kauri relies on depriving its competitors of nutrition in order to survive. However, one important consideration not discussed thus far is the slope of the land. Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity, taking with it the nutrients in the soil. This results in a gradient from nutrient poor soil at
720-457: A food source for the larvae of the New Zealand giraffe weevil, Lasiorhynchus barbicornis . The larvae of L. barbicornis burrow into the wood of a tree for up to two years. Then L. barbicornis exit the bark of the tree as a fully formed adult beetle. These adult L. barbicornis exit from trees in Spring and Summer and months. After emerging from the tree, these adult L. barbicornis only live for
810-632: A generation of trees of similar age after each disturbance. The distribution of kauri allows researchers to deduce when and where disturbances have occurred, and how large they may have been; the presence of abundant kauri may indicate that an area is prone to disturbance. Kauri seedlings can still occur in areas with low light but mortality rates increase for such seedlings, and those that survive self-thinning and grow to sapling stage tend to be found in higher light environments. During periods with less disturbance kauri tends to lose ground to broadleaf competitors which can better tolerate shaded environments. In
900-643: A local creek. The Whau River was a borderland, marking the division of lands between Te Kawerau ā Maki and the Tāmaki Māori iwi of the Auckland isthmus : Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei and in earlier times, Waiohua . The Whau River was one of the narrowest points between the Waitematā Harbour on the east coast of the island, and the Manukau Harbour on the west. Te Tōanga Waka, one of the most important portages in
990-467: A mature tree in which its own roots feed. As with most perennials, these feeding roots also house a symbiotic fungi known as mycorrhiza which increase the plant's efficiency in taking up nutrients. In this mutualistic relationship, the fungus derives its own nutrition from the roots. In its interactions with the soil, kauri is thus able to starve its competitors of much needed nutrients and compete with much younger lineages . The fungi on kauri are
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#17328759159571080-720: A new bridge across the Whau River was built along Rata Street, acting as a bypass to divert traffic away from New Lynn and Great North Road. On 17 July 1981, the Jack McCorquindale Community Centre opened in New Lynn, named after a former borough mayor. In 1989, the Amalgamated Brick and Pipe Company (then known as Ceramco ) closed down operations. In the same year, New Lynn ceased being an independent borough, merging with other local governments of West Auckland in
1170-614: A petition to the Government. The zoologist William Roy McGregor was one of the driving forces in this movement, writing an 80-page illustrated pamphlet on the subject, which proved an effective manifesto for conservation. Along with the Warawara to the North, Waipoua Forest contains three quarters of New Zealand's remaining kauri. Kauri Grove on the Coromandel Peninsula is another area with
1260-653: A potentially attractive alternative to short rotation forestry options such as Pinus radiata . Kauri is considered a first rate timber. The whiter sapwood is generally slightly lighter in weight. Kauri is not highly resistant to rot and when used in boatbuilding must be protected from the elements with paint, varnish or epoxy to avoid rot. Its popularity with boatbuilders is due to its very long, clear lengths, its relatively light weight and its beautiful sheen when oiled or varnished. Kauri wood planes and saws easily. Its wood holds screws and nails very well and does not readily split, crack, or warp. Kauri wood darkens with age to
1350-735: A remaining cluster of kauri, and includes the Siamese Kauri , two trees with a conjoined lower trunk. In 1921 a philanthropic Cornishman named James Trounson sold to the Government for £40,000, a large area adjacent to a few acres of Crown land and said to contain at least 4,000 kauri trees. From time to time Trounson gifted additional land, until what is known as Trounson Park comprised a total of 4 km . The most famous specimens are Tāne Mahuta and Te Matua Ngahere in Waipoua Forest. These two trees have become tourist attractions because of their size and accessibility. Tane Mahuta, named after
1440-543: A richer golden brown colour. Very little New Zealand kauri is now sold, and the most commonly available kauri in New Zealand is Fiji kauri , which is very similar in appearance but lighter in weight. Prehistoric kauri forests have been preserved in waterlogged soils as swamp kauri . A considerable number of kauri have been found buried in salt marshes , resulting from ancient natural changes such as volcanic eruptions, sea-level changes and floods. Such trees have been radiocarbon dated to 50,000 years ago or older. The bark and
1530-420: A single branch falling off. Kauri trees must therefore remain alive long enough for a large disturbance to occur, allowing them sufficient light to regenerate. In areas where large amounts of forest are destroyed, such as by logging, kauri seedlings are able to regenerate much more easily due not only to increased sunlight, but their relatively strong resistance to wind and frosts. Kauri occupy the emergent layer of
1620-510: A stabbing attack at the Countdown supermarket in LynnMall. New Lynn covers 6.35 km (2.45 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,910 as of June 2024, with a population density of 3,765 people per km . New Lynn had a population of 20,214 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,980 people (10.9%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 2,946 people (17.1%) since
1710-480: A tug of war effect where kauri retreats uphill during periods of calm, then takes over lower areas briefly during mass disturbances. Although such trends cannot be observed in a human lifetime, research into current patterns of distribution, behavior of species in experimental conditions, and study of pollen sediments (see palynology ) have helped shed light on the life history of kauri. Kauri seeds may generally be taken from mature cones in late March. Each scale on
1800-472: Is Phytophthora katsurae . The pathogen is believed to be spread on people's shoes or by mammals, particularly feral pigs. A collaborative response team has been formed to work on the disease. The team includes MAF Biosecurity , the Conservation Department , Auckland and Northland regional councils, Waikato Regional Council , and Bay of Plenty Regional Council. The team is charged with assessing
1890-595: Is a coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae , found north of 38°S in the northern regions of New Zealand's North Island . It is the largest (by volume) but not tallest species of tree in New Zealand, standing up to 50 m tall in the emergent layer above the forest's main canopy. The tree has smooth bark and small narrow leaves. Other common names to distinguish A. australis from other members of Agathis are southern kauri and New Zealand kauri . With its podsolization capability and regeneration pattern it can compete with faster growing angiosperms . Because it
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#17328759159571980-507: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This New Zealand school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . New Lynn, New Zealand New Lynn is a residential suburb in West Auckland , New Zealand, located 10 kilometres to the southwest of the Auckland city centre . The suburb is located along the Whau River , one of the narrowest points of
2070-411: Is equivalent to 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core, said to be half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate. The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. The growth of kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests has been reviewed and compared during the development of growth and yield models for the species. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times
2160-400: Is important for kauri's survival as it competes with other species for space. Leaf litter and other decaying parts of a kauri decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols , most notably tannins , that are harmful to microorganisms . This results in a large buildup of litter around the base of
2250-466: Is known as niche partitioning , and allows more than one species to occupy the same area. Those species which live alongside kauri include tawari , a montane broadleaf tree which is normally found in higher altitudes, where nutrient cycling is naturally slow. Kauri is found growing in its natural ecosystem north of 38°S latitude . Its southern limit stretches from the Kawhia Harbour in the west to
2340-474: Is one technique used by scientists to uncover the history of the tree's distribution, with stump kauri from peat swamps used for measurement. The coldest period in recent times occurred about 15,000 to 20,000 years ago, during which time kauri was apparently confined north of Kaitaia, near the northernmost point of the North Island, North Cape . Kauri requires a mean temperature of 17 °C or more for most of
2430-414: Is such a conspicuous species, forest containing kauri is generally known as kauri forest , although kauri need not be the most abundant tree. In the warmer northern climate, kauri forests have a higher species richness than those found further south. Kauri even act as a foundation species that modify the soil under their canopy to create unique plant communities. Scottish botanist David Don described
2520-418: Is very shallow, it also has several downwardly directed peg roots which anchor it firmly in the soil. Such a solid foundation is necessary to prevent a tree the size of a kauri from blowing over in storms and cyclones. The litter left by kauri is much more acidic than most trees, and as it decays similarly acidic compounds are liberated. In a process known as leaching , these acidic molecules pass through
2610-495: The 2006 census . There were 6,744 households, comprising 10,074 males and 10,143 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 3,795 people (18.8%) aged under 15 years, 4,593 (22.7%) aged 15 to 29, 9,591 (47.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,232 (11.0%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 40.0% European/ Pākehā , 10.5% Māori , 16.1% Pacific peoples , 42.7% Asian , and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
2700-713: The Auckland CBD since the Northwestern Motorway and an expressway through Waterview were completed in the late 1970s. The New Lynn to Avondale shared path , a cycle path that connects to the Auckland cycle path network, was opened in 2022. Arahoe School, Fruitvale Road School and New Lynn School are coeducational contributing primary (years 1-6) schools with rolls of 448, 355 and 480 respectively. New Lynn School opened in 1888, Arahoe School opened in 1958. Fruitvale Road School opened in 1962, however has its origins in
2790-538: The Māori forest god , is the biggest existing kauri with a girth of 13.77 metres (45.2 feet), a trunk height of 17.68 metres (58.0 feet), a total height of 51.2 metres (168 feet) and a total volume including the crown of 516.7 cubic metres (18,250 cubic feet). Te Matua Ngahere, which means 'Father of the Forest', is smaller but stouter than Tane Mahuta, with a girth (circumference) of 16.41 m (53.8 ft). Important note: all
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2880-589: The New Lynn railway station opened, connecting New Lynn to Auckland by rail and stimulating growth in the area. Two years later, Alfred Ramsden constructed the New Lynn Hotel on Great North Road, which closed in 1908 due to their liquor license lapsing during the temperance movement in New Zealand. The building was demolished in July 2008, due to deterioration. The first school in the area, New Lynn School, opened in 1888 at
2970-511: The North Island , and was the location of Te Tōanga Waka , a traditional waka portage between the Waitematā and Manukau harbours. The settlement developed in the early 20th century due to the brick and pottery industry, and in 1963 became a major commercial centre for Auckland with the opening of LynnMall , the first American-style shopping centre in New Zealand. Since 2010, New Lynn has been
3060-507: The Rahiri . In 1963, LynnMall , the first modern American-style shopping centre in New Zealand was opened in New Lynn. It immediately became a retail hub for Auckland, and influenced the nearby Henderson borough to create a similar mall, the Henderson Square (now known as WestCity Waitakere ). In September 1974, New Zealand's first Pizza Hut restaurant opened in New Lynn. In 1978,
3150-475: The Waitākere Ranges near Auckland, and Coromandel Forest Park on the Coromandel Peninsula . The importance of Waipoua Forest in relation to the kauri was that it remained the only kauri forest retaining its former virgin condition, and that it was extensive enough to give reasonable promise of permanent survival. On 2 July 1952 an area of over 80 km of Waipoua was proclaimed a forest sanctuary after
3240-473: The kererū (native pigeon). However, kauri trees can produce seeds while relatively young, taking only 50 years or so before giving rise to their own offspring. This trait makes them somewhat like a pioneer species , despite the fact that their long lifespan is characteristic of K-selected species. In good conditions, where access to water and sunlight are above average, diameters in excess of 15 centimetres and seed production can occur inside 15 years. Just as
3330-408: The organic litter near the surface of the soil through fine root hairs . This layer of the soil is composed of organic matter derived from falling leaves and branches as well as dead trees, and is constantly undergoing decomposition . On the other hand, broadleaf trees such as māhoe derive a good fraction of their nutrition in the deeper mineral layer of the soil. Although its feeding root system
3420-767: The Fruitvale School, which opened in the late 19th century at the current site of the Fruitvale Community Hall. Oaklynn Special School is a coeducational school with a roll of 229. It is a special school for students with intellectual impairments. The school runs ten satellite classes at nearby primary, intermediate and secondary schools. New Lynn has no secondary schools but is serviced by large school campuses in surrounding suburbs, including Kelston Boys' High School , Kelston Girls' College , Avondale College (co-ed), and Green Bay High School (co-ed). Agathis australis Agathis australis , or kauri ,
3510-726: The Merchant Quarter, immediately adjacent to the train station, was completed in 2013, and the Merchant Quarter Apartments, one of the tallest buildings in West Auckland, was opened in 2015. As of 2020, New Lynn is the major commercial centre of the Whau local board area , and one of the major commercial hubs of West Auckland. Te Toi Uku: Crown Lynn Clayworks Museum opened in May 2015. On 3 September 2021, seven people were injured in
3600-525: The Southern Hemisphere, known for their Crown Lynn pottery range. The ceramics industry led to widescale immigration of Pasifika New Zealanders to the area during the 1960s and 1970s, many of whom were employed at the Crown Lynn Potteries factories. The port of New Lynn closed for commercial operations in 1948, when a final shipment of bricks and mānuka were transported from the port on
3690-477: The Waipoua forest and was until that time, essentially unlogged (Adams, 1980). The plan also involved considerable cost, requiring a long road to be driven up a steep high plateau into the heart of the protected area. Because the stands of kauri were dense, the ecological destruction in the affected plateau area (approximately a fifth of the forest by area, and a quarter by volume of timber) was essentially complete (as of
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3780-453: The Western line between Portage Road and Titirangi Road was trenched to allow trains to pass beneath the New Lynn town centre. A twin-platform station was built below road level near the site of the existing station. As part of the redevelopment projects for the area, part of Totara Avenue, in the New Lynn town centre, was transformed into a shared space . New Lynn has had ready road access to
3870-478: The absence of branches for much of its height. Kauri crown and stump wood was much appreciated for its beauty, and was sought after for ornamental wood panelling as well as high-end furniture. Although not as highly prized, the light colour of kauri trunk wood made it also well-suited for more utilitarian furniture construction, as well as for use in the fabrication of cisterns, barrels, bridge construction material, fences, moulds for metal forges, large rollers for
3960-407: The area of kauri forest standing before 1000AD was destroyed by about 1900, it is not surprising that recent records are of smaller, but still very large trees. Two large kauri fell during tropical storms in the 1970s. One of these was Toronui , in Waipoua Forest. Its diameter was larger than that of Tāne Mahuta and its clean bole larger than that of Te Matua Ngahere , and by forestry measurements
4050-457: The area, allowed for waka to be transported between the two harbours, along the Whau River, the Avondale Stream (Wai Tahurangi), and a short overland path, marked in modern times by a road named Portage Road. Kotuitanga ( Ken Maunder Park ) marks the point where waka were no longer able to be paddled, and was traditionally a site used for waka construction. The banks of the Whau River were
4140-447: The area. In the 1870s, the largest yards produced between 10,000 and 15,000 bricks per week. Many of the ceramics companies failed due to the 1880s depression , competition, and changing preferences to use wood rather than bricks for construction. The first brick kiln opened in New Lynn in 1861, and of the 39 brick and clayworks of West Auckland, 23 were located on the Whau River, with most concentrated around New Lynn. In March 1880,
4230-441: The balance was used locally to build houses and ships. Much of the timber was sold for a return sufficient only to cover wages and expenses. From 1871 to 1895 the receipts indicate a rate of about 8 shillings (around NZ$ 20 in 2003) per 100 superficial feet (34 shillings/m ). The Government continued to sell large areas of kauri forests to sawmillers who, under no restrictions, took the most effective and economical steps to secure
4320-450: The base of the trunk. On large trees it may pile up to a height of 2 m or more. The kauri has a habit of forming small clumps or patches scattered through mixed forests. Kauri leaves are 3 to 7 cm long and 1 cm broad, tough and leathery in texture, with no midrib; they are arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of three on the stem. The seed cones are globose, 5 to 7 cm diameter, and mature 18 to 20 months after pollination;
4410-637: The borough council. In 1989, the borough was merged into the Waitakere City . Waitakere City Council was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010. Within the Auckland Council, New Lynn is a part of the Whau local government area governed by the Whau Local Board . It is a part of the Whau ward , which elects one councillor to the Auckland Council. Between 1929 and 1989, eight people held
4500-464: The central North Island. The outcry over the Warawara was an important stepping stone towards the legal protection of the small percentage of remaining virgin kauri-podocarp forest in New Zealand's Government-owned forests. Although today its use is far more restricted, in the past the size and strength of kauri timber made it a popular wood for construction and ship building , particularly for masts of sailing ships because of its parallel grain and
4590-464: The complete absence of disturbance, kauri tends to become rare as it is excluded by its competitors. Kauri biomass tends to decrease during such times, as more biomass becomes concentrated in angiosperm species like tōwai . Kauri trees also tend to become more randomly distributed in age, with each tree dying at a different point in time, and regeneration gaps becoming rare and sporadic. Over thousands of years these varying regeneration strategies produce
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#17328759159574680-409: The early 1840s as 22 metres in circumference and 24 metres to the first branches. It was recorded as being killed by lightning in that period. Another huge tree, Kairaru , had a girth of 20.1 metres and a columnar trunk free of branches for 30.5 metres as measured by a Crown Lands ranger, Henry Wilson, in 1860. It was on a spur of Mt Tutamoe about 30 km south of Waipoua Forest near Kaihau. It
4770-539: The early 1990s most of the affected area contained a thick covering of native grasses with little or no kauri regeneration). Logging was stopped in fulfillment of an election pledge by the Labour Government of 1972. When the National Party was reelected in 1975, the ban on kauri logging in the Warawara remained in place, but was soon replaced by policies encouraging the logging of giant tōtara and other podocarps in
4860-436: The eastern Kaimai Range . However, its distribution has changed greatly over geological time because of climate change . This is shown in the recent Holocene epoch by its migration southwards after the peak of the last ice age . During this time when frozen ice sheets covered much of the world's continents, kauri was able to survive only in isolated pockets, its main refuge being in the very far north. Radiocarbon dating
4950-551: The expense of cutting and removing it to the mills was typically great due to the difficult terrain where they were located. Probably the most controversial kauri logging decision in the last century was that of the National Government to initiate clear fell logging of the Warawara state forest (North of the Hokianga) in the late 1960s. This created a national outcry as this forest contains the second largest volume of kauri after
5040-466: The focus of large-scale urban development, with the introduction of medium and high density housing close to the town centre and train station. The New Lynn area and the Whau River are a part of the traditional rohe of Te Kawerau ā Maki , an iwi that traces their ancestry to some of the earliest inhabitants of the Auckland Region . The traditional name for the area is Te Rewarewa, referring to
5130-402: The forest, where they are exposed to the effects of the weather; however, the smaller trees that dominate the main canopy are sheltered both by the emergent trees above and by each other. Left in open areas without protection, these smaller trees are far less capable of regenerating. When there is a disturbance severe enough to favour their regeneration, kauri trees regenerate en masse, producing
5220-402: The form of a narrow cone with branches going out along the length of the trunk . However, as it gains in height, the lowest branches are shed, preventing vines from climbing. By maturity, the top branches form an imposing crown that stands out over all other native trees, dominating the forest canopy . The flaking bark of the kauri tree defends it from parasitic plants, and accumulates around
5310-488: The future, and had very different needs to the majority of the rural communities in the county. The population grew five times between 1900 and 1910, and in August of the following year, New Lynn became a town district. By 1 April 1919 it had grown enough to become a borough, allowing the council to take out larger loans to invest in the infrastructure of the area. Many of the street names in New Lynn are named for commissioners of
5400-439: The local body reforms of 1989 to become a part of the Waitakere City . In 2010, the New Lynn railway station was redeveloped as a transport hub, with a new station constructed and the existing tracks moved into an underground trench. This was the start of an urban revitalisation project for New Lynn, where the New Lynn town centre was redeveloped as a commercial centre and mid to high desity residential hub. The first stage of
5490-553: The locations of many seasonal fishing settlements. When European colonisation of the Auckland Region began, New Lynn was known as a barren scrubland. In 1845, the first wooden bridge was built across the Whau River. New Lynn was named by Frederick Utting, who surveyed the western Whau area in 1863. He named the area after King's Lynn in Norfolk , England, as the area reminded him of the countryside of his homeland. Land at New Lynn
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#17328759159575580-468: The measurements above were taken in 1971. Kauri is common as a specimen tree in parks and gardens throughout New Zealand, prized for the distinctive look of young trees, its low maintenance once established (although seedlings are frost tender). Kauri dieback was observed in the Waitākere Ranges caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the 1950s, again on Great Barrier Island in 1972 linked to
5670-674: The modern site of Kelston Girls' College . The school was relocated to current site in 1914. A new area of New Lynn was subdivided in 1902, to the south of the railway station. Known as the Hetana Hamlet, this was named after Prime Minister Richard Seddon , who was known to Māori by the name Hetana. In the early 1900s, a group of citizens led by Archibald Grandison lobbied the Waitemata County for New Lynn to become an independent town district. Grandison and his supporters felt that New Lynn would grow as an outer city suburb of Auckland in
5760-470: The mud of the river. New Lynn grew significantly due to the brick and ceramics industries. The first brickyard was established by Dr Daniel Pollen on the Whau River at Rosebank in 1852. He brought in brickmakers from Staffordshire in England, four of whom later established their own yards along the river. By 1870 there were 13 brick and clay yards on the local waterways, exploiting the high-quality clay in
5850-528: The niche of kauri is differentiated through its interactions with the soil, it also has a separate regeneration 'strategy' compared to its broadleaf neighbours. The relationship is very similar to the podocarp-broadleaf forests further south. Kauri demand much more light and require larger gaps to regenerate than such broadleaf trees as pūriri and kohekohe that show far more shade tolerance . Unlike kauri, these broadleaf species can regenerate in areas where lower levels of light reach ground level, for example from
5940-417: The original kauri survived. By the 1950s this area had decreased to about 1,400 square kilometres in 47 forests depleted of their best kauri. It is estimated that today, there is 4 per cent of uncut forest left in small pockets. Estimates are that around half of the timber was accidentally or deliberately burnt. More than half of the remainder had been exported to Australia, Britain, and other countries, while
6030-476: The position of Mayor of New Lynn Borough. The longest standing mayor of the borough was Stanley William Rickards, who held the position for 14 years. New Lynn Railway Station , located next to the bus transport centre and the LynnMall shopping centre, was upgraded in 2008–2010 to cater for the increased frequency of trains expected on the Auckland regional network after its electrification . The section of track on
6120-403: The railway between Portage Road and St Georges Road, tank traps were built in the area, and air raid shelters were built at the corner of Margan and Seabrooke Avenues. Due to restrictions on the importation of British goods during the war, the Amalgamated Brick and Pottery began mass-producing crockery for the New Zealand market, growing to become one of the largest brick and ceramics companies in
6210-543: The schools for the deaf at Mount Wellington and Lopdell House in Titirangi . It changed its name to Kelston Deaf Education Centre in 1991 to better reflect the wide range of services it provided. At the start of the third term of 2020 the school merged with the Van Asch Deaf Education Centre to form Ko Taku Reo, a national school for Deaf Education. This article relating to deafness and deaf people
6300-459: The second highest of any forest type recorded anywhere in the world. The estimated total carbon capture is up to nearly 1000 tonnes per hectare. In this capacity, kauri are bettered only by mature Eucalyptus regnans forest, and are far higher than any tropical or boreal forest type yet recorded. It is also conjectured that the process of carbon capture does not reach equilibrium, which along with no need of direct maintenance, makes kauri forests
6390-628: The seed cones disintegrate at maturity to release winged seeds , which are then dispersed by the wind. A single tree produces both male and female seed cones. Fertilisation of the seeds occurs by pollination , which may be driven by the same or another tree's pollen. Agathis australis can attain heights of 40 to 50 metres and trunk diameters big enough to rival Californian sequoias at over 5 metres. The largest kauri trees did not attain as much height or girth at ground level but contain more timber in their cylindrical trunks than comparable Sequoias with their tapering stems. The largest recorded specimen
6480-405: The seed cones of the trees often survive together with the trunk, although when excavated and exposed to the air, these parts undergo rapid deterioration. The quality of the disinterred wood varies. Some is in good shape, comparable to that of newly felled kauri, although often lighter in colour. The colour can be improved by the use of natural wood stains to heighten the details of the grain. After
6570-442: The soil layers with the help of rainfall, and release other nutrients trapped in clay such as nitrogen and phosphorus . This leaves these important nutrients unavailable to other trees, as they are washed down into deeper layers. This process is known as podsolization , and changes the soil colour to a dull grey. For a single tree, this leaves an area of leached soil beneath known as a cup podsol ( de ). This leaching process
6660-453: The species as Dammara australis . Agathis is derived from Greek and means 'ball of twine', a reference to the shape of the male cones, which are also known by the botanical term strobili . Australis translates in English to 'southern'. The Māori name is descended from Proto-Polynesian *kauquli , Samoan ebony or Diospyros samoensis . The young plant grows straight upwards and has
6750-620: The tannery and neighbouring abattoir was discharged directly into the Whau River, becoming a major source of pollution for the waterway. In 1925, Rice Owen Clark moved his large clay pipeworks factory from Hobsonville to New Lynn. Due to the pressures of the Great Depression , the various brick and ceramics businesses of West Auckland merged to form the Amalgamated Brick and Pipe Compan in 1929, who focused operations at New Lynn. The company were able to produce up to 30,000 red facing bricks per fortnight at their Ambrico kiln. The brickworks
6840-476: The textile industry, railway sleepers and cross bracing for mines and tunnels. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Kauri gum (semi-fossilised kauri resin ) was a valuable commodity, particularly for varnish , spurring the development of a gum-digger industry. Today, the kauri is being considered as a long-term carbon sink . This is because estimates of the total carbon content in living above ground biomass and dead biomass of mature kauri forest are
6930-411: The timber, resulting in much waste and destruction. At a sale in 1908 more than 5,000 standing kauri trees, totalling about 20,000,000 superficial feet (47,000 m ), were sold for less than £2 per tree (£2 in 1908 equates to around NZ$ 100 in 2003). It is said that in 1890 the royalty on standing timber fell in some cases to as low as twopence (NZ$ 0.45 in 2003) per 100 superficial feet (8 pence/m ), though
7020-479: The top of slopes to nutrient rich soils below. As nutrients leached are replaced by aqueous nitrates and phosphates from above, the kauri tree is less able to inhibit the growth of strong competitors such as angiosperms. In contrast, the leaching process is only enhanced on higher elevation. In Waipoua Forest this is reflected in higher abundances of kauri on ridge crests, and greater concentrations of its main competitors, such as tarairi , at low elevations. This pattern
7110-426: The town and borough, as well as indigenous tree species. During the early 20th century, a significant Scottish immigrant population moved to New Lynn. The Astley Tannery, which first opened in 1888, became one of the largest employers in New Lynn during World War I when demand for leather goods significantly increased. The business was greatly successful in the 1930s, closing in the 1990s. Industrial waste from
7200-495: The volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age. Individuals in the same 10 cm diameter class may vary in age by 300 years, and the largest individual on any particular site is often not the oldest. Trees can normally live longer than 600 years. Many individuals probably exceed 1000 years, but there is no conclusive evidence that trees can exceed 2000 years in age. By combining tree ring samples from living kauri, wooden buildings, and preserved swamp wood,
7290-643: The year. The tree's retreat can be used as a proxy for temperature changes during this period. While not present in modern days, the Aupōuri Peninsula in the far north was a refuge for kauri, as large quantities of kauri gum were present in the soils. It remains unclear whether kauri recolonised the North Island from a single refuge in the far north or from scattered pockets of isolated stands that managed to survive despite climatic conditions. It spread south through Whangārei , past Dargaville and as far south as Waikato , attaining its peak distribution during
7380-594: The years 3000 BP to 2000 BP. There is some suggestion that it has receded somewhat since then, which may indicate temperatures have declined slightly. During the peak of its movement southwards, it was travelling as fast as 200 metres per year. Its southward spread seems relatively rapid for a tree that can take a millennium to reach complete maturity. This can be explained by its life history pattern. Kauri relies on wind for pollination and seed dispersal , while many other native trees have their seeds carried large distances by frugivores (animals which eat fruit) such as
7470-568: Was 49.1, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 38.2% had no religion, 34.5% were Christian , 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs , 11.3% were Hindu , 4.7% were Muslim , 2.6% were Buddhist and 3.0% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 4,800 (29.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 2,166 (13.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,148 people (13.1%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
7560-554: Was a point of contention between the New Lynn borough council and the Waitemata County and Auckland City , who wanted a bridge of a significantly smaller size to what the borough council proposed. By 1935, the population of New Lynn had grown to 3,500. During World War II , New Lynn was considered a vulnerable area by the government, due to the brickworks and its proximity to the border of Auckland City. Because of this, concrete machine gun posts and barbed wire were installed along
7650-561: Was destroyed in the 1880s or 1890s when a series of huge fires swept the area. Other trees far larger than living kauri have been noted in other areas. Rumors of stumps up to 6 metres are sometimes suggested in areas such as the Billygoat Track above the Kauaeranga Valley near Thames. However, there is no good evidence for these (e.g., a documented measurement or a photograph with a person for scale). Given that over 90 per cent of
7740-435: Was first auctioned in 1865, but growth in the area was slow until the 1910s. The first European settlers arrived in the area in the 1850s, primarily farmers and people involved with the kauri logging and gum digging industries. In 1865, New Lynn became a trade centre when the port of New Lynn opened on the Whau River. Boats could only operate in the port during narrow stretches of time at high tide, and otherwise rested in
7830-626: Was known as The Great Ghost and grew in the mountains at the head of the Tararu Creek , which drains into the Hauraki Gulf just north of the mouth of the Waihou River (Thames). Thames Historian Alastair Isdale says the tree was 8.54 metres in diameter, and 26.83 metres in girth. It was consumed by fire c.1890. A kauri tree at Mill Creek, Mercury Bay , known as Father of the Forests was measured in
7920-514: Was known for its 46 metre-high chimney in central New Lynn. In 1926, the Delta Theatre opened in New Lynn, becoming a focal point of the community, holding a range of events including film showings, live entertainment and dances. The theatre was demolished 1986. A new bridge crossing the Whau River was completed in December 1931, replacing the older wooden structures on Great North Road. The bridge
8010-481: Was that 8,586 (52.3%) people were employed full-time, 2,082 (12.7%) were part-time, and 786 (4.8%) were unemployed. From 1876 until 1929, New Lynn was administered by the Waitemata County , a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland. In 1929, the area split from the county, forming the New Lynn Borough Council. Between 1929 and 1989, 78 councillors (also known as commissioners) served on
8100-585: Was the largest standing. Another tree, Kopi, in Omahuta Forest near the standing Hokianga kauri, was the third largest with a height of 56.39 metres (185') and a diameter of 4.19 metres (13.75'). It fell in 1973. Like many ancient kauri both trees were partly hollow. In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. A 1987 study measured mean annual diameter increments ranging from 1.5 to 4.6 mm per year with an overall average of 2.3 mm per year. This
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