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62-537: There are 51 neighbourhoods in Keçiören District: From Kiçivirân or Kiçiören (small ruins). The first part is unrelated to keçi (goat}, but rather a dissimilation of older *kiçi (“small”), from Proto-Turkic *kičüg. Until the 1950s this was a green and pleasant area outside the city, but in recent years has become a large district of housing for Ankara's working class. The President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has his Ankara residence within

124-404: A Mahalle council ( Persian : شورای محله ), a quarter mosque, and a small parkette. A maalo (sometimes maale ), plural maala ( Macedonian : маало / маале, маала ) is a synonym for neighborhood in colloquial speech, but can also appear as part of a neighborhood name, such as Skopje's "Debar maalo", and Bitola's "Jeni maale", "Madzar maala". In Romanian, the word mahala has come to have

186-501: A muhtasib and a territorial muhtasibat . They were urban divisions in central Asian communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in central Asia, mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting

248-640: A huge artificial waterfall and many other pools and fountains, and a concrete replica of the Hungarian Esztergom Castle. Keçiören has a two-station aerial lift , the Keçiören Gondola , which connects the neighborhoods Tepebaşı (Cumhuriyet station) and Kavacık Subayevleri (Atatürk station). As of November 2013, it is the only in Ankara and Turkey's longest urban gondola lift line with its length of 1,653 m (5,423 ft). To many Turkish people

310-685: A media company. This company publishes the two market-leading newspapers, Times of Malta and The Sunday Times of Malta . The Valletta Campus of the University of Malta is situated in the Old University Building. It serves as an extension of the Msida Campus, especially offering international masters programmes. A church school , "St. Albert the Great", is also situated in Valletta. The Headmaster

372-747: A million visitors since opening. The Valletta International Baroque Festival is held every year in January. Jazz music in Malta was introduced in the Strait Street area, frequented by Allied sailors during both World Wars . Malta's Jazz Festival took place here. Strait Street is also known as The Gut . This area is undergoing a programme of regeneration. The city's dual band clubs are the " King's Own Band Club " ( Maltese : L-Għaqda Mużikali King's Own ) and "La Valette National Philharmonic Society" ( Maltese : Is-Soċjetà Filarmonika Nazzjonali La Valette ). Valletta

434-480: A public art installation, Kif Jgħid il-Malti (Maltese Sayings ), which featured a number of Maltese language proverb figured in gypsum, in order to engage linguistic heritage. Saint James Cavalier , originally a raised gun platform, was converted into a Centre of Creativity in the year 2000 as part of Malta's Millennium Project. It now houses a small theatre, a cinema, music rooms and art galleries. Various exhibitions are regularly held there. It has welcomed over

496-566: A rectangular grid plan , and without any collacchio (an area restricted for important buildings). The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo (which was rebuilt) overlooking the Mediterranean; certain bastions were built 47 metres (154 ft) high. His assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar , who later oversaw

558-508: A separate type of settlement administration on some occasions. In rural mountainous areas, villages were often scattered and consisted of relatively separate mahalas with badly developed infrastructure . Today, settlements are divided into towns or villages, and the official division of towns is into quarters. It today is used almost always to refer to the Roma neighbourhoods of towns such as Arman Mahala . In Greece , mahalas ( Greek : μαχαλάς )

620-541: A share of just under 50 percent of Malta. As in Malta as a whole, tourism is an important economic sector. The most important tourist zone is the area surrounding the Grand Harbour. For the cruise industry, after several years of planning, work began in 2002 to build the Valletta Waterfront Project, a cruise terminal, in the Grand Harbour. There is also a publishing house in Valletta, Allied Newspapers Ltd.,

682-680: A sheltered place. Some authors state that the extreme end of the peninsula was known as Xebb ir-Ras (Sheb point), of which name origins from the lighthouse on site. A family which surely owned land became known as Sceberras , now a Maltese surname as Sciberras. At one point the entire peninsula became known as Sceberras. [REDACTED] Hospitaller Malta 1566–1798 [REDACTED] French Republic 1798–1800 [REDACTED] Protectorate of Malta 1800–1813 [REDACTED] Crown Colony of Malta 1813–1964 [REDACTED] State of Malta 1964–1974 [REDACTED] Republic of Malta 1974–present Recent scholarly studies have however shown that

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744-461: A town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana , a town in its own right. In 1634, a gunpowder factory explosion killed 22 people in Valletta. In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, but the revolt was suppressed before it even started due to their plans leaking out to

806-409: Is Alternattiva Demokratika politician Mario Mallia. Valletta was designated European Capital of Culture for 2018. The year was inaugurated with an event called Erba' Pjazez (Four Squares), with shows focused in 4 plazas in the city – Triton Square , St. George's Square , St. John's Square , and Castille Square – along with other shows in other points. This was followed by the unveiling of

868-477: Is an Islamic congregation or parish. Typically, a mahalla supports a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of a mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a city or town , especially an electoral district, for ritual and representative purposes. Unlike a ward , it is an optional and non-elective unit of a city corporation or municipal corporation . Mahalla also means an urban neighbourhood. In Bulgaria , mahalas were historically considered

930-509: Is an official administrative unit in many Middle Eastern countries. The word was brought to the Balkans through Ottoman Turkish mahalle , but it originates in Arabic محلة ( mähallä ), from the root meaning "to settle", "to occupy". In September 2017, a Turkish-based association referred to the historical mahalle by organizing a festival with the title "Mahalla" in the frame of parallel events of

992-482: Is considered a neighborhood. Sometimes it is considered a quarter of a small town or a gypsy neighborhood. The township of Szentendre lost most of its population during the Ottoman era, and was repopulated by various migrant groups from the Balkans - Serbs , Dalmatians , Bosniaks and the like. They built their own churches and created their own neighborhoods around them. They called them mahala or mehala , using

1054-456: Is the capital city of Malta and one of its 68 council areas . Located between the Grand Harbour to the east and Marsamxett Harbour to the west, its population as of 2021 was 5,157. As Malta’s capital city, it is a commercial centre for shopping, bars, dining, and café life. It is also the southernmost capital of Europe , and at just 0.61 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi), it is

1116-714: Is the island's principal cultural center and has a unique collection of churches, palaces and museums and act as one of the city's main visitor attractions. When Benjamin Disraeli , future British Prime Minister, visited the city in 1830, he described it as "a city of palaces built by gentlemen for gentlemen," and remarked that "Valletta equals in its noble architecture, if it does not excel, any capital in Europe ," and in other letters called it "comparable to Venice and Cádiz " and "full of palaces worthy of Palladio ." Buildings of historic importance include St John's Co-Cathedral , formerly

1178-566: Is the scene of the Maltese Carnival , held in February each year, leading up to Lent . There were no carnival trucks in 2020 or 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic , but trucks returned in 2022. In 1823 the Valletta carnival was the scene of a human crush tragedy in which at least 110 boys perished. Valletta is twinned with: Malta International Airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from

1240-665: The Arab world , the Balkans , Western Asia , the Indian subcontinent , and nearby nations. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today it is popularly recognised also by non-Muslims as a neighbourhood in large cities and towns. Mahallas lie at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions are performed through mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. It

1302-648: The European Union 's smallest capital city. Valletta's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller . The city was named after the Frenchman Jean Parisot de Valette , who succeeded in defending the island against an Ottoman invasion during the Great Siege of Malta . The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist , Neo-Classical and Modern architecture , though

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1364-521: The Grand Harbour . The Grand Harbour is Malta's major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa . A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront that Portuguese Grandmaster Manuel Pinto da Fonseca built. Valletta features a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) with very mild, wet winters and warm to hot, slightly long, dry summers, with an average annual temperature above 23 °C (73 °F) during

1426-507: The Order's Langues , and these were complete by the 1580s. An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière , was later added in the 18th century. In Antoine de Paule 's reign, it was decided to build more fortifications to protect Valletta, and these were named the Floriana Lines after the architect who designed them, Pietro Paolo Floriani of Macerata . During António Manoel de Vilhena 's reign,

1488-757: The Parliament House near the city's entrance since 2015: it was previously housed at the Grandmaster's Palace in the city centre. The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta , while the Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta . The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta. The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and

1550-516: The Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House . The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. The city has 320 monuments, all within an area of 0.55 square kilometres (0.21 sq mi), making it one of the most concentrated historic areas in the world. Sometimes called an "open-air museum", Valletta

1612-723: The Valletta Summit on Migration in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis . After that, on 27 November 2015, the city also hosted part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015 . Valletta was the European Capital of Culture in 2018. The Valletta Local Council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993, along with the other local councils of Malta . The first election

1674-556: The 15th Istanbul Biennial . The festival in Istanbul features cultural initiatives of civil society and artists from the Middle East, Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. Against the background of the ongoing migration crisis, all participants of the festival focus their work using themes of hospitality, identity formation, homelessness, migration, fluctuation, the changing of an existing order and

1736-612: The Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta . It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio . The Auberge de Castille et Leon , formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta . The Grandmaster's Palace , built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of

1798-717: The Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta . Admiralty House is a Baroque palace dating to the late 1570s. It was the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. From 1974 until 2016, it

1860-582: The Knights to the island. The city took his name and was called La Valletta . The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, receiving a lot of assistance due to the increased fame of the Order after their victory in the Great Siege. Pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli , to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of

1922-509: The Order. Later on in his reign, Pinto embellished the city with Baroque architecture , and many important buildings such as Auberge de Castille were remodeled or completely rebuilt in the new architectural style. In 1775, during the reign of Ximenes , an unsuccessful revolt known as the Rising of the Priests occurred in which Fort Saint Elmo and Saint James Cavalier were captured by rebels, but

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1984-608: The Ottoman nomenclature, and the word is still in use to describe these small quarters of the town today. In India, the word mohalla is used in Hindi and Urdu to refer to a "neighbourhood". The "mahalle" is the smallest urban administrative division in Iran . Each city is divided into a few Mantaqe s, ( Persian : منطقه ), which is then divided into Nahiye s ( Persian : ناحیه ), further subdivided to Mahalle ( Persian : محله ), usually having

2046-577: The Xeberras phrase is of Punic origin and means 'the headland' and 'the middle peninsula' as it actually is. The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula had been proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524. Back then, the only building on the peninsula was a small watchtower dedicated to Erasmus of Formia (Saint Elmo), which had been built in 1488. In 1552, the Aragonite watchtower

2108-591: The Yeldeğirmeni Sanat Merkezi. The word is used in many languages and countries to mean neighborhood or location and originated in Arabic محلة ( maḥalla ), from the root meaning 'to settle', 'to occupy', derived from the verb halla (to untie), as in untying a pack horse or camel to make a camp. In ancient cultures, hospitality involved welcoming a stranger at the host location and offering him food, shelter and safety. That demonstration of hospitality centred on

2170-460: The belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while they travel. A mahala was a relatively-independent quarter of a larger village or a town, usually with its own school , religious building or buildings, mayor's representative etc. Mahalas are often named after the first settler or, when ethnically separate, according to the dominant ethnicity. In the Ottoman Empire, the "mahalle"

2232-405: The city in the town of Luqa . Malta's public transport system , which uses buses, operates mostly on routes to or from Valletta, with their central terminus just outside the city gate . Traffic within the city itself is restricted, with some principal roads being completely pedestrian areas. In 2006, a park and ride system was implemented in order to increase the availability of parking spaces in

2294-469: The city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566. He placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church . In his book Dell'Istoria della Sacra Religione et Illustrissima Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano (English: The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St John of Jerusalem ), written between 1594 and 1602, Giacomo Bosio writes that when

2356-402: The city. People can leave their vehicles in a nearby Floriana car park and transfer to a van for the rest of the trip. In 2007, a congestion pricing scheme was implemented to reduce long-term parking and traffic while promoting business in the city. An ANPR -based automated system takes photos of vehicles as they enter and exit the charging zone and vehicle owners are billed according to

2418-502: The completion of his city. Originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. John's Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta . Francesco Laparelli was the city's principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture, which exhibited irregular winding streets and alleys. He designed the new city on

2480-478: The construction of the city himself after Laparelli's death in 1570. The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority . The city of Valletta was mostly completed by the early 1570s, and it became the capital on 18 March 1571 when Grand Master Pierre de Monte moved from his seat at Fort St Angelo in Birgu to the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta . Seven Auberges were built for

2542-487: The cornerstone of Valletta was placed, a group of Maltese elders said: " Iegi zimen en fel wardia col sceber raba iesue uquie " (Which in modern Maltese reads, " Jiġi żmien li fil-Wardija [l-Għolja Sciberras] kull xiber raba' jiswa uqija ", and in English, "There will come a time when every piece of land on Sciberras Hill will be worth its weight in gold"). De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74 and never saw

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2604-819: The day and 16 °C (61 °F). Valletta experiences a lack of precipitation during the summer months and most of the precipitation happens during the winter months. Winter temperatures are moderated by the surrounding sea, as a result, the city has very mild winters and a long seasonal lag. The official climate recording station in Malta is at Luqa Airport, which is a few miles inland from Valletta. Average high temperatures range from around 16 °C (61 °F) in January to about 32 °C (90 °F) in August, while average low temperatures range from around 10 °C (50 °F) in January to 23 °C (73 °F) in August. The architecture of Valletta's streets and piazzas ranges from mid-16th century Baroque to Modernism . The city

2666-573: The dissolution of borders. The second Mahalla Festival took place 2018 in Valletta , Malta , in the frame of European Capital of Culture under the title "Generating New Narratives". The third Mahalla Festival took place in 2020 under the title " Wandering Towers " with online and physical events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 edition, " Murmuration ", took place in the Istanbul district of Kadıköy at

2728-479: The district. The incumbent mayor of Keçiören is Mesut Özarslan of the secular main opposition Republican People’s Party . In August 2018, the Municipality decided not to issue business licenses to American brands including McDonald's , Starbucks and Burger King as a response to the U.S. sanctions on Turkey. In 2024, the municipal council unanimously decided to ban all the signs in foreign languages and require

2790-588: The government. Mahallas are a common unit not only in Uzbekistan, but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh . In Turkey, mahalle , which may be translated as 'neighborhood', was traditionally a kind of sub-village settlement, one that could be found in both rural settings and in towns. Valletta Valletta ( / v ə ˈ l ɛ t ə / və- LET -ə ; Maltese : il-Belt Valletta , pronounced [vɐlˈlɛttɐ] )

2852-548: The mahalle is represented in the municipality and government by its muhtar . The muhtarlık, the office of the muhtar, has been designed as the smallest administrative office, with representative and enforcement powers at the local level. In some cases, however, the muhtar acts as not only the representative of the government towards the community but also the head of the community toward the government and subverts official government policies by intricate face-to-face mahalle-level relationships. A mahalla ( pronounced mo-hol-la ),

2914-489: The name Keçiören evokes a popular children's TV outdoor game show (similar to the British It's a Knockout ) of the 1980s, which was recorded in the district. The following places are sister cities to Keçiören: Mahalle A mahallah , also mahalla , mahallya , mahalle , mohalla , mehalla , or mehalle is an Arabic word variously translated as district , quarter , ward , or neighborhood in many parts of

2976-407: The port, built by the Knights as a magnificent series of bastions, demi-bastions, cavaliers and curtains, approximately 100 metres (330 ft) high, all contribute to the unique architectural quality of the city. Valletta contains a number of unofficial neighbourhoods, including: Eurostat estimates the labour force in 2015 for the greater Valletta area at around 91,000 people. This corresponds to

3038-481: The private sphere with the public sphere. Religious rituals, life-cycle crisis ceremonies, resource management, conflict resolution, and many other community activities were performed at the mahalla, in other words, on the neighbourhood level. An informal council of elders, called oqsoqol (or " aksakal ") provided leadership. After their inclusion in the Soviet Union, informal mahalla organizations were placed under

3100-460: The rest of the harbor area. The Royal Opera House , constructed at the city entrance in the 19th century, was one of the buildings lost to the raids. In 1980, the 24th Chess Olympiad took place in Valletta. The entire city of Valletta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980, along with Megalithic Temples of Malta and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni . On 11 November 2015, Valletta hosted

3162-589: The revolt was eventually suppressed. In 1798, the French invaded the island and expelled the Order. After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbour area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot , agreed to demolish the majority of the city's fortifications. The demolition

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3224-469: The state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government. Mahallas were thought to be "eyes" and "ears" of the Soviet government; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state. Mahalla leaders were then appointed by the government. Mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex, however, as their leaders could serve as henchmen as well as act as buffers between the local community and

3286-486: The state. Due to intimate, face-to face relationships dominant at the mahalla level, mahalla organizations could often shield the community from the incursions of the state. Since 1993, the Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of "Uzbek nationhood" and "morality," effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society. Thus, they are formal structures run by committees and once again regulated by

3348-503: The strictly negative or pejorative connotations of a slum or ghetto that are not present (or not as strongly implied) in other languages. A mahalla is an Islamic congregation or parish in Russia and a number of countries, once part of the Soviet Union . Typically, mahallas support a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of the mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to

3410-400: The usage of exclusively Turkish, with the exception of business branding. The sports club Keçiörengücü is based in Keçiören. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's headquarters during the Turkish War of Independence , today used by the department of meteorology The current administration has made efforts to decorate the mass of dull concrete that the area mainly consists of. The new buildings include

3472-399: Was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact. Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway , which linked Valletta to Mdina ,

3534-437: Was chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2018. Valletta was also listed as the sunniest city in Europe in 2016. The city is noted for its fortifications , consisting of bastions , curtains and cavaliers , along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches. The peninsula was previously called Xagħret Mewwija (Mu' awiya – Meuia; named during the Arab period ) or Ħal Newwija. Mewwija refers to

3596-400: Was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place. In the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans , but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette , immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Order's position in Malta and bind

3658-413: Was held on 20 November 1993. Other elections were held in 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2017. The present local council was elected in 2019. The local council is housed in a building in South Street. The following people have served as Mayors of Valletta: Valletta is the capital city of Malta, and is the country's administrative and commercial hub. The Parliament of Malta has been housed at

3720-429: Was officially opened in 1883. It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport. In 1939, Valletta was abandoned as the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet due to its proximity to Italy and the city became a flash point during the subsequent two-year long Siege of Malta . German and Italian air raids throughout the Second World War caused much destruction in Valletta and

3782-439: Was the site of the National Museum of Fine Arts . The Manoel Theatre ( Maltese : Teatru Manoel ) was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena , and is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The Mediterranean Conference Centre was formerly the Sacra Infermeria . Built in 1574, it was one of Europe's most renowned hospitals during the Renaissance. The fortifications of

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3844-487: Was the smallest administrative entity. The mahalle was generally perceived to play an important role in identity formation , with the local mosque and the local coffee house as the main social gathering institutions. Mahalle lay at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions were performed by mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, lifecycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. Today,

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