176-494: Princess Kaʻiulani ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəʔiu'lɐni] ; Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn; October 16, 1875 – March 6, 1899) was a Hawaiian royal, the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike , and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom . She was the niece of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani . After the death of her mother, Princess Kaʻiulani
352-487: A British aristocrat who corresponded with her over the next three years and saved her letters until his death. During these years, Kaʻiulani began to have recurring illnesses, writing her aunt Liliʻuokalani that she'd had "the grip" (influenza) seven times while living abroad. She also complained of headaches, weight loss, eye problems and fainting spells. A migraine episode in Paris on May 4, 1897, prevented her from attending
528-495: A French woman, Catalina de Alcala or D'Acala, and a German woman, Miss Reiseberg, with whom Kaʻiulani did not develop as strong a bond. Her governesses taught her reading, writing letters (often to relatives), music practices and social training. She also read biographies about her namesake, Queen Victoria. She would become fluent in the Hawaiian, English, French and German languages. Kalākaua championed future Hawaiian leaders attaining
704-509: A broader education with his 1880 Hawaiian Youths Abroad program. His niece Kaʻiulani was not the first Hawaiian royal to study abroad. The Hawaiian government sent her cousins David Kawānanakoa (known as Koa), Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole to attend Saint Matthew's School in the United States in 1885. Keliʻiahonui died young in 1887 while Kawānanakoa and Kūhiō traveled to England in 1890 to finish their education
880-591: A carriage of state from Honolulu to Waikiki on the occasion of the festivities. The couple broke off the engagement soon afterwards, for unspecified reasons. Kūnuiākea married Mary Lonokahikini, widow of the Reverend Z. Poli, in 1878. Likelike married Archibald Scott Cleghorn , a businessman from Scotland almost twice her age, on September 22, 1870; Cleghorn was 35, and Likelike was 19. They were married in an Anglican ceremony officiated by Reverend Charles George Williamson, rector of St. Andrew's Cathedral . The wedding
1056-465: A family estate which Likelike named ʻĀinahau (cool land). Kaʻiulani was the couple's only child. Likelike had a miscarriage in June 1877 on a ship en route to San Francisco, California, and may have had another miscarriage after a fall from a horse before her final illness. Like her sister Lydia's marriage to John Owen Dominis, her marriage to Cleghorn was bittersweet. Victorian gentlemen expected to be
1232-592: A few months after Kaʻiulani's own departure for an education abroad. Months after the death of Kaʻiulani's mother, Likelike, political unrest gripped Hawaii. Local businessmen accused Kalākaua's cabinet under Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson of influence peddling in elections and manipulation of legislative governance. Although the Gibson cabinet was replaced by the Reform Cabinet, the business community remained dissatisfied. The Committee of Thirteen businessmen under
1408-585: A government employee came to an end. Father and daughter spent the years 1893–1897 drifting among the European aristocracy, relatives and family friends in England, Wales, Scotland and Paris, before finally returning to Hawaii. After arriving back in Hawaii in 1897, Kaʻiulani settled into life as a private citizen and busied herself with social engagements. She and Liliʻuokalani boycotted the 1898 annexation ceremony and mourned
1584-573: A lady-in-waiting to Likelike. Isobel's stepfather was Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson . In June 1888, Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco. The poet spent nearly three years in the eastern and central Pacific, stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands, where he became a good friend of King Kalākaua and Ka'iulani. Stevenson and the princess often strolled at ʻĀinahau and sat beneath its banyan tree. Prior to her departure, Stevenson composed
1760-413: A large family, her biological siblings included James Kaliokalani , David Kalākaua , Liliʻuokalani , Anna Kaʻiulani , Kaʻiminaʻauao , and William Pitt Leleiohoku II . They were hānai (adopted) by other family members. The Hawaiian custom of hānai is an informal form of adoption in extended families. Because Likelike was not healthy as a child, she was sent to live in the dry climate of Kona on
1936-466: A long time, never marry and never become queen. Kaʻiulani was educated in England from 1889 to 1897. She was declared heir apparent to the Hawaiian throne during the reign of her aunt, Queen Liliʻuokalani ( r. 1891–1893 ). After the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , Kaʻiulani traveled from London to Washington, D.C. and convinced U.S. President Grover Cleveland to attempt to restore
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#17330943081842112-407: A long time, never marry and never become queen. Kaʻiulani was educated in England from 1889 to 1897. She was declared heir apparent to the Hawaiian throne during the reign of her aunt, Queen Liliʻuokalani ( r. 1891–1893 ). After the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , Kaʻiulani traveled from London to Washington, D.C. and convinced U.S. President Grover Cleveland to attempt to restore
2288-410: A negative image of Hawaiians, especially of Kaʻiulani and her aunt Liliʻuokalani. However, interviews with the Hawaiian princess dispelled these rumors. A journalist of San Francisco's The Examiner wrote, "A barbarian princess? Not a bit of it ..Rather the very flower — an exotic — of civilization. The Princess Kaʻiulani is a charming, fascinating individual." According to historian Andrea Feeser,
2464-500: A new version of the annexation treaty to incorporate the Republic of Hawaii into the United States. Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman . Hawaiians against annexation coalesced, including the political entity Hui Kālaiʻāina which ran petition drives to oppose annexation. Between 1896 and 1897, she divulged her plans to return to Hawaii in two candid letters written to her friend Toby de Courcy. In
2640-630: A number of kanikau (dirges) for the funeral of Princess Likelike in 1887, including songs by Liliʻuokalani and ladies-in-waiting Kapoli Kamakau and Eliza Wood Holt. Kamakau composed "Imi Ia Ka Lani" ("The Heavenly One Is Sought") as a tribute to Likelike at her death. Few of Likelike's compositions survive, compared to those of her siblings. She signed many of her mele (songs) with the name "Kapili". Notable surviving compositions include "ʻÂinahau" (an ode to her home, where she composed most of her works) and "Kuʻu Ipo Ika Heʻe Pue One" ("My Sweetheart"), also known as "Ka ʻOwē A Ke Kai", which Kanahele said
2816-630: A number of kanikau (dirges) for the funeral of Princess Likelike in 1887, including songs by Liliʻuokalani and ladies-in-waiting Kapoli Kamakau and Eliza Wood Holt. Kamakau composed "Imi Ia Ka Lani" ("The Heavenly One Is Sought") as a tribute to Likelike at her death. Few of Likelike's compositions survive, compared to those of her siblings. She signed many of her mele (songs) with the name "Kapili". Notable surviving compositions include "ʻÂinahau" (an ode to her home, where she composed most of her works) and "Kuʻu Ipo Ika Heʻe Pue One" ("My Sweetheart"), also known as "Ka ʻOwē A Ke Kai", which Kanahele said
2992-466: A poem for her. He later wrote to his friend Will Hicok Low , "If you want to cease to be Republican , see my little Kaiulani, as she goes through [the United States]." Historian A. Grove Day noted, "Of all his island friendships, the platonic affair with the half-Scottish princess has most persisted in the imagination of lovers of Hawaiiana." Forth from her land to mine she goes, The island maid,
3168-473: A powerful kahuna ʻanāʻanā , or that she sacrificed her life to the goddess Pele to stop the 1887 eruption of Mauna Loa . According to her medical advisors however, they stated that "If Princess Likelike had taken sufficient nourishment there was no reason why she should not have recovered strength." According to Hawaiian legend, Likelike asked to see Kaʻiulani on her deathbed, and during her last moments, she prophesied that Kaʻiulani would leave Hawaii for
3344-453: A provisional government. Dole put forth what he believed was a more reasonable immediate plan of action, a possible outcome that had been discussed by others in the kingdom, "...that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaʻiulani be installed as queen, and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority..." In fact, Cleghorn had also directly approached Thurston the morning before
3520-408: A public viewing, and government offices were closed. Likelike's funeral was weeks later, after her body was embalmed and details of the procession were finalized. The funeral was held in the throne room on Sunday, February 27. The kāhili bearers had waved continuously since February 3, and "no hula had marred the solemnity". Bishop Willis and Rev. Alexander Macintosh conducted daily services during
3696-408: A public viewing, and government offices were closed. Likelike's funeral was weeks later, after her body was embalmed and details of the procession were finalized. The funeral was held in the throne room on Sunday, February 27. The kāhili bearers had waved continuously since February 3, and "no hula had marred the solemnity". Bishop Willis and Rev. Alexander Macintosh conducted daily services during
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#17330943081843872-724: A reputation as a gracious hostess at her ʻĀinahau estate. Likelike was au courant with the latest fashions, ordering dresses and clothing from San Francisco and Paris. She was known be imperious and quick-tempered, once striking a groom with a whip for not keeping the carriage properly polished. Likelike was baptized and confirmed in the Anglican Church of Hawaii in 1882. After his accession, Likelike's brother Kalākaua bestowed royal titles and ranks upon her and their siblings: sisters became Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis (Liliʻuokalani) and Princess Miriam Likelike Cleghorn and their brother became Prince William Pitt Leleiohoku. The latter
4048-639: A viable option. Many factions in Hawaii and abroad preferred restoring Kaʻiulani to the Hawaiian throne in place of Liliʻuokalani under a more restricted form of constitutional monarchy . James Hay Wodehouse , the British commissioner to Hawaii, reported to his superior in London that the natives would support and welcome Kaʻiulani as queen. Charles Reed Bishop , the widower of the High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop , wrote that, "the better class of
4224-496: Is an informal form of adoption in extended families. Because Likelike was not healthy as a child, she was sent to live in the dry climate of Kona on the island of Hawaii . The 1892 obituary of Hawaii Supreme Court Justice Lawrence McCully noted that he was her teacher while he resided in Kona. According to historian George Kanahele , she was raised in Hilo on the wetter windward side of
4400-519: Is another thing. Study to control your feelings — strive to be humble to your Superiors — obedient and humble to the Sisters, kind and affectionate to your schoolmates, if any harsh word begins to rise to your lips suppress it — do not let it escape — and when you succeed in doing so you will afterwards be happy to think that you had controled [sic] yourself. Likelike was betrothed around 1869 to Albert Kūnuiākea , an illegitimate son of King Kamehameha III and
4576-401: Is making a fool of itself and I only hope we won't be ridiculed." The annexation ceremony was held on August 12, 1898, at the former ʻIolani Palace, now being used as the executive building of the government. President Dole handed over "the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands" to United States minister Harold M. Sewall. The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered, and
4752-503: Is next to the niches for her daughter Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn (who died shortly after the crypt was completed). Likelike was taught music from childhood and learned to play piano, guitar and ukulele . An early part of the entourage of her sister, Liliʻuokalani, music defined their social life in the royal circle. In 1877, Liliʻuokalani composed Aloha ʻOe about the parting of two lovers in Maunawili ; later historians have speculated that
4928-452: Is next to the niches for her daughter Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn (who died shortly after the crypt was completed). Likelike was taught music from childhood and learned to play piano, guitar and ukulele . An early part of the entourage of her sister, Liliʻuokalani, music defined their social life in the royal circle. In 1877, Liliʻuokalani composed Aloha ʻOe about the parting of two lovers in Maunawili ; later historians have speculated that
5104-485: Is the least recognized of the four royals: Princess Likelike is perhaps the least recognized of the Royal Composers. This state of affairs is due probably as much to her tertiary status in the royal hierarchy of succession as to her musical talents and accomplishments. Nonetheless, her compositions, though perhaps fewer in number those of her brothers and sister, still claim a wide audience today. Likelike Street, near
5280-427: Is the least recognized of the four royals: Princess Likelike is perhaps the least recognized of the Royal Composers. This state of affairs is due probably as much to her tertiary status in the royal hierarchy of succession as to her musical talents and accomplishments. Nonetheless, her compositions, though perhaps fewer in number those of her brothers and sister, still claim a wide audience today. Likelike Street, near
5456-533: The Anglican Church of Hawaii in 1882. After his accession, Likelike's brother Kalākaua bestowed royal titles and ranks upon her and their siblings: sisters became Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis (Liliʻuokalani) and Princess Miriam Likelike Cleghorn and their brother became Prince William Pitt Leleiohoku. The latter was also named heir to the Hawaiian throne, as Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani had no children of their own. After Leleiohoku's death on April 9, 1877, Kalākaua proclaimed Liliʻuokalani heir apparent to
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5632-666: The Bazar de la Charité , which caught fire and killed a number of French noble women including the Duchess of Alençon . Growing expenses also exacerbated Cleghorn's drained financial status, and he wrote to Liliʻuokalani, asking for assistance. Kaʻiulani knew little about financial management and had no means to repay her benefactors. As her funding ran out, she wondered if the Provisional Government would give her an allowance. Her father had no means to support her, so both were dependent upon
5808-768: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. The schools were the predecessor of the Sacred Hearts Academy in Kaimuki . Likelike was later educated by American Congregationalist missionary teacher Maria Ogden at the Makiki Family School, established in Honolulu in 1860 with the support of King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Her last school was the Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls ; Likelike's teacher
5984-670: The Hawaiian Islands , was unveiled in November 1874 at the place where he was killed. Great Britain and the United States were seen at the time seen as allies who prevented Russia from seizing the kingdom. On January 26, 1877, Likelike and Cleghorn deeded their land at the Cook Monument at Kealakekua Bay in trust to the British Commissioner to Hawaii James Hay Wodehouse and his subsequent heirs for one dollar "to keep and maintain"
6160-577: The White House . Her traveling companion Alice recalled, "We were received by President and Mrs. Cleveland and we had a short interview where all references to our mission were carefully avoided." Politics remained uncertain as Hawaii waited for the conclusion of the Blount Report . Macfarlane wanted Kaʻiulani to return to Honolulu while Davies wanted her to accompany him back to England. Macfarlane believed that going back narrowed her perspective in favor of
6336-481: The hānai son of Queen Dowager Kalama . Contemporary sources noted, "Their betrothal [was] much desired by those in authority as well as the other chiefs". During the 1869 visit of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the Galatea , Likelike's sister Liliʻuokalani entertained the British prince with a traditional Hawaiian lūʻau at her Waikiki residence of Hamohamo. Likelike accompanied Queen Dowager Kalama and Kūnuiākea on
6512-586: The legislature of the Kingdom appropriated an annual allowance of $ 8,000 (a $ 5,000 increase from her salary as governor) for Likelike "provided she resigns the office of Governess of Hawaii". She had resigned her position by September 1880, and Princess Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike (Queen Kapiʻolani's younger sister) was appointed her successor on September 2 of that year. The 1882 legislative session increased her annual salary to $ 12,000 and appropriate $ 5,000 for her seven year-old daughter Princess Kaʻiulani. Likelike
6688-439: The sabbath . In accordance with those beliefs, Likelike's body was moved sometime after midnight on February 3 and arrived at ʻIolani Palace around 2 a.m . She was placed on a catafalque in the throne room, where she lay in state until the following afternoon. The princess was covered by a satin shroud , with kāhili wavers on both sides. A private viewing was provided for the royal family and government dignitaries before
6864-439: The sabbath . In accordance with those beliefs, Likelike's body was moved sometime after midnight on February 3 and arrived at ʻIolani Palace around 2 a.m . She was placed on a catafalque in the throne room, where she lay in state until the following afternoon. The princess was covered by a satin shroud , with kāhili wavers on both sides. A private viewing was provided for the royal family and government dignitaries before
7040-470: The state funeral of Kalākaua had greater financial oversight and cost $ 21,442. In a June 24, 1910, ceremony officiated by Likelike's sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, the remains of the deceased members of the Kalākaua dynasty were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum was converted into a chapel. The niche bearing her remains, inscribed "H.R.H. Like Like | Born 1835–Died 1887",
7216-419: The state funeral of Kalākaua had greater financial oversight and cost $ 21,442. In a June 24, 1910, ceremony officiated by Likelike's sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, the remains of the deceased members of the Kalākaua dynasty were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum was converted into a chapel. The niche bearing her remains, inscribed "H.R.H. Like Like | Born 1835–Died 1887",
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7392-578: The 13-year-old Prince Yamashina Sadamaro . From extant letters to the king, both by Prince Sadamaro, upon the advice of his father, and by Japanese foreign minister Inoue Kaoru declined the proposal on behalf of the government of Japan. In February 1893, the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor with the Japanese prince on board. Rumors circulated in the American press that
7568-462: The 1893 overthrow of the monarchy. She was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis , at 1:00 p.m. on December 25, 1875, at the Pro-Cathedral of St. Andrew's Anglican Cathedral in Honolulu. This was the first christening of a Hawaiian princess since the birth of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1838. The baby Kaʻiulani, clad in a "cashmere robe, embroidered with silk", was reported to have "behaved with
7744-659: The 24-day period. A large funeral procession followed, whose participants were mostly native Hawaiian. Likelike was buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla . Her coffin was placed at the head of the main mausoleum , in the center of a row of other coffins. Photographers and a sketch artist recorded the event. Likelike's funeral cost $ 30,337.54 in Hawaiian dollars (equivalent to $ 1,028,780 in 2023), prompting an investigation. The legislative finance committee studied past funeral expenses for Hawaiian royals, and concluded that
7920-552: The 24-day period. A large funeral procession followed, whose participants were mostly native Hawaiian. Likelike was buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla . Her coffin was placed at the head of the main mausoleum , in the center of a row of other coffins. Photographers and a sketch artist recorded the event. Likelike's funeral cost $ 30,337.54 in Hawaiian dollars (equivalent to $ 1,028,780 in 2023), prompting an investigation. The legislative finance committee studied past funeral expenses for Hawaiian royals, and concluded that
8096-554: The American people. Kaʻiulani, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Davies, their daughter Alice Davies, Annie Whartoff, as her lady-in-waiting and a chaperone, and a maid of Mrs. Davies, traveled from Southampton to New York, arriving on March 1. Macfarlane and Mott-Smith met the party on their ship. Upon landing on the pier, Kaʻiulani delivered to the assembled press and curious onlookers a speech written by Davies: Seventy years ago, Christian America sent over Christian men and women to give religion and civilization to Hawaii. Today, three of
8272-509: The British prefer her, and they would help to control her and make as good a government as possible". Dole, the leader of the Provisional Government, had stated that it would have been "far more tactful" to "hold the power of the throne" through a "regency in the name of the young Princess Kaʻiulani until she reaches her majority". Kaʻiulani learned of the overthrow via a short telegram received by Davies on January 30, " 'Queen Deposed', 'Monarchy Abrogated', 'Break News to Princess ' ". In
8448-399: The British, which might affect her policy making should she become queen. On April 8, Cleghorn wrote to Kaʻiulani, "I think for the present you are better not here, much as I would like to have you home. ... [T]hings must be settled soon and then we will know what to do." Prior to the 1893 overthrow, Kaʻiulani had been allocated an annual pension by the Hawaiian government. As a member of
8624-427: The Cook Monument at Kealakekua Bay in trust to the British Commissioner to Hawaii James Hay Wodehouse and his subsequent heirs for one dollar "to keep and maintain" the monument. Although the deed names Likelike and her husband, its only signatory was Cleghorn's. Because of the deed's wording, Wodehouse and his heirs (not the British government) became owners of the land. The error was not discovered until 1939, when
8800-716: The Davies family in England. The press releases under her name were in reality created by Davies who, in the beginning, did not ask for her input. It is unclear whether any of the public statements were at her request, but he did eventually give her the opportunity to approve the final product before it went to the news media of the day. The teenage Kaʻiulani spent her summer of 1893 with the Davies family in Killiney , Ireland, where she and her friends played cricket and enjoyed tea. That winter, Mary Ellen Davies sent her daughter Alice to Wiesbaden , Germany, with Kaʻiulani, and three other women of
8976-484: The Davies' residence in Hesketh Park, Southport . By September, Kaʻiulani and Annie were sent to Northamptonshire and enrolled at Great Harrowden Hall , a boarding school for young girls, under the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp. After the first academic year, Annie returned to Hawaii to marry leaving Kaʻiulani alone at the school. Sharp noted that Kaʻiulani continued "making good progress in her studies" despite
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#17330943081849152-556: The Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani. However, the princess was wary of her uncertain future as a former royal and was reluctant to accept the prospect of an arranged marriage back home. She was also growing accustomed to life abroad. Despite her misgivings, the changing political situation in Hawaii called her home in 1897. On June 16, Cleveland's successor President William McKinley presented the United States Senate with
9328-563: The Hawaiian Islands). Her classmates at Kawaiahaʻo included Annie Palekaluhi Kaikioʻewa (sister of Edward Kamakau Lilikalani ) and Lily Auld, also members of the Hawaiian nobility. Likelike was particularly close to her elder sister, Liliʻuokalani, who was warm towards (and protective of) her younger sister. In a September 7, 1865, letter, Liliʻuokalani (who had married John Owen Dominis ) advised Likelike about her education: How lonely I feel without you. I miss you wherever I am — in
9504-452: The Interior, made the plans to send Kaʻiulani abroad. Thurston later denied involvement in the decision. Leaving Honolulu on May 10, 1889, the travel party included her half-sister Annie, and Mary Matilda Walker, wife of the British vice-consul to Hawaii Thomas R. Walker, as their chaperone. Cleghorn accompanied his daughters to San Francisco before returning to Hawaii. They traveled across
9680-408: The Japanese considered intervening militarily. From 1893 until her death, rumors of whom Kaʻiulani would wed circulated in the American and Hawaiian press, and on one occasion she was pressured by Queen Liliʻuokalani to marry. When Clive Davies, son of Kaʻiulani's guardian Theo H. Davies, was a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1893, he was rumored to be Kaʻiulani's fiancé. Although
9856-452: The Pacific theater of the war. If nothing else, the harbor traffic meant income for the local businesses. Cleghorn and Kaʻiulani issued an open invitation for visiting American troops to stay at ʻĀinahau, although it was more likely solely her father's idea. She wrote to Liliʻuokalani, "I am sure you would be disgusted if you could see the way the town is decorated for the American troops. Honolulu
10032-620: The Republic. The Hawaiian Red Cross Society was formed in June ;1898, with Mrs. Harold M. Sewall as its president. Her husband was the United States Minister to the Republic. First Lady of the Republic Anna Prentice Cate Dole was selected as first vice-president, and Kaʻiulani was second vice-president. It is unclear if the princess had given her consent to be named as part of the committee, but she did not attend
10208-526: The Reverend Z. Poli, in 1878. Likelike married Archibald Scott Cleghorn , a businessman from Scotland almost twice her age, on September 22, 1870; Cleghorn was 35, and Likelike was 19. They were married in an Anglican ceremony officiated by Reverend Charles George Williamson, rector of St. Andrew's Cathedral . The wedding was at Washington Place , her sister Liliʻuokalani's residence. Cleghorn had fathered daughters Rose, Helen and Annie with his part-Hawaiian mistress (Elizabeth Lapeka Pauahi Grimes) before
10384-497: The Sisters, kind and affectionate to your schoolmates, if any harsh word begins to rise to your lips suppress it — do not let it escape — and when you succeed in doing so you will afterwards be happy to think that you had controled [sic] yourself. Likelike was betrothed around 1869 to Albert Kūnuiākea , an illegitimate son of King Kamehameha III and the hānai son of Queen Dowager Kalama . Contemporary sources noted, "Their betrothal [was] much desired by those in authority as well as
10560-591: The United States by train, stopping briefly at Chicago and New York before sailing to England. They landed in Liverpool on June 17, after a month-long journey. After Mrs. Walker returned to Hawaii, Kaʻiulani and Annie were placed under the guardianship of Theo H. Davies and his wife Mary Ellen. Davies was a British citizen and owner of Theo H. Davies & Co. , one of the Big Five leading sugar firms operating in Hawaii. During school holidays, Kaʻiulani stayed at Sundown,
10736-459: The United States over his influence over Kaʻiulani. Kawānanakoa along with Neumann, Macfarlane and Mott-Smith voiced criticism at Davies' action in bringing Kaʻiulani to the United States without the consent of Cleghorn or the queen. They felt Davies' public statements supporting a regency in place of the queen undermined the cause against annexation and created the impression of a "three-cornered fight". Macfarlane, himself of British descent, stated to
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#173309430818410912-563: The United States temporarily, rather than the Dole-led government, in hopes that the United States would recognize the monarchical government as the lawful power, and thereby restore Hawaii's sovereignty. Cleghorn lost his governorship position as of February 28. He blamed Liliʻuokalani's political inaction for the overthrow and believed that the monarchy would have been preserved had she abdicated in favor of Kaʻiulani. He met privately with Thurston and requested that he respect Ka'iulani's claim to
11088-531: The Wodehouse estate conveyed the deed to the British government for $ 1. Governor Samuel Kipi died in office on March 11, 1879. Likelike was appointed his successor on March 29, and held the position until September 2, 1880. Her first official meeting as governor was at the Hilo courthouse on May 31. The island of Hawaii was no stranger to a female governor, since Princess Keʻelikōlani (Kaʻiulani's godmother) had held
11264-428: The arrival of Queen Marau , wife of King Pōmare V of Tahiti , who was en route to Paris. Before her death, Likelike was planning to travel to Monterey with Kaʻiulani for their health. She had been in failing health for months, but her doctors only advised fresh air and a change of scenery. Likelike became weaker, and was advised to get "more nourishment". In mid-January 1887, a large school of red āweoweo fish
11440-423: The beachfront district of Waikīkī, where Cleghorn built a family estate which Likelike named ʻĀinahau (cool land). Kaʻiulani was the couple's only child. Likelike had a miscarriage in June 1877 on a ship en route to San Francisco, California, and may have had another miscarriage after a fall from a horse before her final illness. Like her sister Lydia's marriage to John Owen Dominis, her marriage to Cleghorn
11616-676: The ceremony. The Republican government attempted to invite her to the Annexation Ball, and she responded by saying, "Why don't you ask me if I am going to pull down Hawaii's flag for them?" On September 7, 1898, Kaʻiulani hosted the United States Congressional commission party and more than 120 guests with a grand luau at ʻĀinahau. The commissioners: the new Territorial Governor Dole, Senators Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois and John T. Morgan of Alabama, Representative Robert R. Hitt of Illinois, and Hawaii associate justice and
11792-544: The chance to be a heroine but unless you exercise resolution and self control ... we shall all fail". He cautioned that any funding from the Provisional Government obligated her to support their cause. He tried to get Kaʻiulani to re-focus on the goal ahead regarding Hawaii, but she wanted to be in charge of her own destiny. Stress from her financial situation had an adverse effect on her mental and physical health, and she fell into an emotional drift. Kaʻiulani felt duty-bound to her family in Hawaii, especially her ailing aunt,
11968-519: The contemporary portrayals of Kaʻiulani were "shaped by race and gender stereotypes, and although they aimed to be favorable, they granted her no authority" with emphasis placed on her Caucasian features, Victorian manners, feminine fragility and exoticism. Kaʻiulani and her father sailed from San Francisco on November 2 and arrived in Honolulu on the morning of November 9. Thousands of well-wishers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, greeted her at
12144-534: The cool winds blowing down from the Manoa Valley . Her father relocated the family to the country estate in 1878 when Kaʻiulani was three years old. Cleghorn planted a large botanical garden on the grounds of the estate, including a banyan tree, known as Kaʻiulani's banyan. Kaʻiulani's mother Princess Likelike died at age 36 on February 2, 1887, officially of unknown causes. Her doctors had believed in vain that she could have been cured with proper nourishment. Upon
12320-511: The costs "are unprecedented in the history of state funerals in this country" and "[t]here was utter recklessness, lawlessness and lack of proper authorization in the expenditures incurred". About $ 22,000 of the total cost was for clothing the over 1,600 mourners. The committee recommended that the legislature approve a payment of $ 10,772.71, with the remainder to be paid by the trustees of the king's estate. The previous state funeral, for Queen Dowager Emma in 1885, cost $ 5,965.98; four years later,
12496-511: The costs "are unprecedented in the history of state funerals in this country" and "[t]here was utter recklessness, lawlessness and lack of proper authorization in the expenditures incurred". About $ 22,000 of the total cost was for clothing the over 1,600 mourners. The committee recommended that the legislature approve a payment of $ 10,772.71, with the remainder to be paid by the trustees of the king's estate. The previous state funeral, for Queen Dowager Emma in 1885, cost $ 5,965.98; four years later,
12672-449: The death of her brother Leleiohoku, she traveled to San Francisco for her health and returned to Honolulu on the steamer Likelike on its first voyage between California and Hawaii. Likelike revisited San Francisco in 1884 with Hawaiian banker Charles Reed Bishop and Liliʻuokalani's hānai sister, Bernice Pauahi Bishop ; Bernice was going to the city to undergo surgery for breast cancer, of which she later died. Their visit coincided with
12848-401: The death of her mother, when Kaʻiulani was eleven years old, she inherited the estate. From a young age, governesses and private tutors educated Kaʻiulani starting with a British woman, Marion Barnes, from 1879 until her early death of pneumonia in 1884, and then an American woman, Gertrude Gardinier, who became her favorite governess. After Gardinier's marriage in 1887, her governesses included
13024-595: The end of 1893, with the Hawaiian legislature appropriating $ 4,000 for her travel expenses. This trip would mark her entrance in society as the heir-apparent to the throne. There were arrangements for an audience with Queen Victoria, followed by a tour of Europe and a possible visit to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In anticipation, Kaʻiulani wrote to her aunt Liliʻuokalani, "I am looking forward to my return next year. I am beginning to feel very homesick." However, following
13200-554: The end of this winter". By August and September, Kaʻiulani and her father were making farewell calls to friends, hiring an Irish maid, Mary O'Donell, to assist her and preparing for their return to Hawaii. Kaʻiulani and her father Cleghorn sailed from Southampton to New York on October 9, 1897. After a brief stay at the Albemarle Hotel in New York, the two traveled to Washington, DC, to pay their respects to Queen Liliʻuokalani, who
13376-456: The faith of God, strong in the knowledge that I am right, strong in the strength of seventy million people who in this free land will hear my cry and will refuse to let their flag cover dishonor to mine!" During her first two days, Kaʻiulani and the Davies toured New York and received callers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, although he was only allowed to speak to her briefly. Dissent developed between Davies and Liliʻuokalani's representatives in
13552-405: The family were members of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility. Before the age of six, she was raised on the island of Hawaii for her health. Likelike later returned to Honolulu, where she was educated by Roman Catholic and Congregationalist teachers in the city's girls' schools. She married Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn in 1870 and was the mother of Princess Kaʻiulani ,
13728-781: The first female surfer in the British Isles. However, the Museum of British Surfing states "the only tangible evidence – so far – is a letter in which she wrote that she enjoyed ‘being on the water again’ at Brighton." Her three cousins Kawananakoa, Kuhio and Keliʻiahonui pioneered surfing in California in 1885. Kawananakoa and Kūhiō became the first male surfers in the British Isles in 1890 when they went surf riding with their tutor John Wrightson at Bridlington in northern England. The swimming attire for Victorian-minded Hawaiian royals would have been full-body swimwear made of wool or cotton. Kaʻiulani
13904-655: The first letter, written in the fall of 1896 from Rozel , Jersey, she confided in him that a secret engagement was arranged and she was expected to return in April of the following year. In a subsequent letter dated July 4 from Tunbridge Wells , she explained to Toby that she would visit her aunt Liliʻuokalani in the United States. The decision to return to Hawaii was still undecided at this point. Kaʻiulani added that, "If I went over to see my Aunt I would only stay about Three [ sic ] weeks there and return again here (Europe)", although Davies "may think it advisable for me to return home
14080-581: The five royal counselors of Kamehameha I (r. 1782–1819) during his conquest of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Kameʻeiamoku, her parents' grandfather, was depicted with his royal twin Kamanawa on the Hawaiian coat of arms. The youngest daughter and penultimate child of a large family, her biological siblings included James Kaliokalani , David Kalākaua , Liliʻuokalani , Anna Kaʻiulani , Kaʻiminaʻauao , and William Pitt Leleiohoku II . They were hānai (adopted) by other family members. The Hawaiian custom of hānai
14256-552: The flag of the United States was raised in its place. "When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me," Kaʻiulani told the San Francisco Chronicle . "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down ...". Liliʻuokalani with Kaʻiulani, their family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place in mourning. Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend
14432-399: The generosity of others. Davies was a hard-nosed businessman who had risen from working-class parents, to make a fortune in Hawaii's sugar plantation business. While he agreed to assist with the finances, he took the princess to task for her careless spending in 1894, "I am disappointed in what you say about money matters because I have always been disagreeably plain about them ... You have
14608-407: The goddess Pele to stop the 1887 eruption of Mauna Loa . According to her medical advisors however, they stated that "If Princess Likelike had taken sufficient nourishment there was no reason why she should not have recovered strength." According to Hawaiian legend, Likelike asked to see Kaʻiulani on her deathbed, and during her last moments, she prophesied that Kaʻiulani would leave Hawaii for
14784-504: The government. Upon the death of her mother, Likelike, Kaʻiulani became second in line to the throne, following her aunt Liliʻuokalani. She would become the heir apparent after the death of her uncle Kalākaua and the accession of Liliʻuokalani. In 1889, it was deemed appropriate to send Kaʻiulani to England for a proper education and remove her from the intrigues and unrest between Kalākaua and his political opponents. Cleghorn, Kalākaua and allegedly Lorrin A. Thurston, who served as Minister of
14960-525: The harbor in Honolulu and showered her with garlands of lei and flowers. They returned to ʻĀinahau where Kaʻiulani was to assume the life of a private citizen. Her father had built a two-storied new Victorian-style mansion designed by architect Clinton Briggs Ripley next to the bungalow which had been her childhood home in the intervening years when she was abroad. Despite her lack of political status, she continued to receive visitors and made public appearances at events hosted by both monarchists and supporters of
15136-518: The hope of the Hawaiian people, as the only direct heir by birth to the throne." The long-awaited future heir to the throne was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis at the pro-cathedral of St. Andrew's on December 25, 1875. Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani and the king and queen were her godparents. Keʻelikōlani gave 10 acres (4.0 ha) of her land in Waikīkī (outside Honolulu) to her goddaughter. The family sold their Honolulu property in 1878 and moved to
15312-407: The house — out of doors—in my rides — in my walks. I miss you very much — but I hope that when you have learnt all that is to be learnt at school ... I may be able to have you with me again ... therefore apply yourself my dear Sister to your studies. Try very hard ... This is another thing. Study to control your feelings — strive to be humble to your Superiors — obedient and humble to
15488-418: The island of Hawaii . The 1892 obituary of Hawaii Supreme Court Justice Lawrence McCully noted that he was her teacher while he resided in Kona. According to historian George Kanahele , she was raised in Hilo on the wetter windward side of the island of Hawaii: "Little is known about her early years". The identities of Likelike's hānai parents are unknown. According to historian Sammy Amalu, Likelike
15664-492: The island of Hawaii from 1879 to 1880 and was in the line of succession to the throne after her sister, Liliʻuokalani . Likelike died under mysterious circumstances in 1887, with rumors that she was malevolently "prayed" to death. She and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history. Likelike
15840-445: The island of Hawaii: "Little is known about her early years". The identities of Likelike's hānai parents are unknown. According to historian Sammy Amalu, Likelike was brought up in the household of Peleuli (daughter of High Chief Kalaʻimamahu , half-brother of Kamehameha I) with Peleuli's granddaughter Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi Crowningburg , a second cousin of King Lunalilo. According to newspaper columnist Clarice Taylor , Likelike
16016-481: The island rose, Light of heart and bright of face, The daughter of a double race ... But our Scots islands far away Shall glitter with unwonted day, And cast for once their tempest by To smile in Kaiulani's eye. During his 1881 world tour , Kalākaua held a secret meeting with Emperor Meiji and proposed to unite the two nations in an alliance with an arranged marriage between his 5-year-old niece Kaʻiulani and
16192-400: The last heir to the throne before the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Likelike was the first mistress of the ʻĀinahau estate, which became associated with her daughter. She was Governor of the island of Hawaii from 1879 to 1880 and was in the line of succession to the throne after her sister, Liliʻuokalani . Likelike died under mysterious circumstances in 1887, with rumors that she
16368-676: The later Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear were tasked with forming a new territorial government. Kaʻiulani arranged the event to highlight the importance of Hawaiian culture and started the luau by dipping her finger in the poi . The luau at ʻĀinahau for the congressional party was portrayed in the 2009 film as a fight for Hawaiian suffrage, which was ensured in the 1900 Hawaiian Organic Act . Kaʻiulani had always been an athletic young woman, who enjoyed equestrianism, surfing, swimming, croquet, and canoeing. In an 1897 interview for The Sun newspaper in New York, she stated, "I love riding, driving , swimming, dancing and cycling. Really, I'm sure I
16544-475: The leadership of Lorrin A. Thurston , drafted what became known as the Bayonet Constitution , codifying the legislature as the supreme authority over the monarchy's actions. Thurston is believed to have been the principal author of the new constitution. Presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6, 1887, it limited the power of the monarchy and increased the influence of Euro-American interests in
16720-414: The lord of their castle, their servants, their children, and their wives. Hawaiian nobility ( aliʻi ), however, were raised to rule others. Cleghorn could be blustery and demanding; on several occasions, the princess returned to the island of Hawaii and refused to return until they reconciled. Likelike was vivacious and well-liked, and her home was open to important people from all over the world. She had
16896-754: The loss of Hawaiian independence. However, she later hosted the American congressional delegation in charge of formalizing the Hawaiian Organic Act . She suffered from chronic health problems throughout the 1890s and died at her home at ʻĀinahau in 1899. Kaʻiulani was born at Honolulu , on the island of Oʻahu, in the Hawaiian Kingdom . At her christening, she was named Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn . In 1898, her aunt Liliʻuokalani wrote it as Victoria Kaʻiulani, Kalaninuiahilapalapa, Kawēkiu i Lunalilo or Victoria Kawēkiu Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kaʻiulani Cleghorn in her memoir Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen . Kaʻiulani
17072-417: The marriage, and Likelike accepted the children. The couple initially lived in a mansion on Emma Street, the present-day site of The Pacific Club , in Honolulu. Likelike gave birth to their daughter, Kaʻiulani , on October 16, 1875. Liliʻuokalani wrote that Kaʻiulani "was at once recognized as the hope of the Hawaiian people, as the only direct heir by birth to the throne." The long-awaited future heir to
17248-467: The monarchy. Cleveland sent Commissioner James Henderson Blount to investigate the overthrow and try, unsuccessfully, to restore the queen. Kaʻiulani returned to Hawaii in 1897, and saw the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States on August 12, 1898. She died of rheumatism at ʻĀinahau on March 6, 1899. Native Hawaiian protocol dictated that the body of an aliʻi could only be moved after midnight following death, and had to be interred on
17424-467: The monarchy. Cleveland sent Commissioner James Henderson Blount to investigate the overthrow and try, unsuccessfully, to restore the queen. Kaʻiulani returned to Hawaii in 1897, and saw the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States on August 12, 1898. She died of rheumatism at ʻĀinahau on March 6, 1899. Native Hawaiian protocol dictated that the body of an aliʻi could only be moved after midnight following death, and had to be interred on
17600-399: The monument. Although the deed names Likelike and her husband, its only signatory was Cleghorn's. Because of the deed's wording, Wodehouse and his heirs (not the British government) became owners of the land. The error was not discovered until 1939, when the Wodehouse estate conveyed the deed to the British government for $ 1. Governor Samuel Kipi died in office on March 11, 1879. Likelike
17776-436: The mother of King Lunalilo (r. 1873–74). Her parents were political advisors to King Kamehameha III (r. 1825–54) and later to his successor, Kamehameha IV (r. 1855–64). Likelike's mother was the daughter of ʻAikanaka and Kamaʻeokalani, and her father was the son of Kamanawa II (half-brother of ʻAikanaka) and Kamokuiki . Their family belonged to the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relatives of
17952-499: The needy, including financial help, clothing, medical care or shelter, food, and family burials. Likelike helped her sister to found the Liliʻuokalani Educational Society , an organization "to interest the Hawaiian ladies in the proper training of young girls of their own race whose parents would be unable to give them advantages by which they would be prepared for the duties of life", in 1886. She led one division of
18128-612: The news of the March ;6, 1897, death of her half-sister Annie impacted both Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn. From August 1895 to October 1897, she and her father assumed the lives of itinerant aristocrats traveling across Europe and the British Isles. They stayed in the French Riviera, Paris, and on the island of Jersey, as well as England, and Scotland. Kaʻiulani was treated as royalty in the French Riviera where they wintered each year and made friends, including Nevinson William (Toby) de Courcy,
18304-507: The organization, and Liliʻuokalani led the other. It supported the education of Hawaiian girls at Likelike's alma mater, Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls, and Kamehameha School . After Likelike's death, Liliʻuokalani assumed full leadership of the organization. Likelike traveled abroad three times during her marriage. She visited Auckland , Sydney and Melbourne from August to December 1871 with her husband on their extended honeymoon, and met colonial governors and officials. In 1877, mourning
18480-602: The organization. Likelike traveled abroad three times during her marriage. She visited Auckland , Sydney and Melbourne from August to December 1871 with her husband on their extended honeymoon, and met colonial governors and officials. In 1877, mourning the death of her brother Leleiohoku, she traveled to San Francisco for her health and returned to Honolulu on the steamer Likelike on its first voyage between California and Hawaii. Likelike revisited San Francisco in 1884 with Hawaiian banker Charles Reed Bishop and Liliʻuokalani's hānai sister, Bernice Pauahi Bishop ; Bernice
18656-451: The original ʻIolani Palace, was named in honor of the princess in 1874. After the construction of the second palace on the same spot, Likelike Gate (which faced Likelike Street) was named in her honor and used as a private entrance for members of the royal family. The Hawaiian postal service issued one-cent, blue-on-green postage stamps with a portrait of Likelike in 1882. They were in use until 1894. The steamship Likelike , named for
18832-451: The original ʻIolani Palace, was named in honor of the princess in 1874. After the construction of the second palace on the same spot, Likelike Gate (which faced Likelike Street) was named in her honor and used as a private entrance for members of the royal family. The Hawaiian postal service issued one-cent, blue-on-green postage stamps with a portrait of Likelike in 1882. They were in use until 1894. The steamship Likelike , named for
19008-497: The other chiefs". During the 1869 visit of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the Galatea , Likelike's sister Liliʻuokalani entertained the British prince with a traditional Hawaiian lūʻau at her Waikiki residence of Hamohamo. Likelike accompanied Queen Dowager Kalama and Kūnuiākea on a carriage of state from Honolulu to Waikiki on the occasion of the festivities. The couple broke off the engagement soon afterwards, for unspecified reasons. Kūnuiākea married Mary Lonokahikini, widow of
19184-608: The overthrow on January 17, 1893, these plans were cancelled. During her absence, much turmoil occurred back in Hawaii. Kalākaua died in San Francisco on January 20, 1891. Kaʻiulani learned of her uncle's death by the next day through the Transatlantic telegraph cables while news did not reach Hawaii until January 29, when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains. Liliʻuokalani ascended immediately to
19360-463: The overthrow, with the exact same proposition. Thurston reiterated what he had already told Cleghorn, that the committee had no interest in dealing with a future monarchy in any form, and rejected the plan outright. The monarchy was overthrown and the Provisional Government of Hawaii was proclaimed by President Sanford B. Dole on January 17, 1893. Liliʻuokalani relinquished her power to
19536-489: The position from 1855 to 1874. During her tenure, Likelike visited all of the island's districts and had a special affinity for Kona and Hilo . In April 1880, the legislature of the Kingdom appropriated an annual allowance of $ 8,000 (a $ 5,000 increase from her salary as governor) for Likelike "provided she resigns the office of Governess of Hawaii". She had resigned her position by September 1880, and Princess Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike (Queen Kapiʻolani's younger sister)
19712-579: The press, "Her coming will do no good, especially when she is under the wing of an ultra-Britisher." From March 3 to March 7, Kaʻiulani visited Boston while Cleveland waited to be sworn in as President. She attended various social events, many in her honor, and toured the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (where the Davies' son Clive attended) and Wellesley College . Arriving in Washington, DC, on March 8, Kawānanakoa greeted her at
19888-497: The princess had stayed with the family occasionally while she was in England, her father said there was no engagement between the two young people and the rumors were "absurd and preposterous". In spite of the denial, the rumors persisted for a time. However, Clive was engaged to Edith Fox, daughter of civil engineer Francis Fox , between 1896 and 1898 while he resided in Honolulu and handled his father's business. Another rumor, which circulated after Kaʻiulani's return to Hawaii, said she
20064-645: The princess, including Likelike Highway and Likelike Elementary School . Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband) (w)= wahine (female/wife) Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodline Bold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins line Bold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree) Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject Notes: Likelike Likelike ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [likeːlikeː] ; Miriam Likelike Kekāuluohi Keahelapalapa Kapili; January 13, 1851 – February 2, 1887)
20240-409: The princess, was launched on August 2, 1877, from San Francisco and arrived in Honolulu on August 14. Sold to businessman Samuel Gardner Wilder and used for inter-island transport, it was wrecked in 1897 off the coast of Keawe‘ula on the island of Hawaii . A window at St. Andrew's Cathedral in Honolulu was dedicated to Likelike by her daughter, Kaʻiulani. Several places in Hawaii are named after
20416-409: The princess, was launched on August 2, 1877, from San Francisco and arrived in Honolulu on August 14. Sold to businessman Samuel Gardner Wilder and used for inter-island transport, it was wrecked in 1897 off the coast of Keawe‘ula on the island of Hawaii . A window at St. Andrew's Cathedral in Honolulu was dedicated to Likelike by her daughter, Kaʻiulani. Several places in Hawaii are named after
20592-439: The proper training of young girls of their own race whose parents would be unable to give them advantages by which they would be prepared for the duties of life", in 1886. She led one division of the organization, and Liliʻuokalani led the other. It supported the education of Hawaiian girls at Likelike's alma mater, Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls, and Kamehameha School . After Likelike's death, Liliʻuokalani assumed full leadership of
20768-520: The queen on political issues. In the fall of 1891, she wrote to Liliʻuokalani requesting the appointment of her father, instead of Prince David Kawānanakoa, to the recently vacated governorship of Oahu caused by the death of Liliʻuokalani's husband John Owen Dominis . The queen acceded to her request, and made the appointment of Cleghorn on November 11. The princess also received approval for her father to retain his post as collector general after she explained, "we cannot do without his salary for that, as
20944-467: The reigning House of Kamehameha , descended from the 18th-century aliʻi nui (supreme monarch) Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . Likelike was descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku , two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I (r. 1782–1819) during his conquest of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Kameʻeiamoku, her parents' grandfather, was depicted with his royal twin Kamanawa on the Hawaiian coat of arms. The youngest daughter and penultimate child of
21120-468: The royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands from 1780 to 1795. Kameʻeiamoku was one of the royal twins along with Kamanawa depicted flanking the Hawaiian coat of arms, and his son Kepoʻokalani was the first cousin of the conqueror on the side of Kamehameha's mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II . Their family were collateral relations of the House of Kamehameha and ascended to
21296-467: The royal family, she had received $ 5,000 annually from the civil list between 1882 and 1888, $ 4,800 between 1888 and 1892 and $ 10,000 as heir apparent to the throne in 1892. Archibald Cleghorn had also been supported from the Hawaiian civil list through his governmental positions. These sources of income ended after the overthrow. The unsettled political situation in Hawaii prevented Kaʻiulani from returning home, and her father arranged for her to remain with
21472-420: The salary of Governor is only half the other." Kaʻiulani, looking forward to her return, promised, "When I come home I shall try to help you as much as I can, tho [sic] it will not be much as I don't understand State Affairs." The Committee of Safety , under the leadership of Thurston, met for two days in the final planning of the overthrow, and unanimously selected Sanford B. Dole to lead the coup and organize
21648-514: The same age. Traveling with a chaperone, they were primarily there to learn the German language . Alice later said, " .. I forget just about everything about that journey except that she made many conquests among the susceptible German officers we met." Family friend Lillian Kennedy remembered a very fun-loving young lady who engaged in pillow fights and played hide-and-seek games. Politics in Hawaii began to seem far away and less important to her. She
21824-707: The separation. Kaʻiulani proudly wrote home that she was third in her French class. The Bishop of Leicester confirmed her in the Anglican faith in May 1890. In the summer of 1891, her father visited her, and they toured the British Isles and visited the Cleghorns' ancestral land in Scotland. Davies persuaded her family to remove Kaʻiulani from Great Harrowden Hall in early 1892 to attend a finishing school to prepare her for society. By February, Kaʻiulani moved to Hove , Brighton , where she
22000-610: The song was about Likelike and an unknown man. Sanoe (another royal composition by Likelike's lady-in-waiting, Elizabeth Keawepoʻoʻole Sumner , and Liliʻuokalani) alludes to a secret love affair between an unknown man and a married woman at the royal court. The two sisters founded a royal choral group, Hui Himeni Kaohuokalani (the Kaohuokalani Singing Club or Kaohuokalani Singing Association), early in their brother's reign. They participated in choral competitions with groups founded by their brothers. The group composed
22176-542: The song was about Likelike and an unknown man. Sanoe (another royal composition by Likelike's lady-in-waiting, Elizabeth Keawepoʻoʻole Sumner , and Liliʻuokalani) alludes to a secret love affair between an unknown man and a married woman at the royal court. The two sisters founded a royal choral group, Hui Himeni Kaohuokalani (the Kaohuokalani Singing Club or Kaohuokalani Singing Association), early in their brother's reign. They participated in choral competitions with groups founded by their brothers. The group composed
22352-521: The sons of those missionaries are at your capitol asking you to undo their father's work. Who sent them? Who gave them the authority to break the Constitution which they swore they would uphold? Today, I, a poor weak girl with not one of my people with me and all these 'Hawaiian' statesmen against me, have strength to stand up for the rights of my people. Even now I can hear their wail in my heart and it gives me strength and courage and I am strong – strong in
22528-628: The spectators. The royal family held a reception and afternoon dinner at ʻIolani Palace for the guests of the ceremony during which Kaʻiulani was present and attended by her nurse. The Royal Hawaiian Band played at the reception. Captain Henri Berger , the leader of the band, composed the "Kaʻiulani March" in her honor. Princess Ruth gifted Kaʻiulani with land at Waikiki , 4 miles (6.4 km) from Honolulu, which combined with adjacent lands previously purchased in 1872 by Cleghorn to form ʻĀinahau . Her mother Likelike named it ʻĀinahau (cool place) after
22704-607: The subsequent meeting of the officers. In the United States Senate, McKinley's annexation treaty failed to pass after months without a vote. However, following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War , Hawaii was annexed in any event via the Newlands Resolution , a joint resolution of Congress, on July 4, 1898. With the impending annexation of Hawaii only weeks away and Liliʻuokalani still in Washington, DC, Hawaii wanted to show its support of US troops heading to
22880-401: The throne in 1874 upon the election of her uncle Kalākaua as King of the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother was a younger sister to Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. Kaʻiulani's father was a Scottish financier from Edinburgh ; he served as Collector General of Customs from 1887 to 1893 and as the final Governor of Oahu from 1891 until the office was abolished by the Provisional Government of Hawaii after
23056-412: The throne was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis at the pro-cathedral of St. Andrew's on December 25, 1875. Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani and the king and queen were her godparents. Keʻelikōlani gave 10 acres (4.0 ha) of her land in Waikīkī (outside Honolulu) to her goddaughter. The family sold their Honolulu property in 1878 and moved to the beachfront district of Waikīkī, where Cleghorn built
23232-731: The throne, conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani. The Queen thought the Kingdom's best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States. Davies and Kaʻiulani visited the United States to urge the Kingdom's restoration; she made speeches and public appearances denouncing the overthrow of her government and the injustice toward her people. While in Washington, D.C. , she paid an informal visit to President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland , but her efforts were in vain. The situation put both Kaʻiulani and her father in dire financial straits. Her annual government stipend ceased, and her father's income as
23408-405: The throne, it took its name from his motto ( "Hoʻoulu Lāhui" ; "to increase, restore, re-establish and advance the lāhui [people]"). The organization provided assistance for the needy, including financial help, clothing, medical care or shelter, food, and family burials. Likelike helped her sister to found the Liliʻuokalani Educational Society , an organization "to interest the Hawaiian ladies in
23584-607: The throne, which Thurston tersely refused to consider. Cleghorn later took an oath to the Provisional Government under protest in order to retain his position in the custom house, but resigned on April 15. The Provisional Government's ultimate goal was annexation by the United States. Thurston headed a delegation to Washington, DC , to negotiate with President Benjamin Harrison , while the queen sent her attorney Paul Neumann and Prince Kawānanakoa to represent her case to Harrison and President-elect Grover Cleveland . Cleghorn paid for
23760-681: The throne. Likelike and her daughter were next in the line of succession. Kalākaua bestowed the title of Princess of the Kingdom on Likelike by letters patent on February 10, 1883, also recognizing other members of his family who been using their courtesy titles since 1873. She was ranked in precedence behind the king and queen, Queen Dowager Emma and Liliʻuokalani and her husband, John Owen Dominis, and ranked above her husband and their daughter Princess Kaʻiulani. Likelike participated in Kalākaua's coronation, nine years into his reign, on February 12, 1883. She wore "a robe of brocaded white satin trimmed with pearls and feathers" ordered from San Francisco, and
23936-602: The throne. On March 9, with the approval of the House of Nobles, and as required by the Hawaiian constitution, Liliʻuokalani appointed her niece Kaʻiulani as her heir apparent and eventual successor to the throne. The Queen's staff then rode through the streets of Honolulu announcing the proclamation, while gun salutes were fired from both the artillery battery and the American vessels Mohican and Iroquois in Honolulu Harbor. As heir apparent, Kaʻiulani had influence with
24112-455: The torch that burns at midday, a symbol of kapu , used by the House of Kalākaua from their ancestor Iwikauikaua . Kaʻiulani was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike and Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn . She was born in a downstairs bedroom of her parents' Emma Street mansion in Honolulu , on October 16, 1875, during the reign of her uncle King Kalākaua . Her birth
24288-490: The train station with a floral lei . She stayed at Arlington Hotel where she awaited the chance to meet with the President. In the meantime, Cleveland, who espoused anti-imperialist views, withdrew the treaty of annexation on March 9 and appointed James Henderson Blount on March 11 as special commissioner to investigate the overthrow. On March 13, President and First Lady Frances Cleveland received Kaʻiulani at
24464-462: The travel expenses of Edward C. Macfarlane , another of the queen's envoys, to protect the rights of Kaʻiulani. The annexation treaty would have offered Liliʻuokalani a lifetime pension of $ 20,000 annually, and compensated Kaʻiulani with a one-time settlement of $ 150,000, if they would subordinate themselves to the United States government, and to local governance of the Islands. The queen never saw that as
24640-484: The utmost respect" and did "not utter a sound during the service". Kalākaua, his wife Queen Kapiʻolani , and Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani , stood as her godparents. A later reference in a 1916 issue of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin stated Hawaiian judge Emma Nakuina was also her godmother. Diplomatic representatives from the United States, Britain and France and members of the consular corps in Honolulu were among
24816-533: The weeks after the overthrow, Davies wrote to the Hawaiian Minister to the United States John Mott-Smith in Washington suggesting that the Hawaiian electorate vote on a revised constitution for the abdication of the queen and for the placing Kaʻiulani under a council of regency headed by Dole. Davies reiterated this stance in a later address. Davies advised Kaʻiulani to take her case directly to
24992-401: Was "written for a sweetheart she never married". Other songs included "Maikaʻi Waipiʻo" ("Beautiful Waipiʻo", her daughter's favorite), "ʻAia Hiki Mai" and "Lei Ohaoha". Likelike and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history. According to Kanahele, Likelike
25168-401: Was "written for a sweetheart she never married". Other songs included "Maikaʻi Waipiʻo" ("Beautiful Waipiʻo", her daughter's favorite), "ʻAia Hiki Mai" and "Lei Ohaoha". Likelike and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history. According to Kanahele, Likelike
25344-401: Was Lydia Bingham, daughter of Hiram Bingham I (leader of the first group of American Protestant missionaries to introduce Christianity to the Hawaiian Islands). Her classmates at Kawaiahaʻo included Annie Palekaluhi Kaikioʻewa (sister of Edward Kamakau Lilikalani ) and Lily Auld, also members of the Hawaiian nobility. Likelike was particularly close to her elder sister, Liliʻuokalani, who
25520-400: Was a painter who enjoyed the company of other artists. While under Davies' guardianship, she sent some of her paintings of England home to Hawaii. When Kalakaua was ill in his final year, she sent a painting to cheer him up. Her few surviving paintings are found in Hawaii. She was acquainted with Joseph Dwight Strong , a landscape painter in the court of Kalākaua , and Isobel Osbourne Strong ,
25696-413: Was a princess of the Hawaiian Kingdom and member of the reigning House of Kalākaua . She was born in Honolulu , on the island of Oʻahu . Likelike's parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea , and the family were members of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility. Before the age of six, she was raised on the island of Hawaii for her health. Likelike later returned to Honolulu, where she
25872-547: Was a seal in another world because I am so fond of the water… My mother taught me to swim almost before I knew how to walk." An avid surfer on the shores of Waikiki, her 7 feet, 4 inch alaia surfboard made of koa ( acacia koa ) is preserved at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum . Acquired by the museum in 1922 from her deceased father’s estate, it is one of the few surviving examples of 19th-century Hawaiian surfboards. According to popular belief, she may have been
26048-462: Was advised to get "more nourishment". In mid-January 1887, a large school of red āweoweo fish was seen off the coast of the island of Hawaii, an omen in native Hawaiian beliefs that foretold the death of a member of royalty. At 5:15 p.m. on February 2, 1887, Likelike died of unknown causes at age 36. Rumors circulated in Hawaii's Euro-American ( haole ) community that she had died of fear due to superstition or had been "prayed" to death by
26224-410: Was also given the name Lunalilo, translated as Luna (high) lilo (lost) or "so high up as to be lost to sight", after Kanaʻina's son and her uncle King Kalākaua 's predecessor King Lunalilo (r. 1873–74) to strengthen her eligibility for the throne. The name Kalaninuiahilapalapa signified her association with the royal house of Keawe (traditional rulers of the island of Hawaii ) and the flames of
26400-491: Was also named heir to the Hawaiian throne, as Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani had no children of their own. After Leleiohoku's death on April 9, 1877, Kalākaua proclaimed Liliʻuokalani heir apparent to the throne. Likelike and her daughter were next in the line of succession. Kalākaua bestowed the title of Princess of the Kingdom on Likelike by letters patent on February 10, 1883, also recognizing other members of his family who been using their courtesy titles since 1873. She
26576-488: Was announced by gun salutes and the ringing of all of the bells in the city's churches. At the time of her birth, she became fourth in line of succession to the throne, moving to third in the line of succession upon the death of her uncle Leleiohoku II in 1877. She had three older half-sisters: Rose Kaipuala, Helen Maniʻiailehua, and Annie Pauahi, from her father's previous union with a Hawaiian woman. Through her mother, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku ,
26752-512: Was appointed her successor on September 2 of that year. The 1882 legislative session increased her annual salary to $ 12,000 and appropriate $ 5,000 for her seven year-old daughter Princess Kaʻiulani. Likelike was involved in a number of philanthropic projects. On February 19, 1874, she created and organized the Hui Hooulu a Hoola La Hui of Kalakaua I , a charity of which she was its first president. Organized one week after her brother's ascension to
26928-455: Was appointed his successor on March 29, and held the position until September 2, 1880. Her first official meeting as governor was at the Hilo courthouse on May 31. The island of Hawaii was no stranger to a female governor, since Princess Keʻelikōlani (Kaʻiulani's godmother) had held the position from 1855 to 1874. During her tenure, Likelike visited all of the island's districts and had a special affinity for Kona and Hilo . In April 1880,
27104-494: Was at Washington Place , her sister Liliʻuokalani's residence. Cleghorn had fathered daughters Rose, Helen and Annie with his part-Hawaiian mistress (Elizabeth Lapeka Pauahi Grimes) before the marriage, and Likelike accepted the children. The couple initially lived in a mansion on Emma Street, the present-day site of The Pacific Club , in Honolulu. Likelike gave birth to their daughter, Kaʻiulani , on October 16, 1875. Liliʻuokalani wrote that Kaʻiulani "was at once recognized as
27280-499: Was beginning to enjoy life abroad, so much so that she resisted returning to the Davies' home to once again become a political asset. Accustomed to the life of a Victorian society woman, Kaʻiulani preferred her new life. Writing to her father on June 10, 1894, she expressed her sadness at the change in Hawaii and asked him to consider a life abroad in Europe. After the 1895 royalist counter-revolution , he agreed. While they were abroad,
27456-404: Was bittersweet. Victorian gentlemen expected to be the lord of their castle, their servants, their children, and their wives. Hawaiian nobility ( aliʻi ), however, were raised to rule others. Cleghorn could be blustery and demanding; on several occasions, the princess returned to the island of Hawaii and refused to return until they reconciled. Likelike was vivacious and well-liked, and her home
27632-535: Was born on January 13, 1851, in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu , to Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea . Her full name was Miriam Likelike Kekāuluohi Keahelapalapa Kapili. Two of her namesakes were Likelike (an earlier Hawaiian chiefess and wife of Kalanimoku ) and Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi , Kuhina Nui (premier) and the mother of King Lunalilo (r. 1873–74). Her parents were political advisors to King Kamehameha III (r. 1825–54) and later to his successor, Kamehameha IV (r. 1855–64). Likelike's mother
27808-438: Was brought up in the household of Peleuli (daughter of High Chief Kalaʻimamahu , half-brother of Kamehameha I) with Peleuli's granddaughter Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi Crowningburg , a second cousin of King Lunalilo. According to newspaper columnist Clarice Taylor , Likelike was raised by her mother and then cared for by Queen Emma after her death. At age six ( c. 1857 ), Likelike returned permanently to Honolulu. She
27984-410: Was educated by Roman Catholic and Congregationalist teachers in the city's girls' schools. She married Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn in 1870 and was the mother of Princess Kaʻiulani , the last heir to the throne before the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Likelike was the first mistress of the ʻĀinahau estate, which became associated with her daughter. She was Governor of
28160-440: Was going to the city to undergo surgery for breast cancer, of which she later died. Their visit coincided with the arrival of Queen Marau , wife of King Pōmare V of Tahiti , who was en route to Paris. Before her death, Likelike was planning to travel to Monterey with Kaʻiulani for their health. She had been in failing health for months, but her doctors only advised fresh air and a change of scenery. Likelike became weaker, and
28336-639: Was initially educated at the Sacred Hearts Convent and School by the Roman Catholic sisters of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary . The sisters arrived in Hawaii in 1859, and established day and boarding schools for Hawaiian girls next to the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. The schools were the predecessor of the Sacred Hearts Academy in Kaimuki . Likelike
28512-424: Was involved in a number of philanthropic projects. On February 19, 1874, she created and organized the Hui Hooulu a Hoola La Hui of Kalakaua I , a charity of which she was its first president. Organized one week after her brother's ascension to the throne, it took its name from his motto ( "Hoʻoulu Lāhui" ; "to increase, restore, re-establish and advance the lāhui [people]"). The organization provided assistance for
28688-416: Was later educated by American Congregationalist missionary teacher Maria Ogden at the Makiki Family School, established in Honolulu in 1860 with the support of King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Her last school was the Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls ; Likelike's teacher was Lydia Bingham, daughter of Hiram Bingham I (leader of the first group of American Protestant missionaries to introduce Christianity to
28864-571: Was malevolently "prayed" to death. She and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history. Likelike was born on January 13, 1851, in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu , to Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea . Her full name was Miriam Likelike Kekāuluohi Keahelapalapa Kapili. Two of her namesakes were Likelike (an earlier Hawaiian chiefess and wife of Kalanimoku ) and Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi , Kuhina Nui (premier) and
29040-491: Was named after her maternal aunt Anna Kaʻiulani who died young, and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, whose help restored the sovereignty and independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the reign of Kamehameha III . Her primary Hawaiian name comes from ka ʻiu lani which means or "the royal sacred one" in the Hawaiian language . Kawēkiu means "the highest rank or station". At the request of Charles Kanaʻina , she
29216-403: Was open to important people from all over the world. She had a reputation as a gracious hostess at her ʻĀinahau estate. Likelike was au courant with the latest fashions, ordering dresses and clothing from San Francisco and Paris. She was known be imperious and quick-tempered, once striking a groom with a whip for not keeping the carriage properly polished. Likelike was baptized and confirmed in
29392-488: Was placed in the care of Phebe Rooke who set up private tutors and a curriculum that included German, French, English, literature, history, music and singing. This village by the sea pleased her, and she holidayed in late April and early May at Saint Helier in the Channel Island of Jersey with her host. The prospect of returning to Hawaii renewed her enthusiasm for her studies. Plans were made for her return to Hawaii by
29568-424: Was raised by her mother and then cared for by Queen Emma after her death. At age six ( c. 1857 ), Likelike returned permanently to Honolulu. She was initially educated at the Sacred Hearts Convent and School by the Roman Catholic sisters of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary . The sisters arrived in Hawaii in 1859, and established day and boarding schools for Hawaiian girls next to
29744-583: Was ranked in precedence behind the king and queen, Queen Dowager Emma and Liliʻuokalani and her husband, John Owen Dominis, and ranked above her husband and their daughter Princess Kaʻiulani. Likelike participated in Kalākaua's coronation, nine years into his reign, on February 12, 1883. She wore "a robe of brocaded white satin trimmed with pearls and feathers" ordered from San Francisco, and was waited on by sisters Clara and Lizzie Coney. The Cook Monument, an obelisk commemorating Captain James Cook 's landing on
29920-428: Was seen off the coast of the island of Hawaii, an omen in native Hawaiian beliefs that foretold the death of a member of royalty. At 5:15 p.m. on February 2, 1887, Likelike died of unknown causes at age 36. Rumors circulated in Hawaii's Euro-American ( haole ) community that she had died of fear due to superstition or had been "prayed" to death by a powerful kahuna ʻanāʻanā , or that she sacrificed her life to
30096-422: Was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies . She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life. The Committee of Safety rejected proposals from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn , and provisional president Sanford B. Dole , to seat Kaʻiulani on
30272-521: Was staying at Ebbett House in the US capital to lobby against annexation . Afterward, Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn took a train heading west and reached San Francisco on October 29 where they stayed at the Occidental Hotel . During her travels across the United States, many journalists interviewed her, although her father made sure to shield her from topics of politics. Many detractors of the monarchy had painted
30448-434: Was the daughter of ʻAikanaka and Kamaʻeokalani, and her father was the son of Kamanawa II (half-brother of ʻAikanaka) and Kamokuiki . Their family belonged to the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relatives of the reigning House of Kamehameha , descended from the 18th-century aliʻi nui (supreme monarch) Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . Likelike was descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku , two of
30624-494: Was to marry Clive's brother George Davies . Members of Kaʻiulani's household denied this. Likelike Likelike ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [likeːlikeː] ; Miriam Likelike Kekāuluohi Keahelapalapa Kapili; January 13, 1851 – February 2, 1887) was a princess of the Hawaiian Kingdom and member of the reigning House of Kalākaua . She was born in Honolulu , on the island of Oʻahu . Likelike's parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea , and
30800-405: Was waited on by sisters Clara and Lizzie Coney. The Cook Monument, an obelisk commemorating Captain James Cook 's landing on the Hawaiian Islands , was unveiled in November 1874 at the place where he was killed. Great Britain and the United States were seen at the time seen as allies who prevented Russia from seizing the kingdom. On January 26, 1877, Likelike and Cleghorn deeded their land at
30976-537: Was warm towards (and protective of) her younger sister. In a September 7, 1865, letter, Liliʻuokalani (who had married John Owen Dominis ) advised Likelike about her education: How lonely I feel without you. I miss you wherever I am — in the house — out of doors—in my rides — in my walks. I miss you very much — but I hope that when you have learnt all that is to be learnt at school ... I may be able to have you with me again ... therefore apply yourself my dear Sister to your studies. Try very hard ... This
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