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102-457: Brian Donnelly (born November 4, 1974), known professionally as Kaws (stylized as KAWS ), is an American artist and designer. His work includes repeated use of a cast of figurative characters and motifs, some dating back to the beginning of his career in the 1990s, initially painted in 2D and later realized in 3D. Some of his characters are his own creations while others are reworked versions of existing icons. Kaws's sculptures range in size from

204-453: A skeleton key gifted to him by friend and fellow graffiti artist Barry McGee . Using a key he created for himself, he also started subvertising bus shelters. Kaws has since subvertised in Paris, London, Berlin, and Tokyo. Kaws's acrylic paintings and sculpture have many repeating images, all meant to be universally understood, surpassing languages and cultures. Some of his characters date back to

306-460: A 1988 series of 15 ambiguous photo paintings entitled 18 October 1977 , he depicted four members of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German left-wing militant organization. These paintings were created from black-and-white newspaper and police photos. Three RAF members were found dead in their prison cells on 18 October 1977 and the cause of their deaths was the focus of widespread controversy. In

408-575: A New Zealand collection. The domestic competition was entitled "Formica Formations". Queenstown designer Graham Roebeck of Structural Integrity Ltd won the Professional category and Auckland Unitec student Norman Lin, the emerging designer category. In 1990, a Cincinnati jury acquitted the Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie , of obscenity charges stemming from an exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe . In

510-548: A billboard project in Los Angeles. In 2008 he collaborated with John Mayer to produce a collection of guitar picks. In 2008, he created cover art for musicians Towa Tei , Cherie , Clipse ( Clipse Till The Casket Drops ) and Kanye West ( 808s & Heartbreak ) as well as designed Nike Air Force 1 trainers (the Nike 1World project involved 18 total designers). And in March 2017,

612-431: A brand of anti-ideological thought that he finds throughout Richter's work. He considers how the ubiquitous photographic documentation of 11 September attacks affects the uniqueness of one's distinct remembrance of the events, and he offers a valuable comparison to Richter's 18 October 1977 cycle. In the 2000s, Richter made a number of works that dealt with scientific phenomena. In 2003, he produced several paintings with

714-516: A cycle of 99 works conceived in the autumn of 1999 and executed in the same year and thereafter. The series of overpainted photographs, or übermalte Fotographien, consists of small paintings bearing images of the city of Florence, created by the artist as a tribute to the music of Steve Reich and the work of Contempoartensemble, a Florence-based group of musicians. After 2000, Richter made a number of works that dealt with scientific phenomena, in particular, with aspects of reality that cannot be seen by

816-616: A cycle of four paintings using the Sonderkommando photographs , which were taken in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during the Holocaust , titled Birkenau . Richter's early work Table (1962) consisted of a painting of a table, taken from a photograph in a magazine, with tachiste gestural marks overlapping. Those marks can be read as cancelling the photorealist representation, using haptic swirls of grey paint, as well as

918-426: A few inches to ten meters tall, and are made from various materials including fiberglass, aluminum, wood, bronze, and a steel pontoon inflatable raft. Kaws's influences come from traditional high art painters like Gerhard Richter , Claes Oldenburg , and Chuck Close , and he has been compared to the likes of Andy Warhol for his cross-market appeal and ability to blur lines between commercial and fine art . His work

1020-632: A form of generativity . In 1969, Richter produced the first of a group of grey monochromes that consist exclusively of the textures resulting from different methods of paint application. In 1976, Richter first gave the title Abstract Painting to one of his works. By presenting a painting without even a few words to name and explain it, he felt he was "letting a thing come, rather than creating it." In his abstract pictures, Richter builds up cumulative layers of non-representational painting, beginning with brushing big swaths of primary color onto canvas. The paintings evolve in stages, based on his responses to

1122-796: A friend of the Pollak family, as well as Alfred H. Barr . The society's very first exhibit, Modern Painting from Cincinnati Collections, opened in December of the same year. In 1954 the Modern Art Society adopted its current name, the Contemporary Arts Center. The name change coincided with the creation of two permanent galleries that were remodeled from part of the museum's lower level. These two spaces, designed by Carl Strauss and Ray Roush, consisted of about 900 square feet (84 m ) each and featured movable wooden wall covers. Many local Cincinnati collections were shown in this space, including works now kept at

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1224-442: A grid pattern to create stunning fields of kaleidoscopic color. It was produced at the same time he developed his design for the south transept window of Cologne Cathedral . 4900 Colours consists of 196 panels in 25 colors that can be reassembled in 11 variations – from a single expansive surface to multiple small-format fields. Richter developed Version II – 49 paintings, each of which measures 97 by 97 centimeters – especially for

1326-538: A long table over a period of several weeks, Richter combined these 10 x 15 cm details with 165 texts on the Iraq war, published in the German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper on 20 and 21 March. This work was published in 2004 as a book entitled War Cut . In November 2008, Richter began a series in which he applied ink droplets to wet paper, using alcohol and lacquer to extend and retard

1428-457: A major legal victory against a Singaporean man who he accused of counterfeiting, with others, replicas of the artist's signature "Companion" figure and other toys, skateboards, and artworks. Since his first vinyl toy with the Japanese clothing brand Bounty Hunter in 1999, he has collaborated on toys with other Japanese companies: Nigo for A Bathing Ape (Bape), Medicom Toy, and Santastic! . Since

1530-525: A major touring retrospective "Gerhard Richter: Malerei 1962–1993" curated by Kasper König , with a three volume catalogue edited by Benjamin Buchloh . This exhibition containing 130 works carried out over the course of thirty years, was to entirely reinvent Richter's career. Richter became known to a U.S. audience in 1990, when the Saint Louis Art Museum circulated Baader-Meinhof (18 October 1977) ,

1632-619: A panorama of Dresden with the neutral name Stadtbild (Townscape, 1956). Together with his wife Marianne, Richter escaped from East to West Germany two months before the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Both his wall paintings in the Academy of Arts and the Hygiene Museum were then painted over for ideological reasons. Much later, after German reunification , two "windows" of the wall painting Joy of life (1956) would be uncovered in

1734-766: A sculpture in Greenpoint, Brooklyn located in front of 21 India Street. In July 2021, Kaws collaborated with Travis Scott . In October 2021, the Kaws Skeleton outfit was released in Epic Games ' Fortnite: Battle Royale in collaboration with Kaws. KawsPeely, a second outfit based on the character Peely , was released in July 2022. In July 2022, Kaws collaborated with J-Hope , one of the members of BTS , for his solo album cover. The 2022 release of General Mills' Monster Cereals features box art by Kaws. In April 2023, KAWS collaborated with

1836-674: A second line range of Sesame Street -themed clothing and soft toys. In May 2017, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City released limited supplies of the $ 200 Kaws Companion action figure, resulting in the MoMA Design Store website crashing due to the unprecedented rush of traffic. In May 2018, Kaws installed two 26-foot tall Companion and BFF sculptures at a shopping complex in Changsha, China. In October 2019, Kaws unveiled "Waiting",

1938-703: A show that that was later seen at the Lannan Foundation in Marina del Rey, California . Richter's first North American retrospective was in 1998 at the Art Gallery of Ontario and at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago . In 2002, a 40-year retrospective of Richter's work was held at the Museum of Modern Art , New York, and traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago , the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , and

2040-461: A sign painter and as a painter. In 1950, his application for study at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts was rejected as "too bourgeois". He finally began his studies at the Academy in 1951. His teachers there were Karl von Appen , Heinz Lohmar  [ de ] , and Will Grohmann . Richter married Marianne Eufinger in 1957; she gave birth to his first daughter. He married his second wife,

2142-588: A teacher, was eventually forced to join the National Socialist Party. He never became an avid supporter of Nazism, and was not required to attend party rallies. When he was 10 years old, Gerhard was conscripted into the Deutsches Jungvolk ; the Hitler Youth , for teenage boys, was dissolved at the end of the war, before Richter was old enough. In 1943, Hildegard moved the family to Waltersdorf, and

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2244-519: A ten-day trip to Greenland . His friend Hanne Darboven was meant to accompany him, but instead, he traveled alone. His intention was to experience and record the desolate arctic landscape. In 1976, four large paintings, each titled Seascape , emerged from the Greenland photographs. In 1982 and 1983, Richter made a series of paintings of Candles and Skulls that relate to a longstanding tradition of still life memento mori painting. Each composition

2346-575: A variety of photographic printmaking processes – screenprint , photolithography , and collotype – in search of inexpensive mediums that would lend a "non-art" appearance to his work. He stopped working in print media in 1974, and began painting from photographs he took himself. While elements of landscape painting appeared initially in Richter's work early on in his career in 1963, the artist began his independent series of landscapes in 1968 after his first vacation, an excursion that landed him besotted with

2448-495: A village teacher. Gerhard's mother, Hildegard Schönfelder, gave birth to him at the age of 25. Hildegard's father, Ernst Alfred Schönfelder, at one time was considered a gifted pianist. Ernst moved the family to Dresden after taking up the family enterprise of brewing and eventually went bankrupt. Once in Dresden, Hildegard trained as a bookseller, and in doing so realized a passion for literature and music. Gerhard's father, Horst Richter,

2550-552: A vinyl Companion toy (Mickey Mouse with X-ed out eyes). The figure was adapted into a balloon for the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade , as part of its "Blue Sky Gallery" of balloons. Having already created oversized sculptures in the past, Kaws started to produce further sculptures of his Companion character for exhibitions in Switzerland, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Málaga, London, and China. Kaws has periodically shown both paintings and products at Colette in Paris since 1999. His work

2652-417: Is an 113 square metres (1,220 sq ft) abstract collage of 11,500 pixel -like squares in 72 colors, randomly arranged by computer (with some symmetry), reminiscent of his 1974 painting 4096 colours . The artist waived any fee, and the costs of materials and mounting the window came to around €370,000 ($ 506,000), covered by donations from more than 1,000 people. Cardinal Joachim Meisner did not attend

2754-658: Is exhibited in galleries and museums, held in the permanent collections of public institutions, and avidly collected by individuals including music producer Swizz Beatz , internet figure PewDiePie , rappers Pharrell Williams , Kid Cudi , and members of South Korean group BTS . A number of books illustrating his work have been published. Kaws lives and works in Brooklyn, New York , creating sculptures, acrylic paintings on canvas, and screen prints while also collaborating commercially, predominantly on limited edition toys, but also clothing, skateboard decks , and other products. KAWS

2856-525: Is given credit for being modest about his work and admitting that it is not worth the high prices brought upon resale. In the 1990s, Donnelly and other artists contributed to a graffiti fanzine called Skills, further promoting his name and image in fields of fine art, fashion, and design. Kaws, along with other artists, emerged to more spotlight and opportunities by publishing issues with independent art magazines in 2007 that would make them "iconic" examples of contemporary art world figures. Donnelly showed that

2958-452: Is held in the following permanent public collections: Gerhard Richter Gerhard Richter ( German: [ˈɡeːɐ̯haʁt ˈʁɪçtɐ] ; born 9 February 1932 ) is a German visual artist. Richter has produced abstract as well as photorealistic paintings, photographs and glass pieces . He is widely regarded as one of the most important contemporary German artists and several of his works have set record prices at auction, with him being

3060-419: Is most commonly based on a photograph taken by Richter in his own studio. Influenced by old master vanitas painters such as Georges de La Tour and Francisco de Zurbarán , the artist began to experiment with arrangements of candles and skulls placed in varying degrees of natural light, sitting atop otherwise barren tables. The Candle paintings coincided with his first large-scale abstract paintings, and represent

3162-473: Is represented by Skarstedt Gallery, New York. Donnelly was born in 1974 in Jersey City, New Jersey , where he attended St. Anthony High School . As a teenager, Donnelly created a tag for himself, KAWS (based on the way the letters looked—the word, in fact, has no meaning), which he painted on the roof of an area building so that he could see it outside while attending class in high school. He went on to attend

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3264-558: The American Philosophical Society in 2012. Contemporary Arts Center The Contemporary Arts Center was founded as the Modern Art Society in 1939 by Betty Pollak Rauh, Peggy Frank Crawford and Rita Rentschler Cushman. These three women were able to raise enough money through donations to display modern art at the Cincinnati Art Museum . Early advice and encouragement was offered by both Edward M.M. Warburg,

3366-561: The Bravo reality competition series Work of Art: The Next Great Artist , where he was a guest judge for the Season 2 finale. For the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , Kaws redesigned the MTV Moonman trophy in the form of his "Companion" character, and his 3D model was used to create a 60-foot tall inflatable version. He also redesigned various event materials. In 2014, Kaws designed the bottle artwork for

3468-566: The Brooklyn Nets to release their 2023/24 City Edition Jerseys for the upcoming NBA season. Comic book artist Bill Morrison felt "ripped off" by Kaws's 2005 work The Kaws Album because the work was simply a "traced interpretation of my Simpsons Yellow Album " (released in 1998 and signed by Matt Groening), which itself was a parody of the cover art for the Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band replaced with characters from

3570-714: The Cincinnati Art Museum from the Mary E. Johnston collection. Construction on the Emery Wing at the Cincinnati Art Museum replaced the original space of the CAC. As a result of the museum’s need to expand, the center moved out in 1962 and temporarily inhabited various locations at the Taft Museum of Art , space at 608 Main Street, and the Carew Tower . In 1964 the center occupied the fourth floor of

3672-708: The Getty Center connected the landscapes of Richter to the Romantic pictures of Caspar David Friedrich , showing that both artists "used abstraction, expansiveness, and emptiness to express transcendent emotion through painting." The Gerhard Richter Archive was established in cooperation with the artist in 2005 as an institute of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden . The first major exhibition of his work in Australia, Gerhard Richter: The Life of Images ,

3774-866: The Golden Lion of the 47th Biennale, Venice, 1997; the Wolf Prize in Israel in 1994/5; the Goslarer Kaiserring Prize der Stadt Goslar, Mönchehaus-Museum für Moderne Kunst, Goslar, Germany, 1988; the Oskar Kokoschka Prize, Vienna, 1985; the Arnold Bode Prize, Kassel, 1981; and the Junger Western Art Prize, Germany, 1961. He was made an honorary citizen of Cologne in April 2007. He was elected to

3876-651: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Washington, D.C. His work is included in the permanent collections of several museum institutions in the US, such as the Pérez Art Museum Miami . He has participated in several international art shows, including the Venice Biennale (1972, 1980, 1984, 1997 and 2007), as well as Documenta V (1972), VII (1982), VIII (1987), IX (1992), and X (1997). In 2006, an exhibition at

3978-711: The Milan Duomo and the square's 19th-century Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , Domplatz, Mailand (1968) was a commission from Siemens , and it hung in that company's offices in Milan from 1968 to 1998. (In 1998, Sotheby's sold it in London, where it fetched what was then a record price for Richter, $ 3.6 million). In 1980, Richter and Isa Genzken were commissioned to design the König-Heinrich-Platz underground station in Duisburg ; it

4080-657: The Museum of Modern Art in 2002. In a review of Lines which do not exist , R. H. Lossin wrote in The Brooklyn Rail : "Viewed as a personal (and possibly professional) deficiency, Richter's drawing practice consisted of diligently documenting something that didn't work—namely a hand that couldn't draw properly. ...Richter displaces the concept of the artist's hand with hard evidence of his own, wobbly, failed, and very material appendage." Throughout his career, Richter has mostly declined lucrative licensing deals and private commissions. Measuring 9 by 9 ½ feet and depicting both

4182-605: The National Endowment for the Arts . If convicted, the center would have faced fines of up to $ 10,000; Barrie could have faced a year in jail and fines up to $ 2,000. The trial was chronicled in the 2000 television movie Dirty Pictures . 44 East 6th Street (Corner of 6th & Walnut), Cincinnati, OH 45202 Across Walnut Street from the Aronoff Center for the Arts in downtown Cincinnati's cultural and entertainment area known as

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4284-550: The Nova Scotia College of Art and Design as a visiting professor; he returned to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1971, where he worked as a professor for over 15 years. In 1983, Richter resettled from Düsseldorf to Cologne, where he still lives and works today. In 1996, he moved into a studio designed by architect Thiess Marwede. Richter created various painting pictures from black-and-white photographs during

4386-583: The School of Visual Arts in New York City , receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts in illustration in 1996. Following graduation, he briefly worked for Jumbo Pictures as a freelance animator painting backgrounds for the animated series 101 Dalmatians , Daria and Doug . Moving to New York City in the 1990s, Kaws pursued illegal graffiti. Animator by day, and graffiti artist by night, Kaws started subvertising billboards, bus shelters, and phone booths, using

4488-510: The Serpentine Gallery . Richter began to use glass in his work in 1967, when he made Four Panes of Glass . These plain sheets of glass could tilt away from the poles on which they were mounted at an angle that changed from one installation to the next. In 1970, he and Blinky Palermo jointly submitted designs for the sports facilities for the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. For the front of

4590-519: The Tholey Abbey , one of the oldest monasteries in Germany. He called them his last major work, adding that he would focus on drawings and sketches from then on. The large choir windows were made by Gustva van Treeck, an esteemed glass workshop in nearby Munich . They are abstract painted works inspired by his "Pattern" series from the 1990s. An additional 34 figurative stained glass windows designed for

4692-534: The 1960s and early 1970s, basing them on a variety of sources: newspapers and books, sometimes incorporating their captions, (as in Helga Matura (1966)); private snapshots; aerial views of towns and mountains, ( Cityscape Madrid (1968) and Alps (1968)); seascapes (1969–70); and a large multipart work made for the German Pavilion in the 1972 Venice Biennale . For Forty-eight Portraits (1971–72), he chose mainly

4794-582: The Backstage District. In 2003, the CAC moved to its first free-standing home which was designed by Zaha Hadid . The CAC chose to honor two of its major donors by naming the building the Lois and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art . The Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art was Zaha Hadid's first American project. Hailed by The New York Times ' architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as "the most important American building to be completed since

4896-509: The Brooklyn Museum Anne Pasternak claims that Kaws "makes the art world uncomfortable" and follows up by saying that Kaws doesn't follow the traditional hierarchies within the art world. Kaws brings all kinds of emotion within his pieces. He is the correlation of being in between what was formerly and what is new and now in the hierarchy of art. Kaws is the result of a democratic culture. From where you can see his pieces, to what

4998-498: The CAC focused on the site at Sixth and Walnut. By 1997 the center’s Architectural Selection Committee was publicly seeking architects to design the CAC's first-free standing building. The search narrowed 97 statements of qualification to twelve semi finalists: Coop Himmelblau , Diller & Scofidio, Herzog & de Meuron , Steven Holl , Rem Koolhaas , Eric Owen Moss , Jean Nouvel , Toyo Ito , Antoine Predock , Zaha Hadid , Daniel Liebeskind and Bernard Tschumi . One year later

5100-551: The CAC was able to put on over 400 exhibitions during its 30-year stay on Government Square. A permanent lease for the location was acquired in 1982 through a city bond. Early proposals for a new home began at the end of the 1980s and included possible locations at the Ohio Mechanics Institute (currently the Emery Center) and the Aronoff Center . Later, as the idea of constructing an entirely new building became possible,

5202-550: The Contemporary Arts Center announced the exhibition and auction "FORM: Contemporary Architects at Play". Participating architects included: Christie's Fine Arts Division sold eight pieces and one concept at auction raising $ 425,000. In March 2011 the Laminex Group brought the collection to New Zealand for the Auckland Arts Festival and invited New Zealand architects and design professionals to submit entries for

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5304-822: The Nike subsidiary Air Jordan released a capsule collection in collaboration with Kaws – four Air Jordan sneakers customized by Kaws, and a number of apparel pieces. He has also recently contributed a lot to the Hip Hop community with merch lines associated with artists such as Travis Scott with his April 2021 single "The Scotts" featuring Kid Cudi who has also has been working closely with Brian in recent merchandise releases. With Merch ranging from KAWS collaborated artwork specially created with hand crafted clothing to vinyl and cassette covers. i-D and Travis Scott collaborated merch . In November/December 2010 he illustrated magazine covers for The New Yorker , Clark Magazine , i-D and Sneeze Magazine . In 2011, Kaws appeared on

5406-418: The Simpsons . In response to the sale of "The yes he did KAWS Album" at Sotheby's, Anny Shaw wrote that Kaws has not moved on from being a street artist , and that his work is conceptually bankrupt. M. H. Miller views Brian Donnelly's career in light of the current state of the art world , where contemporary works are less about cultural value than providing a place to invest the wealth of billionaires . Kaws

5508-468: The Women’s Exchange building at 113 West Fourth street where it remained for six years. After two years on Fourth street the center announced that it had plans to move to the Mercantile Center on Fifth street, which opened in 1970. The new building cost $ 400,000 and was designed by Harry Weese . The CAC’s space covered about 12,000 square feet (1,100 m ) and overlooked the new bus terminal in downtown Cincinnati. Despite early financial troubles in 1971,

5610-431: The abbey by Afghan-German Muslim artist Mahbuba Maqsoodi are expected to be completed by Easter 2021. The monks of the abbey hoped the windows would promote tourism to the abbey and its town and bring people into the faith. Richter first began exhibiting in Düsseldorf in 1963. Richter had his first gallery solo show in 1964 at Galerie Schmela in Düsseldorf. Soon after, he had exhibitions in Munich and Berlin and by

5712-508: The arena, they proposed an array of glass windows in twenty-seven different colors; each color would appear fifty times, with the distribution determined randomly. In 1981, for a two-person show with Georg Baselitz in Düsseldorf, Richter produced the first of the monumental transparent mirrors that appear intermittently thereafter in his oeuvre; the mirrors are significantly larger than Richter's paintings and feature adjustable steel mounts. For pieces such as Mirror Painting (Grey, 735-2) (1991),

5814-415: The artist began to run his squeegee up and down the canvas in an ordered fashion to produce vertical columns that take on the look of a wall of planks. Richter's abstract work and its illusion of space developed out of his incidental process: an accumulation of spontaneous, reactive gestures of adding, moving, and subtracting paint. Despite unnatural palettes, spaceless sheets of color, and obvious trails of

5916-440: The artist has created a series of three dimensional glass constructions, such as 6 Standing Glass Panels (2002/2011). In 2010, the Drawing Center showed Lines which do not exist , a survey of Richter's drawings from 1966 to 2005, including works made using mechanical intervention such as attaching a pencil to an electric hand drill. It was the first career overview of Richter in the United States since 40 Years of Painting at

6018-420: The artist's second wife, Isa Genzken . Lesende (1994) portrays Sabine Moritz , whom Richter married in 1995, shown absorbed in the pages of a magazine. Many of his realist paintings reflect on the history of Nazism, creating paintings of family members who had been members, as well as victims, of the Nazi party. From 1966, as well as those given to him by others, Richter began using photographs he had taken as

6120-423: The artist's tools, the abstract pictures often act like windows through which we see the landscape outside. As in his representational paintings, there is an equalization of illusion and paint. In those paintings, he reduces worldly images to mere incidents of Art. Similarly, in his abstract pictures, Richter exalts spontaneous, intuitive mark-making to a level of spatial logic and believability. Firenze continues

6222-411: The basis for portraits. In 1975, on the occasion of a show in Düsseldorf, Gilbert & George commissioned Richter to make a portrait of them. Richter began making prints in 1965. He was most active before 1974, only completing sporadic projects since that time. In the period 1965–1974, Richter made most of his prints (more than 100), of the same or similar subjects in his paintings. He has explored

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6324-404: The beginning of his career in the 1990s: Companion (created in 1999), Accomplice , Chum , and Bendy . His series The Kimpsons subverted the American cartoon The Simpsons . Kaws's Companion is a grayscale clown-like figure based on Mickey Mouse with his face obscured by both hands, and two bones sticking out of his head. In 1999, the Japanese toy company Bounty Hunter produced and sold

6426-655: The beginning of their partnership in 2001, Nigo and Kaws have collaborated on the packaging for Kaws's "The Kimpsons" exhibit and three seasons of A Bathing Ape. He and Medicom Toy ran OriginalFake, a brand and store in Aoyama , from 2006 to May 2013. Kaws has also collaborated with Jun Takahashi for the brand Undercover, as a voice-over artist for Michael "Mic" Neumann's Kung Faux , and worked on projects with Burton , Vans , Supreme and DC Shoes . There are Kaws-designed small edition bottles for Dos Equis and Hennessy , rugs for Gallery 1950 and packaging for Kiehl's cosmetics. In 2004, he collaborated with Undefeated Brand on

6528-437: The board granted the commission to Zaha Hadid. Construction began in 2001 and the new building opened on May 31, 2003. In 1988, the CAC put Metrobot by Nam June Paik on permanent exhibition in front of its Mercantile Center location on Fifth Street. It remained there after the CAC moved to Walnut Street, until it went into storage in 2009. In 2014, it was reinstalled in front of the Walnut Street location. In March 2008,

6630-424: The border between fashion and art didn't exist. His collaborations with big known brands from Dior to Supreme, to even consumer good companies like Henessey are what have only reinforced his work, catching the eye of collectors, for which many are influencers and other creators/artists. Though successful with people wanting to work with him, his work would not be welcomed and displayed in every Art Museum. Director of

6732-520: The complete antithesis to those vast, colorful and playfully meaningless works. Richter has made only 27 of these still lifes. In 1995, the artist marked the 50th anniversary of the allied bombings of his hometown Dresden during the Second World War. His solitary candle was reproduced on a monumental scale and placed overlooking the River Elbe as a symbol of rejuvenation. Richter has said that while painting this series, “I did experience feelings to do with contemplation, remembering, silence, and death.” In

6834-435: The complex permutations of color charts in 1966, with a small painting entitled 10 Colors . The charts provided anonymous and impersonal source material, a way for Richter to disassociate color from any traditional, descriptive, symbolic or expressive end. When he began to make these paintings, Richter had his friend Blinky Palermo randomly call out colors, which Richter then adopted for his work. Chance thus plays its role in

6936-419: The creation of his first series. Returning to color charts in the 1970s, Richter changed his focus from the readymade to the conceptual system, developing mathematical procedures for mixing colours and chance operations for their placement. The range of the colors he employed was determined by a mathematical system for mixing the primary colors in graduated amounts. Each color was then randomly ordered to create

7038-429: The early 1970s exhibited frequently throughout Europe and the United States. In 1966, Bruno Bischofberger was the first to show Richter's works outside Germany. Richter's first retrospective took place at the Kunsthalle Bremen in 1976 and covered works from 1962 to 1974. A traveling retrospective at Düsseldorf's Kunsthalle in 1986 was followed in 1991 by a retrospective at the Tate Gallery , London. In 1993, he received

7140-425: The faces of composers such as Gustav Mahler and Jean Sibelius , and of writers such as H. G. Wells and Franz Kafka . From around 1964, Richter made a number of portraits of dealers, collectors, artists, and others connected with his immediate professional circle. Richter's two portraits of Betty , his daughter, were made in 1977 and 1988 respectively; the three portraits titled IG were made in 1993 and depict

7242-493: The first criminal trial of an art museum over the contents of an exhibition, the case centered on seven out of 175 photographs in an exhibition ( The Perfect Moment ) that traveled from Berkeley to Boston; five of the seven photographs depicted men in sadomasochistic poses and were the basis of charges that the museum and its director had pandered obscenity. Much of the dispute over the Mapplethorpe photographs centered on whether federal money should be used to finance them, through

7344-463: The human art experience. In May 2017, UK auction house Phillips sold a Kaws Seated Companion (2011) bronze sculpture for approximately US $ 411,000. On April 1, 2019, at Sotheby's in Hong Kong, The Kaws Album (2005), a painting by Kaws commissioned by Nigo, sold for 115.9 million Hong Kong dollars, or about $ 14.7 million U.S. dollars, a new auction record for the artist at the time. Kaws's work

7446-430: The ink's natural tendency to bloom and creep. The resulting November sheets are regarded as a significant departure from his previous watercolours in that the pervasive soaking of ink into wet paper produced double-sided works. Sometimes, the uppermost sheets bled into others, generating a sequentially developing series of images. In a few cases, Richter applied lacquer to one side of the sheet, or drew pencil lines across

7548-455: The late 1980s, Richter had begun to collect images of the group which he used as the basis for the 15 paintings exhibited for the first time in Krefeld in 1989. The paintings were based on an official portrait of Ulrike Meinhof during her years as a radical journalist; on photographs of the arrest of Holger Meins ; on police shots of Gudrun Ensslin in prison; on Andreas Baader 's bookshelves and

7650-523: The mirrors were coloured grey by the pigment attached to the back of the glass. Arranged in two rooms, Richter presented an ensemble of paintings and colored mirrors in a special pavilion designed in collaboration with architect Paul Robbrecht at Documenta 9 in Kassel in 1992. In 2002, for the Dia Art Foundation , Richter created a glass sculpture in which seven parallel panes of glass refract light and

7752-687: The most expensive living painter at one time. Richter has been called the "greatest living painter", "the world's most important artist" and the "Picasso of the 21st century". Richter was born in Hospital Dresden-Neustadt in Dresden , Saxony, and grew up in Reichenau (now Bogatynia , Poland), and in Waltersdorf (Zittauer Gebirge), in the Upper Lusatian countryside, where his father worked as

7854-574: The most important artists of the 20th century. Today, many call Gerhard Richter the best living painter. In part, this comes from his ability to explore the medium at a time when many were heralding its death. Richter has been the recipient of numerous prominent awards, including the State Prize of the state North Rhine-Westphalia in 2000; the Wexner Prize, 1998; the Praemium Imperiale , Japan, 1997;

7956-627: The naked eye. In 2006, Richter conceived six paintings as a coherent group under the title Cage , named after the American avant-garde composer John Cage . The Cage paintings are large works constructed from intersecting fields, lines, and swaths of uneven smears that reflect the broad squeegee tool which Richter drags across the canvases, before removing areas of paint to generate a subtractive method of concealing and revealing variegated layers and patches. In May 2002, Richter photographed 216 details of his abstract painting no. 648-2, from 1987. Working on

8058-508: The patches of colour. As early as 1966, Richter had made paintings based on colour charts, using the rectangles of colour as found objects in an apparently limitless variety of hue; these culminated in 1973–4 in a series of large-format pictures such as 256 Colours . Richter painted three series of Color Chart paintings between 1966 and 1974, each series growing more ambitious in their attempt to create through their purely arbitrary arrangement of colors. The artist began his investigations into

8160-439: The picture's progress: the incidental details and patterns that emerge. Throughout his process, Richter uses the same techniques he uses in his representational paintings, blurring and scraping to veil and expose prior layers. From the mid-1980s, Richter began to use a homemade squeegee to rub and scrape the paint that he had applied in large bands across his canvases. In an interview with Benjamin H.D. Buchloch in 1986, Richter

8262-399: The piece conveys, it allows everyone to be a collector on the same level. Donnelly has been able to tap into different principles of art such as fashion, corporate and fine art, and add a greater, simplified, meaningful desired aesthetic created by Kaws and other collaborative artists. Donnelly removes the tension between artist, collectors, and general public and turns it into one connection of

8364-558: The rebuilt Reichstag in Berlin. In 2012 he was asked to design the first page of the German newspaper Die Welt . In 2017 Richter designed the label of the 2015 Chateau Mouton Rothschild 's first wine of that year. In 2002, the same year as his MoMA retrospective, Richter was asked to design a stained glass window in the Cologne Cathedral . In August 2007, his window was unveiled. It

8466-423: The record player to conceal his gun; on the dead figures of Meinhof, Ensslin, and Baader; and on the funeral of Ensslin, Baader, and Jan-Carl Raspe . Since 1989, Richter has worked on creating new images by dragging wet paint over photographs. The photographs, not all taken by Richter himself, are mostly snapshots of daily life: family vacations, pictures of friends, mountains, buildings, and streetscapes. Richter

8568-473: The repeated use of "x" ' s on the hands, nose, eyes, ears, and the appropriation of pop culture icons such as Mickey Mouse, the Michelin Man , and his characters are generally depicted in a shy or powerless pose often with their hands over their nose. In his paintings, Kaws always deconstructs his appropriation of iconic characters into shapes that produces abstract paintings. On May 2, 2023, Kaws scored

8670-497: The resultant composition and form of the painting. Richter's second series of Color Charts was begun in 1971 and consisted of only five paintings. In the final series of Color Charts which preoccupied Richter throughout 1973 and 1974, additional elements to this permutational system of color production were added in the form of mixes of a light grey, a dark gray and later, a green. Richter's 4900 Colours from 2007 consisted of bright monochrome squares that have been randomly arranged in

8772-491: The same title: Silicate . Large oil-on-canvas pieces, these show latticed rows of light- and dark-grey blobs whose shapes quasi-repeat as they race across the frame, their angle modulating from painting to painting. They depict a photo, published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , of a computer-generated simulacrum of reflections from the silicon dioxide found in insects' shells. In 2014, Richter created

8874-501: The scent Girl, by Comme des Garçons and Pharrell Williams . In 2016, Kaws entered into an ongoing relationship with clothing store Uniqlo to produce a line of affordable T-shirts and accessories; the first line was clothing and soft toys based on the popular children's show Sesame Street . In April 2017, Uniqlo released a line of Peanuts -themed T-shirts, accessories, and plushies designed by Kaws; and in November 2018, Kaws created

8976-477: The sculptor Isa Genzken , in 1982. Richter had two sons and a daughter with his third wife, Sabine Moritz , after they were married in 1995. In the early days of his career, he prepared a wall painting ( Communion with Picasso , 1955) for the refectory of his Academy of Arts as part of his B.A. Another mural entitled Lebensfreude (Joy of life) followed at the German Hygiene Museum for his diploma. It

9078-653: The stairway of the German Hygiene Museum, but these were later covered over when it was decided to restore the Museum to its original 1930 state. In West Germany, Richter began to study at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Karl Otto Götz , together with Sigmar Polke , Werner Hilsing, HA Schult , Kuno Gonschior , Franz Erhard Walther , Konrad Lueg, and Gotthard Graubner . With Polke and Konrad Fischer  [ de ] (pseudonym Lueg), he introduced

9180-540: The term Kapitalistischer Realismus (Capitalistic Realism) as an anti-style of art, appropriating the pictorial shorthand of advertising. This title also referred to the realist style of art known as Socialist Realism , then the official art doctrine of the Soviet Union, but it also commented upon the consumer-driven art doctrine of Western capitalism. Richter taught at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg and

9282-500: The terrain of Corsica . Landscapes have since emerged as an independent work group in his oeuvre. According to Dietmar Elger, Richter's landscapes are understood within the context of traditional German Romantic Painting. They are compared to the work of Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840). Friedrich is foundational to German landscape painting. Each artist spent formative years of their lives in Dresden . Große Teyde-Landschaft (1971) takes its imagery from similar holiday snapshots of

9384-901: The volcanic regions of Tenerife . Atlas was first exhibited in 1972 at the Museum voor Hedendaagse Kunst in Utrecht under the title Atlas der Fotos und Skizzen . It included 315 parts. The work has continued to expand, and was exhibited later in full form at the Lenbachhaus in Munich in 1989, the Museum Ludwig in Cologne in 1990, and at Dia Art Foundation in New York in 1995. Atlas continues as an ongoing, encyclopedic work composed of approximately 4,000 photographs, reproductions or cut-out details of photographs and illustrations, grouped together on approximately 600 separate panels. In 1972, Richter embarked on

9486-514: The window's unveiling as he would have preferred it to have been a figurative representation of 20th century Christian martyrs and said that Richter's window would fit better in a mosque or other prayer house. A professed atheist with "a strong leaning towards Catholicism", Richter had his three children with his third wife baptized in the Cologne Cathedral. In September 2020, Richter unveiled his three 30-foot-tall stained-glass windows for

9588-411: The world beyond, offering altered visions of the exhibition space; Spiegel I (Mirror I) and Spiegel II (Mirror II), a two-part mirror piece from 1989 that measures 7' tall and 18' feet long, which alters the boundaries of the environment and again changes one's visual experience of the gallery; and Kugel (Sphere), 1992, a stainless steel sphere that acts as a mirror, reflecting the space. Since 2002,

9690-483: Was a mathematics and physics student at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden. The two were married in 1931. After struggling to maintain a position in the new National Socialist education system, Horst found a position in Reichenau. Gerhard's younger sister, Gisela, was born there in 1936. Horst and Hildegard were able to remain primarily apolitical due to Reichenau's location in the countryside. Horst, being

9792-404: Was asked about his "Monochrome Grey Pictures and Abstract Pictures" and their connection with the artists Yves Klein and Ellsworth Kelly . The following are Richter's answers: The Grey Pictures were done at a time when there were monochrome paintings everywhere. I painted them nonetheless. ... Not Kelly, but Bob Ryman, Brice Marden , Alan Charlton , Yves Klein and many others. In the 1990s

9894-463: Was flying to New York on 11 September 2001, but due to the 9/11 attacks , including on the World Trade Center , his plane was diverted to Halifax, Nova Scotia . A few years later, he made one small painting specifically about the planes crashing into the World Trade Center . In September: A History Painting by Gerhard Richter , Robert Storr situates Richter's 2005 painting September within

9996-739: Was included in the traveling exhibition Beautiful Losers , which started at the Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center and traveled throughout the US and Europe, including his then-largest museum show to date at the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, GA in 2012. Since 2018 Espacio SOLO, Colección SOLO museum in Madrid, shows in its main hall Companion (Resting place) as part of its permanent exhibitions. Kaws's style can be characterized by an emphasis on color and line, distinctive graphics, such as

10098-503: Was intended to produce an effect "similar to that of wallpaper or tapestry". From 1957 to 1961 Richter worked as a master trainee in the academy and took commissions for the then state of East Germany. During this time, he worked intensively on murals like Arbeiterkampf (Workers' struggle), on oil paintings (e.g. portraits of the East German actress Angelica Domröse and of Richter's first wife Ema), on various self-portraits, and on

10200-613: Was later forced to sell her piano. Two brothers of Hildegard died as soldiers in the war and a sister, who had schizophrenia , was starved to death in the Nazi euthanasia program. Richter left school after 10th grade and apprenticed as an advertising and stage-set painter, before studying at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts . In 1948, he finished vocational high school in Zittau and, between 1949 and 1951, successively worked as an apprentice with

10302-766: Was mounted by the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art in Brisbane from 14 October 2017 to 4 February 2018. It included more than 90 works, including the newly created Atlas Overview , a 400-panel extract selected by Richter from the larger Atlas project now deemed too fragile for loan or travel. In 2022 the Raphael Durazzo Gallery exhibited 2014: 20. November 2014, oil on colored photograph, 15 x 10 cm Although Richter gained popularity and critical praise throughout his career, his fame burgeoned during his 2005 retrospective exhibition, which declared his place among

10404-572: Was only completed in 1992. In 1986, Richter received a commission for two large-scale paintings – Victoria I and Victoria II – from the Victoria insurance company in Düsseldorf. In 1990, along with Sol LeWitt and Oswald Mathias Ungers , he created works for the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank in Düsseldorf. In 1998, he installed a wall piece based on the colours of Germany's flag in

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