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44-630: Kaysen is a surname of Danish and Scottish origin. Notable people with the surname include: Carl Kaysen (1920–2010), American economist and academic Gavin Kaysen (born 1979), American chef Susanna Kaysen (born 1948), American writer References [ edit ] ^ Hanks, Patrick, ed. (2003). Dictionary of American Family Names . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN   9780195081374 . OCLC   51655476 . [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

88-447: A major obstacle to effective enforcement, as violators often attempt to covertly circumvent the terms of the agreements. Verification is the process of determining whether or not a nation is complying with the terms of an agreement, and involves a combination of release of such information by participants as well as some way to allow participants to examine each other to verify that information. This often involves as much negotiation as

132-539: A nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country. Arms control treaties and agreements are often seen as a way to avoid costly arms races which could prove counter-productive to national aims and future peace. Some are used as ways to stop the spread of certain military technologies (such as nuclear weaponry or missile technology) in return for assurances to potential developers that they will not be victims of those technologies. Additionally, some arms control agreements are entered to limit

176-522: A peace-without-weapons-stance. Nevertheless, arms control is a defensive strategy in principle, since transparency , equality, and stability do not fit into an offensive strategy. According to a 2020 study in the American Political Science Review , arms control is rare because successful arms control agreements involve a difficult trade-off between transparency and security. For arms control agreements to be effective, there needs to be

220-583: A recent movement to regulate the sale and trading of conventional weapons. As of December 2014, the United Nations is preparing for entry into force of the Arms Trade Treaty , which has been ratified by 89 nations. However, it is currently missing ratification by key arms producers such as Russia and China, and while the United States has signed the treaty it has not yet ratified it. The Treaty regulates

264-622: A report on how to utilize the US nuclear arsenal to preemptively destroy the Soviet Union’s nuclear capacity and its ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons. Kaysen was also a good friend of long-serving Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou , whom he had met at Harvard. After Greece was taken over by a military junta in 1967, Kaysen and John Kenneth Galbraith were instrumental in convincing President Lyndon B. Johnson to decisively intervene in order to secure Papandreou's release from prison. Kaysen

308-515: A volume of essays, The American Corporation Today (1996). Between 1940 and 1942 he was on the staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research. From 1942 to 1943 he was an Economist for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services , and from 1943 to 1945 he was in Intelligence for the U.S. Army Air Forces, rising from private to captain. After receiving his M.A. from Harvard University in 1947, he

352-420: A way of maintaining the viability of military action by limiting those weapons that would make war so costly and destructive as to make it no longer a viable tool for national policy. Enforcement of arms control agreements has proven difficult over time. Most agreements rely on the continued desire of the participants to abide by the terms to remain effective. Usually, when a nation no longer desires to abide by

396-403: A way to thoroughly verify that a state is following the agreement, such as through intrusive inspections. However, states are often reluctant to submit to such inspections when they have reasons to fear that the inspectors will use the inspections to gather information about the capabilities of the state, which could be used in a future conflict. One of the first recorded attempts in arms control

440-515: Is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms , conventional weapons , and weapons of mass destruction . Historically, arms control may apply to melee weapons (such as swords) before the invention of firearm . Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by

484-582: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Carl Kaysen Carl Kaysen worked for President John F. Kennedy as Deputy National Security Advisor , and was directly under National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy . Kaysen took over the position from Walt Rostow in 1961 and concentrated on the key issues of the Kennedy Administration such as nuclear weapons, foreign trade, international economic policy and international security policy. On President Kennedy's orders, Kaysen prepared

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528-490: Is seen in a bad light politically and can carry diplomatic repercussions. Additionally, if one remains in an agreement, competitors who are also participatory may be held to the limitations of the terms, while withdrawal releases your opponents to make the same developments you are making, limiting the advantage of that development. Scholars and practitioners such as John D. Steinbruner , Thomas Schelling , Morton Halperin , Jonathan Dean or Stuart Croft worked extensively on

572-497: The surname Kaysen . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaysen&oldid=1225679416 " Categories : Surnames of Scottish origin Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

616-481: The Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan the United States never ratified the treaty, but the agreement was honoured by both sides. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was signed between the United States and Soviet Union in 1987 and ratified in 1988, leading to an agreement to destroy all missiles with ranges from 500 to 5,500 kilometers. This came in the context of a revitalised peace movement during

660-606: The UN General Assembly, the International Atomic Energy Agency was set up in 1957 to promote peaceful uses of nuclear technology and apply safeguards against the diversion of nuclear material from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons . Under the auspices of the United Nations, the Partial Test Ban Treaty , which aimed to end nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, underwater and in outer-space,

704-533: The United States and the United Kingdom was the first arms control treaty of what can be considered the modern industrial era, leading to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain region of North America. This was followed by the 1871 Treaty of Washington which led to total demilitarization. The industrial revolution led to the increasing mechanization of warfare, as well as rapid advances in

748-439: The damage done by warfare, especially to civilians and the environment, which is seen as bad for all participants regardless of who wins a war. While arms control treaties are seen by many peace proponents as a key tool against war, by the participants, they are often seen simply as ways to limit the high costs of the development and building of weapons, and even reduce the costs associated with war itself. Arms control can even be

792-545: The development of firearms; the increased potential of devastation (which was later seen in the battlefields of World War I) led to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia calling together the leaders of 26 nations for the First Hague Conference in 1899. The Conference led to the signing of the Hague Convention of 1899 that led to rules of declaring and conducting warfare as well as the use of modern weaponry, and also led to

836-548: The exception of India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan decided to sign or ratify the document. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between the United States and Soviet Union in the late 1960s/early 1970s led to further weapons control agreements. The SALT I talks led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an Interim Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement (see SALT I ), both in 1972. The SALT II talks started in 1972 leading to agreement in 1979. Due to

880-595: The international trade in almost all categories of conventional weapons – from small arms to battle tanks, combat aircraft and warships. Ammunition, as well as parts and components, are also covered. More recently, the United Nations announced the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2020, following the 50th ratification or accession by member states. Some of the more important international arms control agreements follow: Other treaties also envision

924-613: The limits themselves, and in some cases questions of verification have led to the breakdown of treaty negotiations (for example, verification was cited as a major concern by opponents of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty , ultimately not ratified by the United States). States may remain in a treaty while seeking to break the limits of that treaty as opposed to withdrawing from it. This is for two major reasons. To openly defy an agreement, even if one withdraws from it, often

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968-476: The need. Enforcement has been haphazard, with measures more a matter of politics than adherence to the terms. This meant sanctions and other measures tended to be advocated against violators primarily by their natural political enemies, while violations have been ignored or given only token measures by their political allies. More recent arms control treaties have included more stringent terms on enforcement of violations as well as verification. This last has been

1012-518: The period until the beginning of the 19th century few formal arms control agreements were recorded, except theoretical proposals and those imposed on defeated armies. One treaty which was concluded was the Strasbourg Agreement of 1675 . This is the first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons , in this case, poison bullets. The treaty was signed between France and The Holy Roman Empire The 1817 Rush–Bagot Treaty between

1056-429: The previous decade which included huge demonstrations around the world for nuclear disarmament. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention was signed banning the manufacture and use of chemical weapons . The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties were signed, as START I and START II , by the US and Soviet Union, further restricting weapons. This was further moved on by the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions , which

1100-553: The renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy". After World War II , the United Nations was set up as a body to promote and to maintain international peace and security. The United States proposed the Baruch Plan in 1946 as a way to impose stringent international control over the nuclear fuel cycle and thereby avert a global nuclear arms race, but the Soviet Union rejected the proposal and negotiations failed. Following President Eisenhower's 1953 Atoms for Peace speech to

1144-497: The rest of the world." He was named Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Political Economy, at Harvard University from 1964 to 1966. He served as Director of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1966 to 1976, taking over the position from J. Robert Oppenheimer . Kaysen joined the MIT faculty in 1976 and in 1977 named as David W. Skinner Professor of Political Economy. From 1978 to 1980, he

1188-630: The setting up of the Permanent Court of Arbitration . A Second Hague Conference was called in 1907 leading to additions and amendments to the original 1899 agreement. A Third Hague Conference was called for 1915, but this was abandoned due to the First World War . After the World War I, the League of Nations was set up which attempted to limit and reduce arms. However the enforcement of this policy

1232-412: The strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts. In addition to treaties focused primarily on stopping the proliferation of nuclear weapons, there has been

1276-496: The terms, they usually will seek to either covertly circumvent the terms or to end their participation in the treaty. This was seen with the Washington Naval Treaty (and the subsequent London Naval Treaty ), where most participants sought to work around the limitations, some more legitimately than others. The United States developed better technology to get better performance from their ships while still working within

1320-475: The theoretical backing of arms control. Arms control is meant to break the security dilemma . It aims at mutual security between partners and overall stability (be it in a crisis situation, a grand strategy , or stability to put an end to an arms race ). Other than stability, arms control comes with cost reduction and damage limitation. It is different from disarmament since the maintenance of stability might allow for mutually controlled armament and does not take

1364-429: The use of crossbows against other Christians, although it did not prevent its use against non-Christians. The development of firearms led to an increase in the devastation of war. The brutality of wars during this period led to efforts to formalize the rules of war, with humane treatment for prisoners of war or wounded, as well as rules to protect non-combatants and the pillaging of their property. However, during

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1408-551: The weight limits, the United Kingdom exploited a loop-hole in the terms, the Italians misrepresented the weight of their vessels, and when up against the limits, Japan left the treaty. The nations which violated the terms of the treaty did not suffer great consequences for their actions. Within little more than a decade, the treaty was abandoned. The Geneva Protocol has lasted longer and been more successful at being respected, but still nations have violated it at will when they have felt

1452-401: Was Deputy National Security Advisor to President John F. Kennedy , a position in which he concentrated on foreign trade, economic policy, and the potential use of nuclear weapons. In this capacity, he was asked to prepare a report on how to utilize the US nuclear arsenal to preemptively destroy the Soviet Union’s nuclear capacity and its ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons. Though Kaysen

1496-632: Was Vice Chairman and Director of Research for the Sloan Commission on Higher Education, an initiative that explored the increasingly complex relationship between government and institutions of higher education. From 1981 until his death, he was the Director, Program in Science, Technology and Society, at MIT. He had been a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University and a Guggenheim Fellow , and

1540-592: Was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . Kaysen had spinal stenosis in the final decade of his life. In October 2009, he suffered a bad fall; his health began to fail, and he died in his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on February 8, 2010. The documentary Inside Job was dedicated to him in 2010. Arms control Arms control

1584-578: Was a set of rules laid down in ancient Greece by the Amphictyonic Leagues . Rulings specified how war could be waged, and breaches of this could be punished by fines or by war. In the 8th and 9th centuries AD, swords and chain mail armor manufactured in the Frankish empire were highly sought after for their quality, and Charlemagne (r. 768–814), made their sale or export to foreigners illegal, punishable by forfeiture of property or even death. This

1628-546: Was an assistant professor there from 1950 to 1955, and was a clerk to Judge E. E. Wyzanski, U.S. District Court from 1950 to 1952, providing economic analysis for United States v. United Shoe Corporation , a major antitrust case. In 1954 he received his Ph.D. from Harvard and did military and wartime Service. In 1955, he became an associate professor at Harvard, and in 1957, a full professor of economics. He served as associate dean, Graduate School of Public Administration, Harvard University, from 1960 to 1966. From 1961 to 1963, he

1672-701: Was an attempt to limit the possession and use of this equipment by the Franks' enemies, including the Moors , the Vikings and the Slavs . The church used its position as a trans-national organization to limit the means of warfare. The 989 Peace of God (extended in 1033) ruling protected noncombatants, agrarian and economic facilities, and the property of the church from war. The 1027 Truce of God also tried to prevent violence between Christians. The Second Lateran Council in 1139 prohibited

1716-633: Was born in Philadelphia, the son of Elizabeth and Samuel Kaysen. Kaysen received his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1940 where he was elected Phi Beta Kappa and was a member of the Philomathean Society . He received both his M.S. in 1947, and Ph.D. in 1954 from Harvard University in Economics . He also did graduate study at Columbia University from 1940 to 1946. Kaysen's early work

1760-648: Was established in 1963. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed to prevent further spread of nuclear weapons technology to countries outside the five that already possessed them: the United States, the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom, France and China. With the three main goals of establishing nonproliferation with inspections, nuclear arms reduction, and the right to use nuclear energy peacefully, this treaty initially met some reluctance from countries developing their own nuclear programs such as Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. Still, all countries with

1804-583: Was in the areas where economics, sociology, politics and law intersect. Later, his research focused on arms control , international organizations and international politics. He co-authored Peace Operations by the United Nations: The Case for a Volunteer Military Force (1996) and co-edited The United States and the Fundamental Criminal Court: National Security and Fundamental Law (2000). He edited and contributed to

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1848-574: Was in turn superseded by the New START Treaty . The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1996 banning all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes, but it has not entered into force due to the non-ratification of eight specific states. In 1998 the United Nations founded the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and

1892-466: Was merely fulfilling Kennedy’s demand for alternative nuclear war strategies in case of conflict over Berlin, his report, which envisioned ‘only’ half a million to a million Soviet casualties, caused outrage and disgust within the administration, with White House Chief Counsel Ted Sorensen strongly criticizing him. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, he became known as the "Vice President in charge of

1936-667: Was not effective. Various naval conferences, such as the Washington Naval Conference , were held during the period between the First and Second World Wars to limit the number and size of major warships of the five great naval powers. The 1925 Geneva Conference led to the banning of chemical weapons being deployed against enemy nationals in international armed conflict as part of the Geneva Protocol . The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact , whilst ineffective, attempted for "providing for

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