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47-503: Keewaytinook Okimakanak Council ( Oji-Cree : ᑮᐌᑎᓅᐠ ᐅᑭᒫᐦᑳᓇᐠ ( Giiwedinoog Ogimaakaanag ), unpointed ᑭᐌᑎᓄᐠ ᐅᑭᒪᑲᓇᐠ , which means "Northern Chiefs") is a non-political Chiefs Council in northwestern Ontario , Canada, serving its six member- First Nations . The council was organized in November ;1991 (33 years ago)  ( 1991-11 ) . The organization is directed by the Chiefs of

94-408: A fricative , nasal , or y . The coda , when it occurs, is either [s] or [h] but many Plains Cree words end in a vowel . The following table describes the phonotactics of Plains Cree by the distribution of consonants and semivowels with relation to the obligatory vowel. Parentheses indicate optional components. Plains Cree is classified as a polysynthetic fusional language as a result of

141-466: A component of a syllable onset , as in ᐍ wē , ᐯ pē , ᐻ pwē , ᑌ tē , etc. The exception is ᐦ h , which always has the same representation, as in ᐁᐦ ēh or ᐦᐁ hē . The status of the glottal stop , /ʔ/ , as a phoneme in Plains Cree is uncertain. It was recorded in the word ēhaʔ ' yes ' (transcribed ähaʔ ) by Leonard Bloomfield , who stated that

188-526: A different pattern with respect to voicing. Plains Cree ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ , and also ᐢ s /s/ normally correspond to the Michif sounds p /p/ , t /t/ , k /k/ , ch /t͡ʃ/ , and sh /ʃ/ , which in Michif do not have voiced allophones. Michif has voiced sounds b /b/ , d /d/ , g /ɡ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , and zh /ʒ/ which are distinct phonemes, and in some cases

235-417: A dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel ; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels , the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: nāpēw mīna iskwēw "a man and a woman" is reduced to nāpēw mīn īskwēw . Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by

282-446: A following stop or affricate; these are not separate phonemes. Pre-aspiration can uniquely distinguish words. For example, compare the simple ᐠ k and cluster ᕽ hk in ᐑᒋᐦᐃᐠ wīcihik ' help me! ' and ᐑᒋᐦᐃᕽ wīcihihk ' help him! ' . Plains Cree is often described as having seven contrastive vowels, three short and four long. However, northern Plains Cree has only three long vowels. These vowels in

329-580: A layer of vocabulary items in Severn appears to be of Plains Cree origin, despite the fact that Severn speakers are at a significant distance from Plains Cree speakers. Valentine has suggested that "The logical means by which Plains Cree could exert an influence on Severn Ojibwe is through the Cree Bible, and other liturgical materials, which are used widely and extensively in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches in

376-760: A northern tier consisting of Severn and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of "Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features." It has been noted that, along with Algonquin and Odawa , Severn Ojibwa "…show[s] many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe." However, while each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make each of them distinctive in some respects, their status as part of

423-659: A series of adjacent settlements: Garden Hill , Red Sucker Lake , St. Theresa Point , and Wasagamack First Nation , referred to collectively as Island Lake. As with Severn Ojibwa communities in northwestern Ontario, "According to Canadian Government sources (Canada, 1970), the Island Lake people speak "Cree" and they are in no way distinguished from the Cree of Oxford House, Gods Lake, or Norway House." Island Lake speech has been described by residents and outsiders alike as containing features of Ojibwe and Cree. A dialect study conducted in

470-667: A short counterpart. Oji-Cree words are shown in both Oji-Cree syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with the Hybrid Double Vowel Roman in parentheses). Along with the Oji-Cree words, for comparison, Swampy Cree in Western Syllabics and Salteaux-Cree Roman, and Northwestern Ojibwa in Eastern Ojibwe Syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with Fiero Double Vowel Roman in parentheses) are also shown. Translations of

517-457: A text sample which includes this word without a glottal stop, and in his synopsis of Plains Cree sounds no mention of this sound is made. The same word also occurs in Michif , a language derived in part from Plains Cree. There it appears with a final consonant (and nasalized vowels), as aenhenk ' yes ' . There is a degree of variation in the sounds ᐨ c /t͡s/ and ᐢ s /s/ . On

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564-405: A word are replaced by /c/ before the diminutive suffixes /es/ , /esis/ , etc. Thus, nitēm "my horse" would become nicēmisis "my little horse" and atimw- /aθemw/ "dog" would realize as acimosis "little dog". Palatalization to indicate diminution extends even to internal changes within the stem . This is why the statement yōtin "it is windy" can change to yōcin to say that "it

611-854: Is [iː] ; ᐁ ē /eː/ is close-mid [eː] ; ᐆ ō /oː/ is typically close-mid [oː] but its range includes close [uː] ; and ᐋ ā /aː/ ranges from front open [aː] to back open [ɑː] . The description of ᐁ ē /eː/ must be further qualified to account for geographic variation. Although this sound is [eː] in southern Plains Cree, it becomes closer farther north, becoming [iː] and merging with /iː/ in northern Plains Cree, as it has done also in neighbouring Woods Cree. Contrast in vowel length can be seen in such pairs as: ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan nail vs     ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sākahikan lake ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ {vs} ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan {} sākahikan nail {} lake ᓂᐱᐩ nipiy water vs     ᓃᐱᐩ nīpiy leaf ᓂᐱᐩ {vs} ᓃᐱᐩ nipiy {} nīpiy water {} leaf The vowel /i/

658-522: Is a group that recently broke off from the main Sandy Lake community; their dialect is the same as Sandy Lake. A number of communities around the periphery of the core Severn Ojibwa area share some Severn features, but also share features of other dialects and have been described as transitional communities. These include Round Lake , Lansdowne House , Ogoki Post , Fort Hope , and Summer Beaver . The Island Lake community in northern Manitoba consists of

705-403: Is a little windy". Word-final short vowels tend to be subject to apocope except for when the stem is syllabic . That is, the word /sīsīp-a/ would become sīsīp "duck" but /nisk-a/ remains niska "goose" because the stem is composed of only a single syllable . Similarly, post-consonantal word-final /w/ is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" /atimwa/ , the /w/

752-469: Is also used and accepted by Severn speakers. The term Anishininiimowin is the general word used in Severn Ojibwa to refer to the language itself (noun Anishinini 'ordinary person,' suffix -mo 'speak a language,' suffix -win 'nominalizer'). A similar term Anishinaabemowin with the same structure would be expected but has not been documented in published sources. Anishininiimowin

799-435: Is day-break". Also, the combination of a long vowel and a short vowel deletes the short vowel . Therefore, nīpā "in the dark" and ohtē "walk" form nīpāhtēw "he walks in the dark". This deletion is true whether the short vowel occurs before or after the long vowel . When two short vowels occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the stem ositiyi "his foot/feet" combines with

846-747: Is distinct from the Montagnais language. Plains Cree is one of five main dialects of Cree in this second sense, along with Woods Cree, Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Although no single dialect of Cree is favored over another, Plains Cree is the one that is the most widely used. Out of the 116,500 speakers of the Cree language, the Plains Cree dialect is spoken by about 34,000 people primarily in Saskatchewan and Alberta but also in Manitoba and Montana . The number of people who can speak an Aboriginal language, such as Plains Cree, has increased. For example, in

893-444: Is inserted when morphemes with non-syllabic endings are followed by morpheme-initial consonants, such as when the transitive animate conjunct ending - at is followed by the third person plural marker - k . The result is not atk but rather acik . Note the palatalization of the /t-i/ sequence. This insertion does not occur before semivowels such as /w/ or in certain specific combinations. Because Plains Cree does not accept

940-427: Is only lost after the short vowel /a/ is dropped when the plural suffix - k is added. Thus, the word is realized atim while its plural form is atimwak . In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase nāpēw mīna atim is reduced to nāpēw mīn ātim "a man and

987-565: Is pronounced /'pasa'kwa:pi'simowin/. This rule holds even in cases where the penultimate syllable is long. The syllable itself consists of an optional onset , a peak obligatory vowel and an optional coda . The onset can be non-syllabic or a consonant , sometimes followed by a w . Although any vowel can occur in any position in the word, the long vowels /iː/, /eː/, and /oː/ are found only rarely in initial and final positions. Plains Cree does not permit vowel clusters ; clusters of identical non-syllabics; or fricatives followed by

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1034-407: Is the last syllable that receives primary stress , as in the word /is'kwe:w/ iskwēw "woman" or /mih'ti/ mihti "piece of firewood". Words of three syllables or more exhibit primary stress on the third syllable from the end. In this case, secondary stress falls on alternate syllables from the antepenult . One may observe, for instance, that the word pasakwāpisimowin "Shut-Eye Dance"

1081-526: Is word boundary, not phrase boundary. So voiceless variants occur at the beginning of a word, at the end of a word, and after ᐦ h /h/ or ᐢ s /s/ . The voiced variants occur in all other situations. However, other distributions of voiceless versus voiced sounds are possible. Bloomfield reported the same voicing pattern as a possibility for the phoneme ᐠ k /k/ , but did not mentioned it for ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , or ᐨ c /t͡s/ . The Plains Cree component of Michif shows

1128-425: The ending /in/ and kinātitin "I fetch you" where it is not palatalized before the ending /etin/ . This pattern includes several important exceptions, including that of the stem wāt- "hole". Before the inanimate proximate singular suffix /i/ , one would expect the /t/ to become either /s/ or /t͡s/ but it does not. Palatalization is also found in diminutives , where all instances of /t/ in

1175-454: The insertion of the /h/ sound: mīna iskwēw and mīna(h) iskwēw respectively. Within words, short vowels may also disappear when they are unstressed , especially between [s] and [t] or [n] and [s] . In normal speech, for example, the greeting tānisi "hello" is reduced to tānsi . The stress pattern of Plains Cree is dependent on the number of syllables rather than on vowel length . For instance, in disyllabic words, it

1222-418: The locative suffix /ehk/ to produce ositiyihk "on his foot/feet". Normal patterns of vowel combination and deletion , however, are set aside during prefixation , a process in which a [t] is inserted between vowels when the personal prefixes ki- , ni- , o- , and mi- precede a stem-initial vowel. As a result, when the personal prefix for "I" ni- is affixed to the stem for "sit" apin ,

1269-632: The semi-vowels /w/ and /j/ , which are glides that act like and often follow consonants. The consonants of Plains Cree in the two standard writing systems , Cree syllabics and the Cree Latin alphabet, are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable codas , as in ᐁᐤ ēw , ᐁᑊ ēp , [ᐁᐟ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ēt , etc. The consonants are represented differently when they comprise or are

1316-415: The 2016 census, 263,840 people could speak an Aboriginal language well enough to conduct a conversation. From 1996 to 2016, the total number of people who were able to speak an Aboriginal language went up by 8%. The number of Plains Cree speakers similarly has increased along with population increases over the past 20 years. The consonant inventory of Plains Cree contains 10 or 11 sounds. This includes

1363-659: The Big Trout Lake area and the other the Deer Lake area. The Big Trout Lake area is divided into two subgroups, Western, composed of communities situated in the Severn River system, and Eastern, made up mostly of communities in the drainage area of the Winisk River." (A) Big Trout Area (i) Western Big Trout (Severn River System) (ii) Eastern Big Trout (Winisk River System) (B) Deer Lake Area The Keewaywin community

1410-618: The Deer Lake-Favourable Lake area and approximately 25% in the Sandy Lake-Big Trout Lake areas of northwestern Ontario. A complex migration history includes the return of a number of these migrants to their original communities with a subsequent migration of some back to Island Lake. Stop and affricate sounds /p t k tʃ/ and fricatives /s ʃ/ can have fortis and lenis variants. Preaspiration can often occur among fortis sounds. The mid-front vowel /eː/ , does not have

1457-587: The Ojibwa language complex is not in dispute. Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects. Cree has historically had a significant cultural influence on Severn Ojibwa and its speakers. Cree Anglican catechists evangelized Severn Ojibwa speakers in the late nineteenth century. For example, Cree missionary William Dick established an Anglican mission in Severn Ojibwa territory at Big Trout Lake, where he served from

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1504-458: The Plains Cree sounds correspond to these. These cases all involve syncope of vowel i /i/ that results in a cluster of nasal consonant plus stop, affricate or sibilant . At the beginning of a word, the nasal consonant is subsequently lost. Unlike the stops and the affricate, sh /ʃ/ becomes voiced only at the beginning of a word. Plains Cree has pre-aspirated stops and a pre-aspirated affricate which are actually clusters of /h/ plus

1551-514: The Severn region." The liturgical language of many of these communities is Plains Cree, a separate mutually unintelligible language. A number of core Severn speaking communities have been identified. Dialect research in the 1970s suggested a relatively shallow set of differences that distinguish a core Big Trout Lake subgroup (itself further divided into two minor subgroups), and a Deer Lake area subgroup. "Nichols 1976 determined that there exist two minor subdialects of Severn Ojibwe, one designated

1598-522: The Sweetgrass Reserve in Saskatchewan in 1925, ᐨ c /t͡s/ was either alveolar [t͡s] or palatoalveolar [t͡ʃ] , but ᐢ s /s/ was normally alveolar [s] , and only abnormally palatoalveolar [ʃ] . In contrast to this, Michif words of Plains Cree origin at Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, invariably have palatoalveolar pronunciation for both of these sounds. Voicing of the stops and

1645-566: The affricate is not contrastive in Plain Cree, which is to say that the phonemes ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ have voiceless allophones [p] , [t] , [k] , [t͡s, t͡ʃ] and voiced allophones [b] , [d] , [ɡ] , [d͡z, d͡ʒ] . According to Wolfart and Carroll, the distribution of voiceless and voiced allophones is complementary: voiceless allophones occur in unvoiced phonological contexts; voiced allophones occur in voiced contexts. The context limit

1692-587: The early 1970s concluded that "the speech of Island Lake is Ojibwa with an admixture of Cree." Available information indicates as well that Island Lake Ojibwe shares Severn features: "The dialect affiliation of Island Lake Ojibwa is with Severn Ojibwe. Consistent informant responses indicate almost complete intelligibility with Severn Ojibwa on the one hand, and reduced intelligibility with Berens River, Bloodvein, Little Grand Rapids, and Pikangikaum…". A review of Island Lake family history indicates that approximately 50% of families listed in 1909 documents originated in

1739-497: The late nineteenth century until the early twentieth century (approximate dates 1887–1917). Although their language is clearly a dialect of Ojibwe, in the late 1970s, it was noted that "The northern bands of Northern Ojibwa prefer to be called Cree, a usage that has confused students and government officials: the Trout Lake, Deer Lake, and Caribou Lake bands of Northern Ojibwa are not distinguished from their Cree-speaking neighbours to

1786-730: The member First Nations who form the Board of Directors. Like many of the regional tribal councils in northwestern Ontario, Keewaytinook Okimakanak is a member of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation . 55°59′24″N 87°37′55″W  /  55.990°N 87.632°W  / 55.990; -87.632 Oji-Cree language The language is often referred to in English as Oji-Cree , with the term Severn Ojibwa (or Ojibwe ) primarily used by linguists and anthropologists. Severn Ojibwa speakers have also been identified as Northern Ojibwa , and

1833-672: The north in Canadian government publications …". Referring specifically to grammatical features in Severn Ojibwe, research indicates that "… the amount of Cree influence on Ojibwe grammar actually appears rather small. The common designation of northern Ojibwe linguistic varieties [i.e. as 'Oji-Cree'] is profoundly misleading in terms of the relative grammatical representation of each language in that these varieties are decidedly Ojibwe in structure." Several different Cree dialects appear to have been sources of Severn Ojibwa vocabulary. For example,

1880-401: The phonological sequence /ww/ , however, one /w/ is dropped. When the morpheme /ahkw/ , a marker for the inclusive plural in the conjunct order, is followed by /waːw/ , the third person plural marker, the word is realized as /ahkwaːw/ . The glide /j/ is inserted between two long vowels , which is why the combination of kīsikā "be day" and āpan "be dawn" forms kīsikāyāpan "it

1927-405: The same term has been applied to their dialect. Severn Ojibwa speakers use two self-designations in their own language. The first is Anishinini 'ordinary person' (plural Anishininiwag ) This term has been compared to Plains Cree ayisiyiniw 'person, human being.' The term Anishinaabe 'ordinary man,' which is widely used as a self-designation across the Ojibwa dialect continuum,

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1974-452: The sometimes back vowels ᐊ a and ᐋ ā are not. Within these phonemes there is a degree of allophonic variation. The short close vowels ᐃ i /i/ and ᐅ o /u/ are typically near close [ɪ] and [ʊ] , but range to close [i] and [u] . The short open vowel ᐊ a /a/ is typically open, ranging from front [a] to back [ɑ] , but its range extends to front open-mid [ɛ] and back open-mid [ʌ] . The long front close vowel ᐄ ī /iː/

2021-461: The sound occurred only in this word. In a collaborative online dictionary, Cree speakers have contributed several variants of this word, including ᐁᐦᐊ ēha (written eha and êha ), ᐁᐦᐁ ēhē (written êhê ), and ᐄᐦᐃ īhi (written îhi ). None of these forms includes a final glottal stop. However, there is no way of writing a glottal stop in the standard Latin alphabet or in Cree syllabics. Wolfart 's grammar contains

2068-493: The standard writing systems are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable nuclei which have no syllable onset. The vowels are represented differently with non-null onset, as for example with n -onset in ᓀ nē , ᓂ ni , ᓃ nī , etc. A distinction not indicated in the table is between back rounded and back unrounded. The back vowels ᐅ o and ᐆ ō are rounded, whereas

2115-410: The word is realized as nitapin instead of nipin . In isolated cases, /h/ or /w/ is sometimes inserted instead of [t] , such as the word nihayān "I have it". Palatalization of the sounds /θ/ and /t/ to /s/ and /t͡s/ respectively occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/ . For example, the stem /naːθ/ "fetch" becomes kināsin "you fetch me" before

2162-528: The words are also given. Plains Cree language Plains Cree ( endonym : ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ nēhiyawēwin ; alternatively: ᐸᐢᑳᐧᐃᐧᓃᒧᐃᐧᐣ paskwâwinîmowin "language of the prairie people" ) is a dialect of the Algonquian language , Cree , which is the most populous Canadian indigenous language . Plains Cree is considered a dialect of the Cree-Montagnais language or a dialect of the Cree language that

2209-552: Was one of only six aboriginal languages in Canada to report an increase in use in the 2001 Canadian census over the 1996 census. Although sometimes described as a separate language, Severn Ojibwa is most accurately described as a dialect of the larger Ojibwe language complex with a number of distinctive innovations in addition to an increment of vocabulary borrowed from Cree and a modest amount of Cree morphology. Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups:

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