113-508: Kebab ( UK : / k ɪ ˈ b æ b / , US : / k ɪ ˈ b ɑː b / ; Persian : كباب , kabāb , Arabic : كباب , [kaˈbaːb] ; Turkish : kebap , [kebɑp] ), kabob ( North American ), kebap , kebob , or kabab ( Kashmir ) is a variety of roasted meat dishes that originated in the Middle East . Kebabs consist of cut up ground meat , sometimes with vegetables and various other accompaniments according to
226-565: A West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into
339-549: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in
452-401: A combination of soy and peanut sauce . Hence, peanut sauce is often called satay sauce. Satay was developed by Javanese street vendors as a unique adaptation of Indian kebab. The introduction of satay, and other now-iconic dishes such as tongseng and gulai kambing based on meats such as goat and lamb, coincided with an influx of Indian and Arab traders and immigrants starting in
565-606: A compendium of much of the legacy of Mesopotamian , Persian , and Arab cuisines , there are descriptions of kabāb as cut-up meat, either fried in a pan or grilled over a fire. This cuisine has spread around the world, in parallel with Muslim influence. According to Ibn Battuta , a Maghrebi traveller, kebab was served in the royal houses during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), and even commoners would enjoy it for breakfast with naan . Kebab dishes have been adopted and integrated with local cooking styles and innovations, from
678-476: A fire. It is sometimes served with grilled tomato and pepper. Jujeh Kabab is one of the most popular Persian dishes. Kabab Bakhtiari is a combination of Jujeh kabab (chicken kabab) and Kabab barg (beef or lamb meat) on the same skewer. Its name comes from the Bakhtiari region of Iran. Kabab Kenjeh , also known as Chenjeh ( کنجهکباب , چنجه ) is a kabab traditionally made with chunks of marinated lamb meat. It
791-501: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating
904-504: A half meat (or less), half flour mixture, which renders it lighter in taste and less expensive. In Bangladesh they make variations of kebab (Bengali কাবাব or "Kabab"). In the old Mughal province of Bengal Subah 's capital of Dhaka, various Pakistani and Indian-influenced dishes started to be made. Amongst these were kebabs. In Bangladeshi cuisine , most kebabs are made using fish or beef. Modern-day kebabs in India mostly trace their origin to
1017-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of
1130-492: A meat option. Usually served with peanut sauce and achat , Thai satay have various recipes, beyond the popular versions of chicken, beef, and pork: a version made with mussels is called hoi malaeng phu , while vegetarian variants employ soy protein strips or tofu. Satay can easily be found in virtually any Thai restaurant worldwide. Because Thai cuisine is heavily marketed internationally and attracted world culinary attention earlier than other Southeast Asian cuisines, there
1243-439: A midrib of coconut fronds. Bamboo skewers might be used instead. For firmer meats, such as lamb, goat, and beef, a thicker bamboo skewer is used. The skewers are usually soaked in water before using to avoid burning during grilling. Each skewer usually holds three or four pieces of meat. A goat meat satay might insert a cube of fat between meat cubes. Turmeric gives the dish its characteristic yellow colour. Another popular marinade
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#17329703211411356-435: A piece of flat bread (typically nan-e lavash) in his right. A skewer is placed directly on the rice and while holding the kebab down on the rice with the bread, the skewer is quickly pulled out. With the two most common kababs, barg and koobideh , two skewers are always served. In general, bazaar kabab restaurants only serve these two varieties, though there are exceptions. In Iranian Azerbaijan , "Binab (also Bonab) Kababi"
1469-648: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside
1582-511: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In
1695-686: A regional variant of tacai meaning 'flesh'. The term is mentioned as saté in Dutch with one of earliest photographs of satay seller appeared circa 1870 in Java, Dutch East Indies . The usage in English was first attested in 1917 with reference to a " satai " seller in Singapore , later a mention of saté in Denpasar , Bali appeared in 1937, with a description of Malays cooking satay appearing in 1955. Chicken
1808-606: A similar (but native) dish to satay usually made with pork or chicken is referred to as inihaw or inasal , or by the generic English name "barbecue" (usually shortened to "BBQ"). It is usually served glazed in a sweet-soy sauce marinade reminiscent of yakitori . Despite the native origins of inasal and inihaw, the English association of "barbecue" is the source of names for other popular street foods that are also served skewered, such as banana cue ("banana" + "barbecue") and camote cue (" camote (sweet potato) + barbecue"). Offal-based versions of inihaw are also commonly sold in
1921-610: A snackbar (besides mayonnaise , ketchup , curry-ketchup , ' joppiesaus ' or a combination). Fries with satay sauce is commonly known as patatje pinda ('fries peanut') and fries with satay sauce, mayonaise and chopped unions is called patatje oorlog ('fries war'). Satay proper is known as satti in the Southern Philippines ( Mindanao ). It is common in the regions of Zamboanga , Sulu Archipelago and Tawi-Tawi , which acquired satay from its proximity to Malaysia . Satti usually only has three small strips of roasted meat on
2034-584: A staple dish of meat restaurants and the main dish of the traditional holiday barbecues, alongside the shishlik . They are commonly made of beef, though lamb is also occasionally used, and are almost always served with the local pita bread. Shawarma , although not considered a kebab in most countries of the Levant, is another very popular type of grilled meat preparation that characterizes this region. Several varieties of kebab are popular in Egyptian cuisine , although
2147-511: A stick. Satti is usually made from chicken or beef among Muslim Filipinos , but it can also be made with pork or liver. It is particularly popular in Tausug cuisine and is commonly eaten as breakfast in restaurants which specialise in satti . It is typically served with ta'mu ( pusô in other Philippine languages) and a bowlful of warm peanut-based sauce. In the majority of the Philippines,
2260-517: Is kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) mixed with coconut oil or palm margarine . The skewered meat is seasoned, marinated, and then grilled on charcoal embers . Satay may be served with a spicy peanut sauce dip, or peanut gravy, served with slices of lontong or ketupat (rice cakes), garnished with a sprinkle of bawang goreng (crisp fried shallot), and accompanied by acar (pickles) consisting of slivers of onions, carrots, and cucumbers in vinegar, salt, and sugar solution. Mutton satay
2373-448: Is a Javanese dish of seasoned , skewered and grilled meat, served with a sauce . Satay originated in Java , but has spread throughout Indonesia, into Southeast Asia, Europe, America, and beyond. Indonesian satay is often served with peanut sauce and kecap manis – a sweet soy sauce, and is often accompanied with ketupat or lontong , a type of rice cake, though the diversity of
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#17329703211412486-981: Is a chicken or buffalo meat satay. It is a satay made with rare nipah palm sugar called sarawak gula apong. This rare satay can only be found in Linggi, Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. It is served with sliced fresh cucumber and peanut sauce. Known as saté or sateh , it is fully adapted in Dutch everyday cuisine. Owed to their shared colonial history, satay is an Indonesian food that has become an integral part of Dutch cuisine. Pork and chicken satays are almost solely served with spicy peanut sauce and called een sateetje , and are readily available in snackbars and supermarkets. Versions with goat-meat ( sateh kambing ) and sweet soy sauce are available in Indonesian restaurants and take-aways. Pork or chicken satay in peanut sauce, with salad and French-fries,
2599-449: Is a dish of Southeast Asia , particularly Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Satay may consist of diced or sliced chicken, goat, lamb, mutton, beef, pork, fish, other meats, or tofu . Traditionally skewers from the midrib of the coconut palm frond are used, although bamboo skewers are often used instead. It is grilled or barbecued over a wood or charcoal fire with spicy seasonings. It may be served with various sauces, though most often
2712-671: Is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghur people in the western province of Xinjiang and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine . The dish has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food . Although the most traditional form of chuan uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, may be used as well. Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried. Common spices and condiments include cumin called "ziran", pepper , sesame , and sesame oil . While
2825-683: Is a widespread misconception abroad that satay originated from Thailand. As a result, it is most frequently associated with Thai food in the Western world. For example, in the United States, satay is said to be one of America's favourite Thai dishes. The first satay restaurant in Thailand was in front of Chaloem Buri Theater near the Chaloem Buri Intersection in the Yaowarat neighborhood . Now it
2938-503: Is actually frog legs in peanut sauce. The Indomie instant noodle is also available in satay flavour, which is only the addition of peanut sauce in its packet. In Hong Kong, satay sauce is usually served with instant noodles and stir-fried beef. This dish is most often eaten for breakfast. Satay belongs to the informal ethnocultural symbols of Indonesia. Its appears on Indonesian postage stamps, in tourist brochures, information and advertising materials dedicated to this country, and
3051-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in
3164-409: Is an Iranian minced meat kabab which is made from ground lamb, beef, or chicken, often mixed with parsley and chopped onions . Kabab Koobideh contains: ground meat, onion, salt, pepper, turmeric, and seasoning. These ingredients are mixed together until the mixture becomes smooth and sticky. One egg is added to help the mix stick together. The mixture is then pressed around a skewer. Koobideh Kabab
3277-547: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. Satay Satay ( / ˈ s ɑː t eɪ / SAH -tay , in the US also / ˈ s æ t eɪ / SA -tay ), or sate in Indonesia ,
3390-403: Is called sate celup. Both dishes are available from street vendors or in certain restaurants, and the majority are not halal. Customers use a common container containing boiling stock to personally cook their satay. Sauces are either served in common containers or individually. There are usually no tables near street vendors, and customers thus tend to gather around the food cart. Satay gula apong
3503-429: Is cut into 1 cm thick and 4–5 cm long pieces. It should be marinated overnight in refrigerator, and the container should be covered. The next day, the lamb is threaded on long, thin metal skewers. It is brushed with marinade and is barbecued for 5–10 minutes on each side. Jūjeh Kabāb ( جوجهکباب ) consists of pieces of chicken first marinated in minced onion and lemon juice with saffron then grilled over
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3616-719: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,
3729-451: Is known in Sri Lanka is a Sri Lankan Malay dish that has become a staple of the country's diet. Sathe is served with peanut and chili sauce. It is sometimes called sate daging by the country's Malay community. Satay ( Thai : สะเต๊ะ , RTGS : sate , pronounced [sā.téʔ] ) is a popular dish in Thailand; a key feature of Thai satay is the inclusion of pork as
3842-413: Is now found throughout Malaysia. Stalls and restaurants around Kajang offer not only the more traditional chicken or beef satay, but also more exotic meats such as venison, rabbit or fish, as well as gizzard, liver, and a number of other variations. Another type of meat satay is the sate lok-lok from Penang and sate celup (dip satay) from Malacca . Both are Malaysian Chinese fusions of the hotpot and
3955-654: Is of Cape Malay origin. Sosatie recipes vary, but commonly the ingredients can include cubes of lamb, beef, chicken, dried apricots, red onions and mixed peppers. Suya is a spicy kebab which is a popular food item in West Africa that originated in Nigeria . It is traditionally prepared by the Hausa people of Nigeria , Cameroon , Niger , Ghana and some parts of Sudan (where it is called agashe ). British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE )
4068-538: Is often associated with Muslim Malays, but pork sate is also available at non-halal Chinese eating establishments. There are a number of well-known satay outlets in Kajang , a city in Selangor closely associated with satays. Sate Kajang is a generic name for a style of sate where the meat chunks are bigger than normal, and the sweet peanut sauce served along with a portion of fried chilli paste. Given its popularity, sate Kajang
4181-546: Is often played up by Indonesian participants in various cultural and entertainment events held abroad to create a national flavor. For example, the Indonesian model Aurra Kharisma performed in 2021 at the Miss Grand International beauty pageant in a suit with satay images and a headdress decorated with several bundles of satay meat skewers. In some parts of Indonesia, certain types of satay are attributed with different symbolic meanings. Especially Bali stands out:
4294-497: Is on Rama IV Road near Lumphini MRT station and has been for more than 50 years. Traditionally, satay referred to any grilled skewered meats with various sauces; it is not necessarily served solely with peanut sauce. However, since the most popular variant of satay is chicken satay in peanut sauce ( Sate Madura in Indonesia), in modern fusion cuisine the term "satay" has shifted to satay style peanut sauce instead. For example,
4407-408: Is popular in pubs or eetcafés . With Indonesian take-away meals like nasi goreng speciaal , the special part is often a couple of sate-sticks. Another favourite in Dutch snackbars is the satékroket , a croquette made with a peanut sauce and shredded meat ragout . In addition, 'saté' sauce or peanut sauce has become one of the standard options as a condiment to accompany a portion of fries bought in
4520-488: Is said to have at least twenty-six versions of kebab halabi or Aleppo kebab, including kebab cooked with cherries; with aubergine; with chili , parsley and pine-nuts ; and with truffles . Mizrahi Jews brought various types of grilled meat from their native Middle Eastern countries to Israel, where they have become an essential part of Israeli cuisine . Among the most popular are skewers of elongated spiced ground meat, called kabab ( Hebrew : קבב ), which have become
4633-425: Is solely dependent on the quality of the meat. Pieces of fat from the sheep's tail (jijeq) are usually added with the lamb skewers to add extra flavor. Other popular kebabs include the lamb chop , ribs , beef, buffalo , and chicken. Chapli kebab , a specialty of Eastern Afghanistan, is a patty made from beef mince. It is prepared flat and round, and served with naan. The original recipe of chapli kebab dictates
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4746-450: Is the most common meat used in satay, with other common choices including lamb, goat, mutton, beef, venison , and rabbit; seafood such as fish, shrimp , and squid ; offal such as liver , intestine, and tripe , is also used. Most satay is made by cutting the meat into small thumb-size cubes, however, such recipes as Ponorogo use a single finger-like chicken fillet. The skewers used for chicken satay are traditionally made from lidi ,
4859-609: Is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in
4972-452: Is thought to have originated in Java and brought to Singapore by Muslim traders. Satay is one of the earliest foods that became ubiquitous in Singapore since the 1940s, and was considered a celebratory food. Previously sold on makeshift roadside stalls and pushcarts, concerns over public health and the rapid development of the city led to a major consolidation of satay stalls at Beach Road in
5085-488: Is typically 18 to 20 centimeters (7–8 in) long. Kabāb-e Barg ( Persian : کباب برگ ) is a Persian style barbecued lamb, chicken or beef kabab dish. The main ingredients of Kabab Barg – a short form of this name – are fillets of beef tenderloin, lamb shank or chicken breast, onions and olive oil. Marinade is prepared by the mixture of half a cup of olive oil, three onions , garlic , half teaspoon saffron , salt and black pepper. One kilogram of lamb
5198-421: Is typically called Shah abbasi , meaning " Shah Abbas' meal". The traditional beverage of choice to accompany Persian kabab is doogh , a sour yogurt drink with mint and salt. In the old bazaar tradition, the rice (which is covered with a tin lid) and accompaniments are served first, immediately followed by the kababs, which are brought to the table by the waiter, who holds several skewers in his left hand, and
5311-633: Is typically served with grilled tomatoes and rice or bread. Kabab Torsh is an Iranian Kabab from the northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, renowned for its sour, pomegranate based seasoning. Kabab Lari, Kabab Tabei (Pan Kabab), Dande Kabab, Kabab Shandiz, Shishlik Kabab, Kabab Ghafghazi, Kabab Soltani, Kabob Vaziri, Kabob Loghmeh, Taas Kabab, Mahi Kabab (Fish Kabab) and Kabab Jegar (Sheep Liver Kaba) are among other types of Persian Kababs popular in Iran. Several types of kebab are popular in Iraqi cuisine , although
5424-574: Is usually named after the region its originated, the meats, parts or ingredients its uses, also might named after the process or method of cooking. Known as sate in Malay (and pronounced similarly to the English "satay"), it can be found throughout all the states of Malaysia in restaurants and on the street, with hawkers selling satay in food courts and Pasar malam . While the popular kinds of satay are usually beef and chicken satays, different regions of Malaysia have developed their own unique variations. Sate
5537-1090: Is usually served with kecap manis instead of peanut sauce. Pork satay can be served in a pineapple -based satay sauce or cucumber relish . Satay can be prepared home-made or acquired from satay sellers; either from fancy restaurants, modest tarp-tent warung eateries stationed on busy street side, to travelling food vendors frequenting residential areas. Indeed, satay is possibly one of the most popular street food in Southeast Asia; common in Indonesia to Malaysia and Thailand. In Indonesia, traditionally there are several methods on selling satay. They are: In Indonesia, there are some restaurants that specialise in serving various kinds of satay and presenting them as their specialties, such as Sate Ponorogo Restaurant, Sate Blora Restaurant, and also chains of Sate Khas Senayan restaurants, previously known as Satay House Senayan. Satay (known as sate in Indonesian and pronounced similar to
5650-568: Is very famous in Iranian Azerbaijani local cuisine for its large size. It is named after the city of Binab in East Azerbaijan province. This kabab and other types (e.g., Shishlik, Kubide, Berge, Gelin, etc.) can be served alone or with rice and fresh salad on the side. In this region Kababs come usually with yogurt, hot bread, tomato, onion, parsley and paprika-salt, and tarragon. Kabab koobideh ( کباب کوبیده ) it kūbide ( کوبیده )
5763-530: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and
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#17329703211415876-637: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of
5989-631: The Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas
6102-484: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over
6215-486: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),
6328-560: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout
6441-601: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This
6554-409: The cuisine of modern-day Pakistan . There are all sorts of kebab varieties such as seekh, chapli, shammi and other forms of roasted and grilled meats. As Pakistan is a predominantly Muslim country, pork is not used. Instead meats like beef , chicken , lamb , fish and sometimes buff are used in the making of kebabs. Satay is a kebab of seasoned, skewered, and grilled meat, served with a sauce. It
6667-455: The 18th century. The Indonesian publication Koran Jakarta claimed that sate , and ultimately satay, originated from Javanese term sak beteng which means one stick, and that the dish had existed as early as the 15th century. Although both Thailand and Malaysia claim it as their own, its Southeast Asian origin was in Java , Indonesia. There satay was developed from the Indian kebab brought by
6780-423: The 18th century. It is available almost anywhere in Indonesia, where it has become a national dish . In Sri Lanka, it has become a staple of the local diet as a result of the influences from the local Malay community . Sosatie (plural sosaties ) is a traditional South African dish of meat (usually lamb or mutton) cooked on skewers. The term derives from sate ("skewered meat") and saus (spicy sauce). It
6893-572: The 1950s, which came to be collectively called the " Satay Club ". They were moved to the Esplanade Park in the 1960s, where they grew to the point of being constantly listed in tourism guides. Open only after dark with an open air or "al fresco" dining concept, the Satay Club defined how satay is served in Singapore since then, although they are also found across the island in most hawker stalls, modern food courts, and upscale restaurants at any time of
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#17329703211417006-606: The 1960s, vendors also began selling dishes in the same style made with souvlaki, which resembles Turkish shish kebab, but is usually made with pork. Around the same time, the Greek word gyros replaced döner kebab , and the Greek style of the dish spread to become popular, particularly in North America, and various other parts of the world. In contrast to other areas of Greece, in Athens, both types of sandwich may be called souvlaki , with
7119-603: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,
7232-602: The Dutch East Indies, to South Africa, where it is known as sosatie . The Indo Dutch people took this dish, as well as many other Indonesian specialties, to the Netherlands, thereby influencing Dutch cuisine . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English word satay is derived from the Malay word satai , also saté or sate in Indonesian , ultimately originating from Tamil catai ( சதை ,
7345-498: The English "satay") is a widely renowned dish in almost all regions of Indonesia; it is considered the national dish and one of Indonesia's best dishes. Satay is a staple in Indonesian cuisine , served everywhere from street carts to fine dining establishments, as well as in homes and at public gatherings. As a result, many variations have been developed throughout the Indonesian Archipelago. The satay variants in Indonesia
7458-816: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication
7571-644: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;
7684-415: The Malay satay. Pieces of raw meat, tofu, century eggs, quail eggs, fish cake, offal or vegetables are skewered on bamboo sticks. These are cooked by being dipped in boiling water or stock. The satay is then eaten with a sweet, dark sauce, sometimes with chilli sauce as an accompaniment. If the satay is eaten with satay sauce, it is called sate lok-lok. If the satay is cooked with boiling satay peanut sauce, it
7797-700: The Middle East, shashlik from the Caucasus , and sosatie from South Africa. It is listed at number 14 on World's 50 most delicious foods readers' poll compiled by CNN Go in 2011. Satay may have been developed by Javanese street vendors as an adaptation of kebabs from the Indian Subcontinent. The introduction of satay, and other now-iconic dishes such as tongseng and gulai kambing based on meats such as goat and lamb, coincided with an influx of Indian and Arab traders and immigrants starting in
7910-614: The Muslim traders. Even India cannot claim its origin, for there it was a legacy of Middle Eastern influence. From Java, satay spread through the Indonesian Archipelago and, as a consequence, numerous variations of the dish have been developed. By the late-19th century, satay had crossed the Strait of Malacca into neighbouring Malaysia , Singapore, and Thailand . In the 19th century, the term migrated, presumably with Malay immigrants from
8023-621: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English
8136-628: The Persian word kabāb , meaning roasted meat. It appears in Turkish texts as early as the 14th century, in Kyssa-i Yusuf ( lit. ' the story of Joseph ' ), though still in the Persian form. Nişanyan states that the word has the equivalent meaning of 'frying, burning' with kabābu in the old Akkadian language , and kbabā כבבא in Aramaic . In contrast, food historian Gil Marks says that
8249-444: The Philippines as street food. The most popular are made from chicken or pork intestines known as isaw . Other variants use liver, tripe , lungs, chicken heads and feet, cubes of coagulated pork blood , and pork ears, among others. Annatto seeds and banana ketchup -based sauces are also widely used which gives the meat a vibrant orange or red color. In Singapore, satay is sold by Chinese, Malay and Indian Muslim vendors. It
8362-701: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to
8475-537: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since
8588-564: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with
8701-458: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in
8814-410: The adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to
8927-481: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with
9040-458: The city of Kars which became known for the dish during the time of the Ottoman Empire. There are several distinct Persian varieties of kabab ( Persian : کباب ). Kabab may be served with either steamed, saffroned basmati or Persian rice and called chelow kabab ( چلوکباب ), which is considered the national dish of Iran. It may also be served with the various types of bread that are
9153-625: The country has produced a wide variety of satay recipes. It is also popular in many other Southeast Asian countries including Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. It also recognized and popular in Suriname and the Netherlands. In Sri Lanka , it has become a staple of the local diet as a result of the influences from the local Malay community . Satay may consist of diced or sliced chicken , goat , mutton , beef , pork , fish , other meats, or tofu ; bamboo skewers are often used, while rustic style of preparations employ skewers from
9266-613: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing
9379-584: The day. Moved several times around Esplanade Park due to development and land reclamation, the outlets finally left the area permanently to Clarke Quay in the late 1990s to make way for the building of the Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay . Several competing satay hotspots have since emerged. While the name has been transferred to the Clarke Quay site, several stalls from the original Satay club have moved to Sembawang in
9492-452: The fusion "satay burger" refers to beef hamburger served with so-called "satay sauce", which is mainly a kind of sweet and spicy peanut sauce or often replaced with gloppy peanut butter . The Singapore satay bee hoon is actually rice vermicelli served in peanut sauce. The American-Thai fusion fish fillet in satay sauce also demonstrates the same trend. The fusion French cuisine Cuisses de Grenouilles Poelees au Satay, Chou-fleur Croquant
9605-576: The history of street foods in Greece goes back to ancient times, the iconic Greek gyros and souvlaki as it is known today arose only following the Second World War. Introduced to Athens in the 1950s by Greek refugees from Turkey and the Middle East, gyros was originally known simply as döner kebab . It is typically served as a sandwich rolled in pita bread, or on a plate, with french fries and various salads and sauces such as tzatziki . Later in
9718-453: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or
9831-532: The influence of Mughlai cuisine . Some Indian kebabs have very specific geographic attributions, such as Kakori kebab, which is made of finely ground, soft mince and attributed to the city of Kakori in Uttar Pradesh , where legend has it that it was first prepared for old and toothless pilgrims. In Pakistan kebabs trace back their origin during the time of the Mughals Mughlai cuisine , and their influence on
9944-578: The languages of the Middle East, other parts of Asia, and the Muslim world , a kebab is any of a wide variety of grilled meat dishes. Some dishes ultimately derived from Middle Eastern kebab may have different names in their local languages, such as the Chinese chuan . Chuan ( Chinese : 串 ; pinyin : chuàn ), often referred to as "chuan" in Mandarin throughout the north, or kawap (كاۋاپ) in Uyghur ,
10057-511: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by
10170-508: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of
10283-452: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is
10396-452: The medieval Arabic and Turkish terms were adopted from the Persian kabab , which probably derived from the Aramaic. The American Heritage Dictionary also gives a probable East Semitic root origin with the meaning of 'burn', 'char', or 'roast', from the Aramaic and Akkadian. The Babylonian Talmud instructs that Temple offerings not be kabbaba (burned). These words point to an origin in
10509-581: The midrib of the coconut palm frond. The meat is grilled over a wood or charcoal fire, then served with various spicy seasonings. Satay can be served in various sauces; however, most often they are served in a combination of soy and peanut sauce, causing the sauce alone to often be referred to as "satay". The national dish of Indonesia, satay is popular as street food , found in restaurants, and at traditional celebration feasts. Close analogues are yakitori from Japan, kǎoròu chuàn from China, seekh kebab from India, shish kebab from Turkey and
10622-458: The modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting
10735-448: The most commonly eaten in Iran, such as lavash . It is served with the basic Iranian meal accompaniments , in addition to grilled tomatoes on the side of the rice and butter on top of the rice. It is an old northern tradition (probably originating in Tehran ) that a raw egg yolk should be placed on top of the rice as well, though this is strictly optional, and most restaurants will not serve
10848-511: The north of the city. The satay stalls at the Lau Pa Sat area are notable for its popularity. "Satay Street" in Boon Tat Street , introduced in 1996, centers around 10 hawkers who sell satay. Served only at night after 7pm when the street is closed to vehicular traffic and the stalls and tables occupy the street, it mimics the open-air dining style of previous establishments. It is said to evoke
10961-1007: The nostalgic feeling of Singaporean street food culture from the 1950s and 1960s, and is considered to be the last Satay Club in Singapore. Other notable outlets include Satay by the Bay at the Gardens by the Bay tourist attraction. It is styled after the old Satay Club. Peanut sauce is used in Singaporean satays, Malay satay is quite similar to Indonesian satay by using kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), while Chinese Hainan satay uses pineapple purée sauce and marinated in five-spice powder . The common types of satay sold in Singapore include Satay Ayam (chicken satay), Satay Lembu (beef satay), Satay Kambing ( mutton satay), Satay Perut (beef intestine), and Satay Babat (beef tripe). Singapore's national carrier, Singapore Airlines , also serves satay to its First and Business Class (previously known as Raffles Class) passengers as an appetiser . Sathe as it
11074-458: The now-ubiquitous doner kebab fast food, to the many variations of shish kebab, such as the satays of Southeast Asia . In most English-speaking countries , a kebab may be the classic shish kebab or souvlaki – small cubes of meat cooked on a skewer – or made with minced (ground) meat, as in doner kebab . By contrast, in Indian English , Bangladeshi English , Pakistani English and in
11187-516: The popular on this island satay lilit —minced sausages stuck on lemongrass stalks—is considered there a symbol of several virtues and benefits at once: male prowess, unity and prosperity. The Balinese attribute the embodiment of the weapons of various Hindu deities and mythological heroes to other local types of satay. In Bandung , the West Java Governor's office is popularly called Gedung Sate ( Indonesian : Satay building ) to refer
11300-495: The prehistoric Proto-Afroasiatic language : *kab- , to burn or roast. While the word kebab or shish kebab may sometimes be used in English as a culinary term that refers to any type of small chunks of meat cooked on a skewer, kebab is mainly associated with a diversity of meat dishes that originated in Persia and Anatolia. In Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq 's 10th-century Baghdadi cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh ( Arabic : كتاب الطبيخ ),
11413-484: The rice this way unless it is specifically requested. "Somagh", powdered sumac , is also made available and its use varies based on tastes to a small dash on the rice or a heavy sprinkling on both rice and meat, particularly when used with red (beef/veal/lamb) meat. At Persian restaurants, the combination of one kabab barg and one kabab koobideh is typically called Soltani , meaning "sultan's feast". The combination of one kabab barg, one jujeh kabab and kabab koobideh
11526-814: The skewered meat being called kalamaki . Although gyros is unquestionably of Middle Eastern origin, the issue of whether modern-day souvlaki came to Greece via Turkish cuisine, and should be considered a Greek styling of shish kebab, or is a contemporary revival of Greek tradition dating as far back as 17th century BC Minoan civilization , is a topic of sometimes heated debate, at least between Greeks and Turks. While English speakers may refer to souvlaki skewers as kebabs, they are not properly called that in Greece. Both Armenian and Azerbaijani cuisine feature oblong kofta-style mincemeats kebabs known as lula or lyulya kebab , while Armenian cuisine refers to shish-style kebabs as khorovats , and doner kebab as Karsi khorovats after
11639-432: The specific recipe. Although kebabs are typically cooked on a skewer over a fire, some kebab dishes are oven-baked in a pan, or prepared as a stew such as tas kebab . The traditional meat for kebabs is most often lamb meat , but regional recipes may include beef , goat , chicken , fish , or even pork (depending on whether or not there are specific religious prohibitions ). The word kebab has ancient origins. It
11752-455: The spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is
11865-587: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All
11978-544: The time of the Mughals and the strong influence of Mughlai cuisine . Kebab dishes common to one or more of these countries include: Afghan kebab ( Pashto / Dari : کباب) is most often found in restaurants and outdoor vendor stalls. The most widely used meat is lamb. Recipes differ with every restaurant. In Afghan cuisine , kebab is served with naan, rarely rice, and customers have the option to sprinkle sumac or ghora , dried ground sour grapes, on their kebab. The quality of kebab
12091-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with
12204-733: The varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it
12317-617: The word kebab in local use is reserved for skewers of grilled marinated meat chunks. Skewers of grilled seasoned ground meat are called kofta. Shish taouk , which are skewers of grilled marinated chicken chunks, are another popular variety of kebab in Egypt. All kebabs are grilled on charcoal to give them their special flavor. South Asia has a rich kebab tradition with a great variety of different kebab dishes. Many modern kebabs in Bangladeshi , Indian and Pakistani cuisine trace their origins back to
12430-569: The word kebab in local use is reserved for skewers of spiced ground lamb, traditionally grilled on natural wood charcoal to give the kebab its special flavor. Skewers of grilled marinated meat chunks are called tikka. Several varieties of kebabs can be found in Levantine cuisine . Among the most common are shish taouk , which are grilled chicken skewers marinated in olive oil and spices, and lahem meshwi , charcoal-grilled skewers of prime lamb cubes lightly seasoned with herbs. The Syrian city of Aleppo
12543-560: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows
12656-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like
12769-447: Was popularized in the West by Turks to refer to a range of grilled and broiled meat, which may be cooked on skewers, including stews, meatballs, and many other forms. The word kebab likely came to English in the late 17th century from the Persian kabāb , partly through Hindustani , and Turkish . According to linguist Sevan Nişanyan , the Turkish word kebap is also derived from
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