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62-560: In October 2001, Katie Sierra was suspended from Sissonville High School , near Charleston, West Virginia , for activism in opposition to the War in Afghanistan . Sierra, a 15-year-old anarchist pacifist , wore shirts bearing handwritten statements against the war and had unsuccessfully petitioned her principal to start an afterschool anarchist club that would promote peace and nonviolence . Following an incident with another student, Sierra

124-411: A police officer who shoots a person while on duty will be given a suspension with pay during the investigation, not to punish, but to enable the department to carry out its investigation. In academia, suspension (also known as temporary exclusion) is a form of school punishment in which a student is excluded from school lessons for a period of time. Suspension is one form of exclusionary discipline;

186-576: A trial by jury in July 2002 concluded that Sierra had been justly suspended and forbidden to wear political shirts, but had been improperly denied the right to start a club. Sierra briefly returned to Sissonville High School in August 2002 before again withdrawing over peer harassment after less than a week. The case garnered national and international media attention as a prominent freedom of speech case and symbol of post- September 11 American society. Katie Sierra

248-479: A book not because they are interested in it from a literary point-of-view but because they think it will offer them an opportunity to make points of personal interest to them or fit an external agenda. Also, different expectations and education/skill levels may lead to conflicts and disappointments in clubs of this kind. The characteristics of a multi-title club are such that each member may be reading different titles from each other at any given time, and they may share

310-443: A cleric who celebrates a sacrament through simony , and on a person who receives ordination illicitly. The censure of suspension (along with other punishments) is to be inflicted also on a cleric who openly lives in violation of chastity and on any priest who "in the act, on the occasion, or under the pretext of confession" solicits a penitent to a sexual sin. Suspension is incurred automatically by any cleric who falsely denounces

372-464: A club makes reading a shared experience and frees the busy members from the "homework" of having read the book before coming to the club. It also creates a lively environment for commenting on the specifics of the books as it is read and can lead to very enriching exchanges. A given book may continue for several sittings, depending on the pace of reading, frequency of meetings, and the extent of comments and discussion. Members can take turns reading to share

434-496: A copy of the book from the library over a given timeframe in order for a later discussion. There may be a few problems with these clubs. Some members may regard them as opportunities to meet people for social contact and general conversation, partially veering off onto a wide variety of non-literary topics, while others wish to engage in serious literary analysis focused on the book in question and related works, with little non-literary interaction. Additionally, some members may suggest

496-424: A day later after consulting with Sierra's mother, who had to file the suit on behalf of her daughter, who remained a minor at the time. Sierra's trial lasted five days in July 2002. To packed galleries, Sierra's pro bono lawyers, Jason Huber and Roger Forman, argued that Mann was responsible for the school's disruption, having not taught his students about tolerance and constitutional rights and having exacerbated

558-463: A dozen schools across the United States, from Florida to New Mexico . While she had no prior history of academic or behavioral issues and was used to acclimating to new environments, Sierra clashed with her Sissonville High School classmates' culture, especially in the pro-war fervor following the 2001 September 11 attacks . Students in the high school tended towards traditional social roles, flew

620-696: A lawsuit against the school district and principal Forrest Mann for violation of Sierra's First Amendment rights to free speech . Circuit Court Judge James Stucky rejected Sierra's request for a preliminary injunction on November 2, ruling that her rights to free speech were subject to not disrupting the school, which her anarchy club and political shirts would do. Stucky further declared that he could not guarantee her safety at Sissonville High School. The West Virginia Supreme Court voted 3-2 in November against hearing Sierra's case. While American network television did not cover Sierra's case, apart from Court TV , there

682-860: A priest of having committed this delict. Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Book discussion club A book discussion club is a group of people who meet to discuss books they have read . It is often simply called a book club , a term that may cause confusion with a book sales club . Other terms include reading group , book group , and book discussion group . Book discussion clubs may meet in private homes, libraries , bookstores , online forums, pubs, and cafés, or restaurants, sometimes over meals or drinks. A practice also associated with book discussion, common reading program or common read , involves institutions encouraging their members to discuss select books in group settings; common reading programs are often organized by educational institutions. Though women had formed Bible study groups since

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744-628: A range of negative social outcomes, including crime, involvement in the criminal justice system , juvenile delinquency , and drug use, as well as school absenteeism, dropout rates, and weaker performance on standardized tests. A 2014 study of students in the Australian state of Victoria and the U.S. state of Washington found that suspension rates were similar in both states and that both student-level factors and school-level factors were associated with suspension. Student-level factors included "student behavior, rebelliousness, and academic failure" and

806-428: A reading list for a period of time. What distinguishes this from any group of unrelated people reading different things from each other is that each title is expected to be read by the next member in a serial fashion. Open loans suggest that the books in question are free to be loaned among the population with the expectation of getting them back eventually. Instead of one member deciding what everyone will read, with all

868-468: A school environment. In-school suspension is typically administered when lesser punishments, such as lunch detention, are not viable but larger punishments like out-of-school suspension or expulsion are also not viable. In the Philippines, an elected public official may be temporarily suspended from holding office to allow for an investigation to take place and prevent them to use their power to influence

930-405: A short time, three to five people may have read the same title, which is the perfect amount for a worthy conversation. Catch and release imply that actual ownership of the book transfers each iteration with no expectation of the book returning to the original owner. The mechanism of transfer may include a personal face to face hand off, sending the items through the mail, or most remarkably, leaving

992-448: A violation of policy that should result in a course of punishment, and when the employee's absence during the suspension period does not affect the company. This form of action hurts the employee because they will have no hours of work during the suspended period and therefore will not get paid, unless the suspension is with pay, or is challenged and subsequently overturned. Some jobs, which pay on salary , may have paid suspensions, in which

1054-428: A written essay stating that they will not engage in the behavior that led to their out of school suspension, which they could be required to hand in to a school administrator after returning to school from their suspension, or a journal detailing the reason why they were suspended, which they would have to hand in to a school administrator just like the aforementioned written essay. Research shows that suspensions predict

1116-431: Is one in which people discuss a particular title that every person in the group has read at the same time, often with each member buying a personal copy. Clearly, the club must somehow decide ahead of time what that title will be. Some groups may decide to choose new release titles, whilst others may choose older ones, or a mixture of the two. If it is a book discussion club that meets at a library, then each member may borrow

1178-445: Is typically between 3-5 days. Sometimes schools will have a meeting involving the student's parents, social worker if the student is in special education, and the student following an out-of-school suspension to discuss and evaluate the matter. Sometimes suspended students are required to complete assignments during their suspensions for which they receive no credit for some of the time, but are expected to do regardless. This could include

1240-538: The Charleston Gazette 's Editorial pages editor credited the community's antipathy towards Sierra to the inaccurate statements about Sierra's political message that principal Forrest Mann had initially made to the local press. The Gazette wrote a year after the case that adults had exacerbated the backlash rather than teaching civics. Sierra recalled hearing local radio station callers wanting to physically hurt or deport her. The Charleston Daily Mail praised

1302-626: The Confederate flag , enrolled in Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps , and were almost universally white . In contrast, Sierra, 15 years old and in ninth grade , identified as an anarchist pacifist and opposed both the War in Afghanistan and all forms of violence . An online community of other American youth interested in anarchism, for Sierra, was her alternative to a Sissonville youth culture she found unsatisfactory. Sierra said she began

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1364-452: The 1600s, it wasn't until the late 1700s that secular reading circles emerged in both America and Europe. Reading circles were not limited to particular races or classes, with one of the first reading groups for black women being formed in Lynn, Massachusetts in 1827. Throughout the 1800s, women’s reading circles expanded, with some becoming outspoken on social issues such as abolition—foreshadowing

1426-471: The September 11 attacks and the resulting war in Afghanistan, Sierra set out to start an anarchist club at her high school as a means to promote peace and pacifism. Her charter for the club would include non-tolerance of violence and hate, undoing the popular association between anarchism and violence , and activities including readings , discussions , and community service . Her mother advised against pursuing

1488-477: The affected worker will be prevented from coming to work but will still receive pay. Generally, suspensions are deemed most effective if the affected worker remains unpaid. Suspensions are usually given after other means of counseling statements have been exhausted, but some violations may result in immediate suspension. Suspensions are tracked, and any number of them, even one may prevent one from receiving raises, bonuses or promotions, or could cause dismissal from

1550-452: The author of the current book as part of the discussion; it often concludes the discussion with a live conference call or webinar . A broadcast club is one in which a television, radio, or podcast show features a regular segment that presents a discussion of a book. The segment is announced in advance so that viewers or listeners may read the book prior to the broadcast discussion. Some notable broadcast book discussion clubs include: Given

1612-406: The book in a public place with the expectation that unknown future readers will find it there. All three methods are utilized with BookCrossing . Participants use a website and a system of unique identification numbers to track released items as they migrate through a worldwide community. The interaction is largely web-centric, but it does not exclude face-to-face gatherings, each of which can take on

1674-446: The busy lifestyles of today, another variation on the traditional 'book club' is the book reading club. In such a club, the group agrees on a specific book, and each week (or whatever frequency), one person in the group reads the book out loud while the rest of the group listens. The group can either allow interruptions for comments and questions from the members at any time, or agree to allow such input at chapter or section endings. Such

1736-436: The case, attorneys for both parties asked Judge Stucky to throw out the jury's verdict for being internally inconsistent, encouraging him to instead issue a ruling himself. The ban on her right to return to the school having been lifted, Sierra returned to Sissonville High School in August 2002. In her first week back at the school, she was harassed, mocked, and insulted by other students. Principal Forrest Mann had resigned from

1798-428: The category of social networks , these online clubs are made up of members of a variety of reading interests and often approach book discussion in different ways, e.g. academic discussion, pleasure-reading discussion, personal connection, and reaction to books members read. In 2012, a new book club format referred to as author-led book clubs was introduced by Business Book Club " 12 Books ." Author led book clubs include

1860-656: The circuit court's initial decision, describing the case as egocentric. Their editorial on the occasion of the full trial endorsed the jury's decision. National observers weighed in on the case. John Tinker, the lead plaintiff from a 1969 free speech in schools Supreme Court case pledged his personal support for Sierra. Philosophy professor Crispin Sartwell praised Sierra as "an American heroine" whose actions contributed to rather than detracted from her peers' education. British political writer George Monbiot decried Sierra's treatment, citing it as an example of state persecution and

1922-617: The club movement of the end of that century. Well into the 1900s, book clubs continued to serve as both an intellectual outlet and a radical political tool. In the first half of the 20th century, women continued to be barred from many top universities. This time period was the heyday of the Book of the Month Club and the Great Books movement, both of which encouraged average Americans to take on hefty literary novels. Women’s chief role in founding

Katie Sierra free speech case - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-742: The club. On Monday, October 22, 2001, Sierra sought the permission of her high school principal , Forrest Mann, to start her club, citing the West Virginia Department of Education's policy that allowed afterschool clubs such as the Christian Fellowship Club and Civics Club. Cutting her off, the principal denied her request outright. Sierra said that when she pressed for his rationale, he repeatedly told her to return to class and said he said he would review her materials later but not change his position. That night, watching television images of Afghani children killed as collateral damage in

2046-426: The company. Suspension clauses are common components of collective bargaining agreements . Suspensions may be challenged by employees in unionized organizations through the filing of a grievance . Suspension on full pay can also be used when an employee needs to be removed from the workplace to avoid prejudicing an investigation. This is used not as a punishment, but in the employer's best interest. For example,

2108-424: The cost implications of acquiring that title, these clubs usually involve circulating books they already own. Each book is introduced with a short precis. This offers members the advantage of previewing a work before committing to read. It has the effect of narrowing the focus of the dialogue so that book and reader are more quickly and more accurately matched up. The sequential nature of the process implies that within

2170-423: The course of the investigation. Suspension is a punishment in sport where players are banned from playing a certain number of future games. These suspensions may be issued for severe infractions of the rules of play (such as personal fouls ), excessive technical, or flagrant fouls for the duration of a season, fights during the course of the game in which the player was a part of the wrongdoing, or misconduct off

2232-471: The day of Sierra's return to school. The meeting discussed the events of the previous week, and some board members were initially sympathetic to Sierra, but she was soon shouted down, accused of treason and likened to a traitor. Sierra fled the meeting in tears. The following day, The Charleston Gazette published claims about Sierra's shirt slogans that repeated what the principal said he had heard from Reed. The principal later said he had been misquoted, but

2294-618: The erosion of civil liberties in the United States, while journalist Amy Goodman characterized it as evidence of "a new McCarthyism ". The Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression gave the Kanawha school board and principal Forrest Mann its dubious "Jefferson Muzzle" award in 2002 for its role in the Sierra case. Sierra's actions inspired United We Stand , a New York University drama project on America after September 11. Sierra

2356-551: The facility, some libraries offer book discussion kits where several titles of a book are able to be loaned to a single patron, with a lending period typically longer than normal. The kits also contain suggested reading guides with discussion questions. Librarians can aid in the procurement of items needed for private book club meetings. They are able to reserve multiple copies of a publication and extend loan periods. They are also able to facilitate club meetings digitally, through discussion boards or video meetings. Librarians have noted

2418-501: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In Roman Catholic canon law, the censure of suspension prohibits certain acts by a cleric, whether the acts are of a religious character deriving from his ordination ("acts of

2480-806: The field (such as illegal or banned substance use). Generally, an athlete who is suspended must forfeit their pay during the course of the suspension, and depending on the team's or league's rules, may not be permitted to don their uniform or be present with the team during the course of play, which often includes attending games in the stands as a typical spectator would. Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

2542-538: The flyers and told Sierra that her political shirts were not allowed. Sierra was required to have a psychologist's clearance before she could return to school. Sierra, suspended, contacted the American Civil Liberties Union , who agreed to take up her cause. The issue was considered settled after a meeting between Sierra, the ACLU, Sierra's mother, and the principal, until a school board meeting on October 29,

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2604-415: The flyers on her desk. Sierra, who was wearing a sweatshirt, held that the flyers were with her personal belongings and offered to show her shirt, which he refused. The principal suspended Sierra from school for three days on the charge of disrupting the educational process, both for having not followed his prior order to desist flyering for the club and for upsetting other students. The principal confiscated

2666-905: The modern book club—a consequence of being marginalized from other intellectual spaces—has gone on to influence the book industry, with women accounting for 80 percent of fiction sales. Author Toni Morrison called the 1996 launch of the Oprah's Book Club the beginning of a "reading revolution"; in its first three years, books Oprah chose averaged sales of 1.4 million copies each. Sociologist Christy Craig said that women have turned to book clubs to construct social networks and important partnerships, especially in times of upheaval. A 2018 BookBrowse survey found that 88% of private book clubs are all-women groups, but almost half of public groups—such as those hosted by libraries—include men. The survey found that 70% of book clubs primarily read fiction, though 93% read nonfiction at least occasionally. A single-title club

2728-416: The news story had already spread throughout the city. Students spat on Sierra's mother's car at Sissonville High, and her friends' parents wouldn't give her rides home from school. Threats, taunting, jeering by her fellow students escalated into physical assaults, and Sierra's mother pulled her out of school; the threats would ultimately cause Sierra to move out of the town. The ACLU supported Sierra in filing

2790-402: The other form is expulsion . A student's parents, and sometimes social workers if the student is in special education, are notified about the reason for the out-of-school suspension, such as the student being involved in a physical or verbal altercation, directing foul language at a school staff member, or throwing a temper tantrum on campus, and the length of the out-of-school suspension, which

2852-439: The police, her mother and her private detective found Sierra's friend. Sierra continued alone to South Carolina where she stayed with a friend. Her mother and the detective found and returned Sierra to West Virginia after tracing her phone calls to friends. In June 2002, the ACLU lawyers briefly dropped Sierra's suit after learning that she would not be at the trial but instead traveling through Oregon . They reversed this decision

2914-426: The positive influence of Google+ hangouts and Skype to host meetings for long-distance club members and for times in which not all members can attend the club. Librarians have also helped non-traditional book clubs find footing within their communities. Online book clubs exist in the shape of Internet forums , Yahoo Groups , e-mail mailing lists , dedicated websites, and even telephone conference calls. Also, in

2976-458: The power of orders") or are exercises of his power of governance or of rights and functions attached to the office he holds. This censure is automatically applied to a cleric who uses physical violence against a bishop, a deacon who attempts to celebrate the sacrifice of the Mass or a priest who, though not empowered to grant sacramental absolution attempts to do so or who hears sacramental confession,

3038-544: The practice of wearing T-shirts with handwritten political statements long before the September 11 attacks. The statements were, in turns, about peace , anti-racism , or more controversially, protesting the War in Afghanistan . One such example of the latter said "Against Bush , Against Bin Laden ". Others depicted an upside-down American flag or mocked war supporters. Sierra denied being anti-American and said she sought to change her country out of love for it. Dismayed by both

3100-502: The school following the controversy, and had been replaced by a new principal, Calvin McKinney. He identified Sierra's "questionable attire"—a T-shirt of punk band Anti-Flag —as a possible trigger of her negative reception. Although she had secured a sponsor for the anarchist club, McKinney did not grant his approval, citing the need for a lengthy legal confirmation process. After attending Sissonville High for five days, Sierra dropped out of

3162-493: The school officials countered that anarchism had prominent ties to terrorism and assassination , and referred to Timothy McVeigh and Theodore Kaczynski as anarchists. The court ruled that Sierra had been justly suspended and forbidden to wear the T-shirts, but had been improperly denied the right to start a club, and awarded her the $ 1 in damages she sought. The trial was covered by Court TV and aired nationally in August. Following

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3224-439: The school-level factors included "socioeconomic status of the school" and low aggregate school commitment. About one-third of students in the United States are suspended at some point during grades K-12 . In-school suspension (ISS), also called by other names, is a form of suspension that, in contrast to out-of-school suspension, keeps students out of class but places them in an alternate location away from other students within

3286-438: The school. Judge Stucky subsequently ruled that she would be allowed to sit General Educational Development tests, which would let her to apply for university in lieu of finishing high school. Sierra later worked a telemarketing job before attending West Virginia's Marshall University . The controversy over Sierra's suspension and the subsequent trial drew local, national and international media attention. Sierra's lawyers and

3348-401: The situation with misleading comments to the media. The defense argued that student freedom of speech was limited so as to not impede the rights of fellow students to an education. Testifying witnesses included Sierra's English teacher Jean McCutcheon and the student who had been disciplined for his comments to Sierra, Jacob Reed. The philosophy of anarchism was also a point of contention during

3410-401: The traits of other book discussion clubs. Many public libraries lead book clubs as a library program on a regular basis. A librarian usually leads a discussion after participants read the book. Copies of the book are available to be checked out for the group meeting. Some libraries at secondary schools and tertiary education institutions form book clubs. For book discussion groups outside of

3472-513: The trial. A local adjunct philosophy professor testified as Sierra's final witness, including explanations of the philosophy espoused by Sierra's proposed club, its impact on American social and political movements, and the notion that anarchists had historically been unjustly persecuted in American courts, citing such examples as the trials of the Haymarket affair and Sacco and Vanzetti . The lawyer for

3534-449: The war, Sierra wrote to a friend about feeling helpless and needing to take action. She wrote in black marker on a red T-shirt she would wear the next day: "When I saw the dead and dying Afghani children on TV, I felt a newly recovered sense of national security. God bless America." The shirt contained other political messages on peace and anti-racism. Sissonville students noticed her shirt the next day. She wanted them to talk with her about

3596-514: The war. Students in her English class asked to see her printed flyers for the club, which they viewed and returned. A student sitting behind her in the class, Jacob Reed, reacted by telling her to leave the country if she did not like it, using an expletive. Sent to the principal's office, Reed relayed that Sierra's shirt had intimated that "America should burn" and "I hope Afghanistan wins". He received detention during lunch for yelling. The principal saw Sierra in his office about Reed's statement and

3658-442: Was suspended for three days for disrupting the educational process. Following a heated school board meeting that escalated the incident, the American Civil Liberties Union assisted Sierra in filing of a free speech lawsuit against the school district and her principal. Following verbal threats and physical assaults, Sierra's mother withdrew her from the school. While a circuit court initially upheld her suspension in November,

3720-463: Was additionally a subject of Dale Maharidge 's Homeland , a 2004 journalistic investigation of post-September 11 jingoism and suppression of dissent. Suspension (punishment) Suspension is a common practice in the workplace for being in violation of an organization's policy , or major breaches of policy. Work suspensions occur when a business manager or supervisor deems an action of an employee, whether intentional or unintentional, to be

3782-621: Was born in Panama . Her parents, Amy and Raul, were a nurse and a computer programmer, respectively, who had met in Eastern Kentucky University . Sierra's mother had been raised in a military family, with multiple relatives having served. Sierra's parents separated after several years, and her and her mother moved frequently. By the time she moved to Sissonville, West Virginia , a town near the state's capital, in June 2001, Sierra had attended over

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3844-506: Was considerable interest from the Japanese broadcast media. Motivated by boredom and antipathy towards what she saw as the narrow-mindedness of her town, Sierra ran away from home on April 8, 2002, accompanied by a 24-year-old friend. They hitched rides with truckers to Raleigh, North Carolina , where they took in a concert by Tanya Donelly . The musician unsuccessfully attempted to convince them to return home. While Sierra successfully eluded

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