Pontic Steppe
49-422: Bertha Katscher (also spelled, Berta; pseudonyms: Ludwig Ungar , Albert Kellner , Ludwig Kölle , Ludmilla Kölle ; 12 June 1860 – 16 September 1903) was an Austrian Empire-born Hungarian writer. Katscher was born at Trencín , Slovakia, June 12, 1860, to an affluent Jewish family. She was educated by her aunt, by whom she was taken to Herzegovina , where in 1881 she was married to her cousin, Leopold Katscher ,
98-420: A population density of 692 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,790/sq mi). According to the 2001 census, the religious makeup was: 65.8% Roman Catholics , 22.3% people with no religious affiliation , and 7.1% Lutherans . 95.3% inhabitants were Slovaks and 2.4% Czechs . Handball of the 1984 Friendship Games was hosted at Hala na Sihoti. Association football club AS Trenčín currently plays in
147-479: A diagnosis of cancerous infiltration of the choroid and partial detachment of the retina . This diagnosis was confirmed by Dr. Sachs, assistant in the ophthalmological clinic of the University of Vienna . Sachs also followed up his ophthalmoscopic examinations during the treatment by cancroine, and certified to actual resorption of a cancerous process and restoration of vision to two thirds of normal. The conditions in
196-439: A distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to
245-581: A large main square, with a large baroque church and various shops, as well as a town tower. The Trenčín Synagogue , built in 1913 is now a cultural center with exhibitions and concerts. Pohoda , the most visited music festival in Slovakia, has been organized in Trenčín since 1997. As of 2004 , it takes place at the Trenčín Airport. In 2005 the city had a population of 56,750, which rose to 60,012 in 2009, with
294-715: A late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around Thessaloniki ( Solun ) in Macedonia , is attested in Old Church Slavonic manuscripts. Proto-Slavic is descended from the Proto-Balto-Slavic branch of the Proto-Indo-European language family, which is the ancestor of the Baltic languages , e.g. Lithuanian and Latvian . Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during
343-685: A long time it was considered the northernmost known presence of the Romans in Central Europe. The first written mentions in the Middle Ages are from 1111 (as Treinchen ) and 1113 (adjective Trenciniensis ). The name is probably derived from a personal name Trnka/Trenka ( Slovak / Slavic - Blackthorn ) with a possessive suffix -ín . The German, Hungarian, and Polish forms are Trentschin , Trencsén , and Trenczyn , respectively. The site of Trenčín has been inhabited since time immemorial . Trenčín Castle,
392-541: A macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences: For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the monophthongization of diphthongs , and the Slavic second palatalization ) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use
441-450: A romance of universal peace (1897); “Die Studentin" (1900); and “Der Stychoos” (1901). She also translated English literature into German, such as the novels by Hardy, Donnelly, Boyesen, Meadows, Stevenson, and Buckley. Katscher had been operated upon twice for cancer of the right breast. Shortly after the second operation, she consulted, for blindness of the left eye, Dr. Wilhelm Goldzieher , of Budapest, who sent her to Dr. Adamkiewicz with
490-631: A typical medieval fortified castle is situated high on a rock above the city. Trenčín is best known for a Roman inscription on the rock below the Trenčín Castle dating from 179 AD, the era of the Marcomannic Wars , a series of wars between the Roman Empire and the Germanic Quadi and Marcomanni . It denotes the site as Laugaricio and for long time it was the most northern known evidence of
539-524: Is twinned with: Proto-Slavic Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl. , PS. ; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic )
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#1732869796239588-567: Is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech border, around 95 km (59 mi) from Bratislava . It has a population of more than 55,000, which makes it the eighth largest municipality of the country and is the seat of the Trenčín Region and the Trenčín District . It has a medieval castle, Trenčín Castle , on a rock above the city. Trenčín is chosen as
637-482: Is dominated by Trenčín Castle, which is the third-largest castle in Slovakia. Trenčín Castle is divided into upper and lower sections, with extensive fortifications. The upper castle has several palace buildings which surround the central medieval tower, which remains the highest point of the city. Below the castle, on the hillside, is the old parish church and a small upper square which is reached by historic covered stairs as well as by winding side streets. The old town has
686-558: Is plausible that Trenčín Castle was founded during the Great Moravian era. In the beginning of the 11th century, the region was controlled by king Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. In 1017, Stephen I of Hungary conquered the region which remained part of Hungary until 1918. By the end of the 11th century, the castle became the administrative centre of Trencsén county in the Kingdom. As one of
735-473: Is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages. Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with
784-484: Is the unattested , reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages . It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th century AD . As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other Indo-European languages . Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during
833-557: The European Capital of Culture in 2026. Trenčín was first mentioned under the Greek name Leukaristos (Λευκάριστος), depicted on the Ptolemy world map around 150 AD . During the course of the Marcomannic Wars between the Roman Empire and Germanic Quadi , the Romans carved an inscription on the rock under the present-day castle in 179 AD and the place was mentioned as Laugaricio . For
882-666: The National Hockey League (NHL) in North America. Additionally, long-time Liverpool centre back Martin Škrtel hails from Trenčín. The festival for non-Olympic sports will be held in town 2017. The top-level professional ice hockey championship trophy in North America, the Stanley Cup , has been brought to Trenčín six times between the years 2008 and 2015: Trenčín is home to the public Alexander Dubček University with 7,140 students, including 110 doctoral students, and
931-942: The Slovak Republic was in existence. Shortly after the Slovak National Uprising began, Trenčín was occupied by Nazi Germany and it became the headquarters of the Sicherheitsdienst and the Gestapo . Trenčín was captured by the Romanian and Soviet troops on 10 April 1945. Since 1990, the historical centre of the city has been largely restored and since 1996 it has been the seat of Trenčín Region and Trenčín District . The castle and its Roman inscription have attracted tourism since. Trenčín lies at an altitude of 262 metres (860 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 82 square kilometres (31.7 sq mi). It lies in
980-552: The Trenčín Basin of north-western Slovakia, which is surrounded by the Strážov Mountains , Považský Inovec and White Carpathians , with the last mentioned being a protected area . The Váh River flows in the north–south axis. Trenčín lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The city
1029-594: The Kuruc uprising against the Habsburgs and on 3 August 1708 the Battle of Trenčín took place close to the city. Two years later a plague killed 1,600 inhabitants of the city. Finally, in 1790 the town, along with the castle, was burned down and the castle has been in ruins ever since. In the 19th century, Trenčín flourished as the railways to Žilina and Bratislava were built and many new enterprises were established, particularly in
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#17328697962391078-519: The Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and mutual intelligibility continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain
1127-552: The Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods: Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed Late Proto-Slavic (sometimes Middle Common Slavic ) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but
1176-564: The Slavic notation. For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in Serbo-Croatian : There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are: The following is an overview of the phonemes that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic. Middle Common Slavic had
1225-525: The South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in
1274-448: The accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered
1323-452: The accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable. Common Slavic vowels also had a pitch accent . In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had
1372-469: The authority of King Charles Robert, Csák maintained a large court and pursued his own foreign policy. The Treaty of Trentschin between Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland was signed in the city in 1335. Trenčín gained a number of privileges during the Middle Ages : In 1324 the inhabitants were freed from paying tolls and the city received free royal town privileges in 1412 from King Sigismund . However, during
1421-617: The beginning of the syllable. By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of developments in the liquid diphthongs . Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern Lechitic languages ( Kashubian , extinct Slovincian and Polabian ) only with lengthening of
1470-460: The breast cicatrix were also improved. The feminist and pacifist, Rosika Schwimmer , was her niece. Rosika Schwimmer's mother was also named Berta, but she was the sister of Leopold and this Berta Katscher was the wife of Leopold. Katscher died in Budapest in 1903. Trenc%C3%ADn Trenčín ( Slovak pronunciation: [ˈtrentʂiːn] , also known by other alternative names )
1519-463: The distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch. Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were open . The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables,
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1568-532: The few stone castles in the country it resisted the disastrous invasion of Mongols in 1241. In 1263, Trenčín was in the possession of the royal Swordbearer Jakab Cseszneky , but in 1302 King Wenceslas I took it away from the Cseszneky brothers because they were supporting his rival Charles Robert , and donated it to Matúš Čák . Between 1302 and 1321 the castle was the seat of the powerful magnate Matthew Csák who controlled most of present-day Slovakia. Challenging
1617-503: The following decades and centuries there were catastrophes and wars which lasted until the end of the 18th century. During the conflict between the Habsburgs and the supporters of the rival king, János Szapolyai , the town was captured in 1528 by imperial troops. In the 17th century the Ottomans were another threat from the south but they failed to conquer the city. The town then suffered from
1666-479: The following vowel system ( IPA symbol where different): The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and "long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer
1715-450: The latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its periodization ) or the terms used to describe them. One division is made up of three periods: Another division is made up of four periods: This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there
1764-599: The least in Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r). As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of
1813-594: The main Slovak motorway and is an important stop on the main railway line from Bratislava to Žilina and Košice . Roads from the city also lead into the Czech Republic to Brno and other parts of Slovakia; Prievidza / Nitra . Railway tracks from the aforementioned cities end in Trenčín. Trenčín has also an airport . But the closest international airport is in Bratislava . Trenčín is divided into four main boroughs: Trenčín
1862-414: The preceding vowel had to be short. Consonant clusters were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example, *bogatьstvo "wealth" was divided into syllables as * bo-ga-tь-stvo , with the whole cluster * -stv- at
1911-514: The presence of Roman soldiers in central Europe (until the Roman fort by Mušov and marching camps by Olomouc and Hulín were found). Trenčín is one of the suggested locations for the capital of Samo's Empire in the 7th century. Wogastisburg (Vogast castle) was probably located somewhere on the Vogas river and was also the site of a decisive battle between the Slavic and Frankish armies in 631. It
1960-399: The private College of Management in Trenčín with 1,275 students. The city's system of primary education consists of nine public schools and one religious primary school, enrolling 4,623 pupils overall. Secondary education is represented by five gymnasia with 1,974 students, 5 specialized high schools with 1,892 students, and 6 vocational schools with 3,975 students. Trenčín lies near
2009-470: The restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in Slovene . In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as the "neoacute", as a result of sound laws that retracted
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2058-460: The syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. gordъ > Kashubian gard ; > Polabian * gard > gord ). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a syllabic sonorant (palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of
2107-491: The terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions. Vowel length evolved as follows: In § Grammar below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels: Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different): The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions: In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization
2156-418: The textile, food and machine industries. The town became the hub of the middle Považie region. In 1867 Trenčín was downgraded from a "free royal town" to a "town with municipal government" and came under the direct control of the chief of Trenčín county . Trenčín flourished again during the era of the first Czechoslovak republic and became the capital of the Trenčín county again between 1940 and 1945 when
2205-615: The top-tier Slovak Super Liga after winning promotion following the 2011–12 season as second-tier Slovak First League champions, while the ice hockey club Dukla Trenčín currently plays in the Slovak Extraliga , having won the Extraliga championship four times. Trenčín is the hometown of several professional ice hockey players, including Ottawa Senators forward Marián Gáborík , New York Islanders defenceman Zdeno Chára , and Chicago Blackhawks forward Marián Hossa , all playing in
2254-447: The traditional definition of a proto-language as the latest reconstructable common ancestor of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead, Slavicists typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as Common Slavic . One can divide
2303-417: The writer and peace activist. Up to this time she had been occupied mostly with household affairs, but at the wish of her husband, she embarked on a literary career. Her first attempts were fairy-tales for children, but she soon turned her efforts to the advocacy of universal peace and various economic reforms. She wrote also against cruelty to animals . She contributed articles on a great variety of subjects to
2352-465: The “Frankfurter Zeitung,” the “Wiener Mode,” “Die Heimat,” “Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung,” “Kölnische Zeitung,” “Prochaska's Monatsbände,” etc. Her first work in book form was “Die Kunst ein Mensch zu Sein,” written in 1887 with Edward John Hardy . Her other works included: “Weinachtsgeschichte” (1890); “Aus Bädern und Sommerfrischen” (1890); “Hermann Vámbérys Leben und Reiseabenteuer” (1892); “Soldatenkinder,”
2401-576: Was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened
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