91-797: The Barak River or Barbakro flows 900 kilometres (560 mi) through the states of Manipur , Mizoram and Assam in India . It flows into Bangladesh where it bifurcates into the Surma river and the Kushiyara river which converge again to become the Meghna river before forming the Ganges Delta . Of its total length, 524 km (326 mi) is in India, 31 km (19 mi) in Bangladesh. The upper part of its navigable part
182-493: A constitutional republic . Proposals for reorganisation were also made for Manipur but discarded as being unsuitable. Eventually Manipur was turned into a centrally administered province (called a 'Part C' state, later renamed union territory ) by asking the Maharaja to sign a merger agreement. He is believed to have signed it under duress. The legislative assembly was dissolved and a centrally appointed Chief Commissioner handled
273-460: A couple months. South Asian river dolphins reach sexual maturity at around ten years, though males may not reach their adult size until 20 years. Growth layers in the teeth suggest South Asian river dolphins can live up to 30 years. As of 2022, the IUCN Red List of mammals lists both South Asian river dolphins as endangered . Two assessments in 2014 and 2015 estimated populations of 3,500 for
364-466: A diversity of cochlea shapes, though Platanista was unusual in that it developed flatter spirals with larger gaps between them. During the middle Miocene, the ancestor of Platanista entered the Indo-Gangetic Plain , then covered by inland seas , and remained there when sea levels dropped in the late Neogene and its environment converted to freshwater. River dolphins likely traveled from
455-581: A population of 2,855,794 at the 2011 census. Of this total, 57.2% lived in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The valley (plain) is mainly inhabited by the Meitei speaking population (native Manipuri speakers). The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno-linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the Nagas , the Kukis and smaller tribal groupings. Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in
546-569: A variety of other Tibeto-Burman languages . Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. This exchange connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia , East Asia , Siberia , regions in the Arctic , Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions. During the days of the British Raj , Manipur
637-1027: A violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a Manipuri woman, Thangjam Manorama Devi , by members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the Meira Paibi women's association. In May 2023, an ethnic clash between Meitei people and Kuki people led to extensive violence and arson, resulting in 60,000 people displaced from their homes and hundreds more dead and hospitalized. According to data released by Manipur Police , as on September 15, 2023; 175 people have been killed; 1,118 people were injured, and 33 people were missing. 96 bodies remained unclaimed. 5,172 cases of arson including destruction of 4,786 houses and 386 religious places, out of which there were 254 churches and 132 temples, were reported since May. Out of 5,668 arms lost; 1,329 arms, 15,050 ammunition and 400 bombs were recovered. Indian army troops were deployed to control
728-559: Is a scheduled language in the Republic of India, and serves as the lingua franca in Manipur. Other than Meitei language, in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity, as is the case in most of the Northeast India. Almost all of the languages are Sino-Tibetan , with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple Kuki-Chin languages , the largest being Thadou and
819-696: Is a staple food for Manipuris. Manipur's climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region. Lying 790 metres above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 mm (57.78 in) between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city Imphal receives an annual average of 933 mm (36.7 in). Rainfall in this region
910-560: Is caused by The South Westerly Monsoon picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heading towards the Eastern Himalaya ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well. Manipur is already experiencing climate change , especially changes in weather , with both increased variability in rain as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature. Manipur had
1001-415: Is drained out to Bangladesh. The Katakhal(Dhaleshwari), Jiri , Chiri , Modhura, Longai , Sonai, Rukni and Singla are the main tributaries of the valley. The tributaries are mainly rain-fed and cause flood problems when precipitation occurs. The Barak sub-basin drains areas in India, Bangladesh and Burma. The drainage area lying in India is 41723 km which is nearly 1.38% of the total geographical area of
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#17328768378501092-599: Is endangered. The proposed Tipaimukh Dam on the river in northeast India – a political controversy between India and Bangladesh – could hasten its extinction, researchers warn. Making a plea for conservation, researchers from Assam state in a study that the dolphin, India's national aquatic animal is heading towards “local extinction” in the river system of the state. “Factors like poaching (for oil and meat) and accidental mortalities in fishing gear, gradual habitat degradation by sluice gates, embankments, disturbances like motorboats and aquatic pollution have resulted in
1183-635: Is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance , and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans. The name Manipur ( Sanskrit : मणिपुर , romanized : maṇipura , lit. ''city of jewels'') was chosen by Gharib Nawaz , a convert to Hinduism, in the eighteenth century. It is named after a kingdom of the same name mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Previously, it had been known as Kangleipak ( Meitei : ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ , romanized: Kangleipak ) or Meitei : ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ , Meiteileipak , transl: land of
1274-474: Is in India — 121 km (75 mi) between Lakhipur and Bhanga, declared as National Waterway 6, (NW-6) since the year 2016. It drains a basin of 52,000 km (20,000 sq mi), of which 41,723 km (16,109 sq mi) lies in India , 1.38% (rounded) of the country. The water and banks host or are visited by a wide variety of flora and fauna. The principal tributaries are all in India:
1365-740: Is joined by the Jiri river from the north. From here the flow is westward into Cachar , then Karimganj District of Assam, then to Sylhet in Bangladesh having a co-distributary the Surma River , the other later becoming the Meghna before the Ganga - Brahmaputra delta. The Padma joins it to become the Meghna. The Barak is among the richest rivers in the world as to aquatic biodiversity, as it contains more than 2,000 species of fish. Other creatures include River Barak or Siamese crocodile (a rare and endangered crocodilian),
1456-477: Is spoken in all the hill districts. Another major language family is the Naga languages , like Tangkhul , Poula , Rongmei and Mao . Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly Nepali and Sylheti (also considered as a dialect of Bengali ), which is the major language of Jiribam district . The Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (AKA Department of Language Planning and Implementation ) of
1547-540: Is the indigenous, polytheistic and animistic ethnic religion of the Meitei people. Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity Lainingthou Sanamahi . The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity, Salailen, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in the sacred groves . Some of the traditional Meitei deities , or Lais are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba , Sanamahi , and Panthoibi . Out of
1638-548: The Ganges River basin to the Indus via stream capture within the last five million years. The split between the two species is estimated to have occurred around 550,000 years ago based on mitochondrial DNA. South Asian river dolphins are stocky with broad, squared-off pectoral fins ; elongated, slender rostrums (snouts); and tiny triangular dorsal fins . Their neck joints give them great flexibility. Unusual among cetaceans,
1729-476: The Government of Manipur works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur. Religion in Manipur (2011) Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions practiced in Manipur. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%. The religious groups of
1820-664: The Himalayan foothills to the Ganges Delta , across the countries of Nepal , India and Bangladesh . It is unknown if they are present in Bhutan . Outflows of freshwater into the Bay of Bengal have allowed them to swim along the coast, and there is at least one record of an individual entering the Budhabalanga River , around 300 km (190 mi) southwest of the Ganges Delta. This species has maintained much of its range since
1911-879: The Irang , Tuivai , Sonai (or Tuirial) , the Jiri , the Tlawng (or Dhaleswari, or Katakal), the Jatinga , the Longai and the Madhura. Tipaimukh Dam is a proposed dam on the river itself. From its source at Liyai Kullen Village in the Manipur state where most people are of the Poumai Naga tribe, the river is known as Vourei . Near its source, the river receives streams such as the Vehrei originating from Phuba Village,
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#17328768378502002-671: The Loiyumba Shinyen . and is still heard in the official song of Manipur, " Sana Leibak Manipur ". The history of Manipur Meiteis is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about the forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, and so forth in the Meitei script , which is comparable to the Thai script . The historical accounts presented here were recordings from
2093-625: The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 . Manipur has a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence. Its first armed opposition group, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964 aiming to achieve independence from India and establish Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)
2184-514: The Toungoo empire . In the 18th century, Bodawpaya , the king of Burma acquired the Manipur (1814) along with the western kingdoms of Arakan (1784), Assam (1817). By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur, Ahom kingdom and Burma had become common. Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the Puya , provide evidence that Hindus from
2275-413: The blowhole is slit-shaped. The finger bones can also be seen through the flippers. South Asian river dolphins possess some features that are " primitive " for a cetacean, such as a cecum connected to the gut and air sacs near the blowhole. The testes of the males are located closer to the underside than in marine dolphins and descend more. Their skin ranges from grey to greyish-brown in colour, though
2366-508: The melon and protrude forward over the rostrum. These likely help them focus their echolocation signals in their riverine environment. The Ganges species also has a protrusion near the frontal suture , which distinguishes it from the Indus species. The teeth of South Asian river dolphins are curved and longer in the front, where they remain exposed when the jaws are closed. Indus dolphins have more teeth than Ganges dolphins, averaging 33.2 teeth in
2457-494: The melon , which help direct their echolocation signals. These dolphins prey mainly on fish and shrimp and hunt them throughout the water column . They are active through the day and are sighted in small groups. Both species are listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List of mammals. Major threats include dams, barrages , fishing nets, and both chemical and acoustic pollution. South Asian river dolphins were traditionally considered to be one species, Platanista gangetica , with
2548-484: The susu dolphin , smooth-coated otter and black mugger crocodile . From its origin to its bifurcation at the border of Nagaland producing the Surma River the Barak is 564 kilometres (350 mi) long. The biomes are extremely rich in wildlife and also very diverse in the entire stretch of the river including: Environmentalists have expressed concern over the way aquatic creatures and their habitats are being destroyed in
2639-567: The 19th century but has disappeared from some northern and western rivers and waterways. The Indus river dolphin mainly lives in the Indus River of Pakistan , with three subpopulations between the Chashma , Taunsa , Guddu , and Sukkur barrages . Two other populations exist south of Sukkur and in the Beas River of India. In the 19th century, this species was reported to have occurred throughout
2730-460: The 2011 census data. Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur . In 1704, Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name, Pitambar Singh. However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha)
2821-473: The 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists. The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka , 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak. The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes. The state sends two representatives to
Barak River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2912-610: The Ganges and Indus River populations being subspecies ( P. g. gangetica and P. g. minor , respectively). Heinrich Julius Lebeck named the Ganges river dolphin Delphinus gangeticus in 1801, while Johann Georg Wagler coined the genus name Platanista in 1830, a Latin word derived from the Greek "platanistēs", which may be related to the Greek words platē ("oar") or platē ("flat, broad"). This name
3003-410: The Ganges river dolphin and 1,500 for the Indus river dolphin. The Ganges species appears to be decreasing, while the Indus species may be increasing. The habitat of these river dolphins intersects with some of the most densely populated areas, leading to intense competition for water and resources. The creation of dams and barrages in the Indus River system have heavily fragmented the range of
3094-580: The Gumti, Howrah, Kagni, Senai Buri, Hari Mangal, Kakrai, Kurulia, Balujhuri, Shonaichhari and Durduria. It flows southwest in Manipur , until Tipaimukh , where it makes an almost 180-degree U-turn. Then it flows north until Jirimukh , and turns west flowing into the Cachar district of Assam. It enters Bangladesh at Bhanga Bazar . The local rainfall run off of the valley along with that of adjacent hilly areas flows through river Barak and its various tributaries and
3185-707: The Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area. This term (designated by the Ministry of Home Affairs or a state governor ) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces in the same manner, detain individuals for up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals who break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four. Legal immunity applies to
3276-438: The Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now Assam, Bengal , and Uttar Pradesh and from other South Indian kingdoms as well. Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh , during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba . The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly
3367-865: The Indus River system, from the Indus River Delta north to Kalabagh just south of the Himalayas, including all the main tributaries. The Indus river dolphin is reported to have disappeared between the Jinnah and Chashma barrages after 2001. South Asian river dolphins inhabit major river channels during the dry season and travel to smaller tributaries for the monsoon . They are most commonly found in stream pools , meanders , and confluences , and around river islands and shoals , which produce relatively stable waters. They can be found in pools over 30 m (98 ft) deep, but usually dwell in shallower water. South Asian river dolphins appear to be active throughout
3458-494: The Indus river dolphin, leading to a population decline of 80% since the 19th century. Around 50 such structures have been built in the historical range of the Ganges species. Fragmentation of populations makes these dolphins more vulnerable to inbreeding. The heavy extraction of water in these dense populations also puts the dolphins at risk. River dolphins accumulate high amounts of persistent organic pollutants , pesticides , and heavy metals in their system due to being at
3549-700: The Japanese in East Asia. After the war, the Maharaja took the advice of the British Cabinet Mission and the Chamber of Princes to introduce democratic reforms in the state. The Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947 was promulgated in July 1947 to give the state an elected legislative assembly and an appointed prime minister. Elections to the assembly were held only in the following year. Meanwhile, British India
3640-737: The Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India . The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral. Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India. South Asian river dolphin Platanista gangetica Platanista minor South Asian river dolphins are toothed whales in
3731-473: The Meitei-speaking people include Hindus , Sanamahists , Meitei Christians and Meitei Pangals . Besides these, the non Meitei-speaking communities (tribals) are mostly Christians. The Meitei ethnicity (aka Manipuri people ) is the majority group following Hinduism in Manipur, beside other minor immigrants following the same faith in the state. Among the indigenous communities of Manipur, Meiteis are
Barak River - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-500: The Meiteis, Later, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name. Other names include Sanaleibak ( Meitei : ꯁꯅꯥꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ , transl: the land of gold, golden land), not given because Manipur has a lot of the gold mines, but because of its happiness and prosperity. This name was mentioned in the 11th-12th century constitution,
3913-407: The absence of statistical analyses; by the late 1990s, the two populations were again considered to be two subspecies of a single species. A 2014 mitochondrial DNA study found insufficient differences to support their classification as separate species. However, a 2021 study reanalyzed the two populations and found significant genetic divergence and major differences in skull structure; this led to
4004-414: The column. The most frequently taken prey are bagrid catfish , barbs , glass perches , spiny eels , gobies , and prawns . When hunting at the surface, dolphins listen for the movements of schooling fish which are then herded with spins, side-swimming, and lobtailing . Echolocation signals are not frequently used at the surface, since many fish at this level can hear ultrasound. At the mid-surface level,
4095-472: The conclusion that the two were indeed distinct species. South Asian river dolphins are the only surviving members of the family Platanistidae and the superfamily Platanistoidea. They are not closely related to other river dolphins of the families Lipotidae , Pontoporiidae , and Iniidae , which all independently adapted to freshwater habitats. The following cladogram is based on Gatesy and colleagues (2012) and McGowen and colleagues (2020); and shows
4186-661: The country. It is on the north by the Barail range separating it from the Brahmaputra sub-basin, on the east by the Na Lushai hills and on the south and west by Bangladesh . The sub-basin lies in the States of Meghalaya , Manipur , Mizoram , Assam , Tripura and Nagaland . In Manipur, in its flow south-west to Tipaimukh, it is joined by the Tuivai, and then flows northward to Jirimukh where it
4277-1049: The day. Living in flowing waters, they swim almost constantly with only brief periods of sleep, which add up to seven hours per day. They swim on their sides when in shallow water. River dolphins generally surface with the rostrum, head, and dorsal fin breaking the water and rarely breach or raise the tail fluke, though surface activity can vary based on age, distance from shore and time of day. Diving may last as long as eight minutes among adults and subadults; dives of newborns and juveniles are not as long. River dolphins are typically seen alone or in groups of up to 10 individuals, though enough natural resources may attract up to 30 dolphins. Individuals do not appear to have strong social bonds, outside of mothers and calves. Living in shallow river environments with acoustic obstacles, these dolphins echolocate using repetitive clicks spaced 10 to 100 milliseconds apart. Their clicks are about one octave below those of oceanic toothed whales of comparable size, meaning that they provide less information about
4368-438: The dolphins use more echolocation clicks to find prey hidden in clutter and vegetation as far as 20 m (66 ft) away. They flush out bottom-dwelling prey by digging around. Little is known about reproduction in these river dolphins. Courtship and mating behaviour for the Ganges species has been documented from March to May, when the water level is lower, and involves multiple males chasing one female and ends with one of
4459-723: The earliest of which date back to the late Oligocene ( c. 25 million years ago). The number of species peaked around the early Miocene ( c. 19 million years ago) and declined afterward. Examples of ancient platanistids include the genera Otekaikea and Waipatia and the species Awamokoa tokarahi of late Oligocene New Zealand, the family Allodelphinidae of early Miocene North Pacific, and Notocetus vanbenedeni and Aondelphis talen of early Miocene Patagonia. Platanistidae fossils have been found in Miocene deposits in Europe and North America. Fossil Platanistoidea showed
4550-532: The eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna. The valley region has hills and mounds rising above
4641-424: The extirpation of the resident dolphin population from the Barak river system of Assam,” M.K. Mazumder, corresponding author of the study, wrote. Manipur Manipur ( / ˌ m ʌ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər / , US also / ˌ m æ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər / ; Meitei : Kangleipak ) is a state in northeast India , with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to
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#17328768378504732-448: The eye to control access to the retina and prevent light scattering , similar to a pinhole . The ears are adapted to hearing low frequencies, having a short, flattened cochlea with widely spaced spirals. South Asian river dolphins inhabit the northern waterways of the Indian subcontinent . Ganges river dolphins live in the Ganges, Brahmaputra , Meghna , Karnaphuli , and Sangu rivers and their tributaries . Their range extends from
4823-511: The eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and Maichou [ simple ] (Meitei scholars). According to the Tai chronicles, Manipur (Kahse) is one of the territories conquered by Samlongpha (1150–1201), the first Chao Pha of Mongkawng . A 14th-century inscription from Pagan , Myanmar , mentions Kasan (Manipur) as one of the 21 states under the Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6); he later
4914-492: The flat surface. The Loktak Lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km . The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mount Tempü peak along the border with Nagaland. The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand, and sandy clay, and are varied. On
5005-522: The genus Platanista , which inhabit the waterways of the Indian subcontinent . They were historically considered to be one species ( P. gangetica ) with the Ganges river dolphin and the Indus river dolphin being subspecies ( P. g. gangetica and P. g. minor respectively). Genetic and morphological evidence led to their being described as separate species in 2021. The Ganges and Indus river dolphins are estimated to have diverged 550,000 years ago. They are
5096-652: The largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai . After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north, forms the border with Assam State , and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur . The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur , Imphal , Iril , Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from
5187-399: The location of an object, but the dolphins' maxillary crests likely compensate by providing greater directional sensitivity. Vocalisations used for communication include bursts and twitterings. River dolphins feed mainly on fish and shrimp. In one meta study , around 46% of prey items were found to be bottom-dwelling species, while 31% were near the surface, and 23% occupied the middle of
5278-421: The major religions of the state. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%. Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal Airport , the second largest in northeastern India. Manipur
5369-470: The major tribe conglomerates of tribes inhabiting the surrounding hills. The Kuki-Zos consist of several tribes including Gangte , Hmar , Paite , Simte , Sukte , Thadou , Vaiphei , Zou , and some smaller tribes. They speak Kuki-Chin languages and predominate the southern hill districts of Manipur. The prominent Naga tribes are Angami , Kabui , Kacha Naga , Mao , Maram , Poumai , Sema and Tangkhul , each speaking its own language. They predominate
5460-423: The males earning the right to mate. Calves are born around a year later. Births in the Ganges river dolphin appear to be most frequent between December and January and between March and May. For Indus river dolphins, newborns are most commonly seen between April and May. Indus river dolphins calves are around 70 cm (28 in) long at birth and may nurse for up to a year. They eat their first solid food within
5551-425: The military. Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about human rights violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment , and forced disappearances . Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by Irom Sharmila Chanu . In 2004, the government lifted the disturbed status after
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#17328768378505642-433: The north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar , Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri). Native to the Meitei people , it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak
5733-409: The northern hill districts of Manipur. In addition, several smaller tribes that were classified as "Old Kuki" by the British administrators populate Chandel and neighbouring districts. Some of them now classify themselves as Nagas while others retain the Kuki classification. of Total Pop. Languages in Manipur (2011) The official language of the state is Meitei (also known as Manipuri ). It
5824-454: The only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith. According to the 2011 Census of India , about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice Hinduism . The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley ( Imphal Valley ), among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to
5915-481: The only living members of the family Platanistidae and the superfamily Platanistoidea. Fossils of ancient relatives date to the late Oligocene . South Asian river dolphins are small but stocky cetaceans with long snouts or rostra , broad flippers, and small dorsal fins. They have several unusual features. Living in murky river waters, they have eyes that are tiny and lensless; the dolphins rely instead on echolocation for navigation. The skull has large crests over
6006-419: The persistent and devastating Anglo-Burmese wars , affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur. In 1824, the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that the state remained internally self-governing, as a princely state . During World War II , Manipur
6097-400: The plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8. Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 17,418 km (6,725 sq mi), or 77.2% of the total geographical area of
6188-415: The popular ministry under Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 and denial of the king's request to return to Manipur to discuss the same with his people. Under 'duress' and 'coercion' Bodhachandra Singh signed the merger agreement merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C State . Followed by contestation of the merger by groups in Manipur, resulting in a 50-year insurgency in
6279-644: The relationship of South Asian river dolphins to other living toothed whale families: Sperm whales (Physeteridae) [REDACTED] Dwarf sperm whales (Kogiidae) [REDACTED] South Asian river dolphins (Platanistidae) [REDACTED] Beaked whales (Ziphiidae) [REDACTED] Pontoporiidae [REDACTED] Iniidae [REDACTED] Oceanic dolphins (Delphinidae) [REDACTED] Porpoises (Phocoenidae) [REDACTED] Belugas , narwhals (Monodontidae) [REDACTED] Several fossil species have been classified under Platanistoidea,
6370-819: The rostrum and surrounding areas may have some pinkish colouration. The Indus species tends to be more brownish. In one study sampling 46 Ganges river dolphins, the maximum length and weight recorded were 267 cm (8.76 ft) and 108 kg (238 lb). For the Indus species, the maximum length and weight were 241 cm (7.91 ft) and 120 kg (260 lb) (80 individuals sampled). Female Ganges dolphins are generally longer than Indus dolphins of both sexes, while male Ganges dolphins are shorter than Indus dolphins of both sexes. Indus dolphins tend to be proportionally heavier than Ganges dolphins, independent of sex. South Asian river dolphin skulls have unusual features. The maxilla (fixed upper jawbone) has pneumatic extensions or "crests" on each side which curve around
6461-539: The situation. International outrage resulted from a report that two Kuki women had been paraded naked and allegedly gang-raped by a mob of Meitei men. The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 sq mi (2,000 km ), surrounded by blue mountains, at an elevation of 790 m (2,590 ft) above sea level. The slope of
6552-406: The state for independence from India. From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people. The Meitei people represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various Naga tribes at 20% and Kuki-Zo tribes at 16%. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions. According to 2011 census, Hinduism and Christianity are
6643-524: The state's administration, as per the Constitution of India. An advisory council with nominated members was provided to advise the Chief Commissioner. In 1956, the advisory council was replaced by a territorial council with mostly elected members. In 1963, Manipur was provided a legislative assembly, with a council of ministers headed by a chief minister. It was made a fully-fledged state in 1972 by
6734-728: The state, and consists of short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos , and trees. About a third of Manipur's forests are protected: 8.42% of the forested land is categorized under Reserved Forests, and 23.95% under Protected Forests. There are six major types of forests in Manipur, and 10 subtypes. The six major forest types, according to the state's Forest Department, include Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, Sub-Tropical Pine Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Montane Wet Temperate Forest and Sub-alpine Forest. There are forests of teak , pine , oak , uningthou , leihao, bamboo, and cane . Rubber , tea , coffee , orange , and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice
6825-814: The states they inhabit. They can be found in numerous protected areas, including ones established specifically for them, such as the Indus Dolphin Reserve in Pakistan and the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in India. International trade is prohibited by the listing of the South Asian river dolphins on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species . The Ganges and Indus river dolphins are considered to be
6916-550: The surrounding hills. Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak Lake . The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak , Jiri, Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining
7007-546: The top of their riverine food web . Hence, they are seen as bioindicators for the health of river systems. Fishermen compete with these animals for fish of certain sizes. Dolphins captured in fishing nets are usually accidental , but dolphin oil is sought after as a fish lure, and thus fishermen may be motivated to kill caught dolphins. Being nearly blind and relying on echolocation for navigation, river dolphins are also negatively affected by noise pollution from boats. South Asian river dolphins are protected by law in all
7098-400: The upper jaw and the 32.9 in the lower jaw, as compared to 28.4 in the upper jaw and 29.4 in the lower. Living in murky waters, South Asian river dolphins are nearly blind, their tiny eyes having flattened corneas and no lens . The retina —which connects to a reduced optic nerve —does not form images but instead merely discerns light. The animal relies on a sphincter -like muscle around
7189-458: The upper reaches of river in southern Assam. Prominent nature conservation NGO Society for Activists for Forest and Environment (SAFE) has pointed out that the tribals living on both banks of Barak have developed the harmful practice of blasting small gelatin sticks smuggled from Mizoram to kill fish. In the process, thousands of fish, young and mature, along with turtles, dolphins and other aquatic life organisms are killed. The Ganges river dolphin
7280-501: The valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges create a moderate climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with Myanmar to its east. The state has four major river basins: the Barak River Basin ( Barak Valley ) to
7371-529: The valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur. The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below: The Meiteis (synonymous to the Manipuris ) constitute the majority of the state's population. They inhabit the Imphal Valley . Nagas and Kuki-Zo are
7462-594: The vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur. The Meitei Pangals ( Meitei : ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ), also known as Meitei Muslims or Manipuri Muslims, are the third largest religious majority group in the state, comprising about 8.3% of the state population. They belong to the Sunni group of the Hanafi school of Islamic thought and they include Arabs, Bangladeshis, Turanis, Bengalis and Chaghtai Turks. Sanamahism
7553-592: The west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham (million hectare metres). The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget. (By comparison, India receives 400 Mham of rain annually. ) The Barak River,
7644-478: Was partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan , and all the princely states were advised to "accede" to one of the dominions to take over the management of their external affairs and defence. The Maharaja acceded to India on 11 August 1947 and signed a standstill agreement to continue the existing arrangements. Over the next two years, the multitude of princely states of India were extensively reorganised as India moved towards becoming
7735-513: Was captured by the Governor of Taungdwingyi . Bayinnaung , the ruler of Toungoo dynasty ordered the invasion of Manipur in 1559. He had recalled Binnya Dala from Chiang Mai to lead the invasion. The three armies mostly made up of army from Kale , Mohnyin , Mogaung , Momeik and Sanda led the invasion, the King of Manipur surrendered without any resistance and Manipur became a vassal state of
7826-588: Was first given to the Ganges dolphin by Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historia back in 77 CE . In 1853, Richard Owen described a specimen from the Indus and considered it to be the same species as the Ganges river dolphin, but a smaller form. Based on differences in skull and vertebrae structure, blood proteins, and lipids , scientists declared them to be separate species in the 1970s. The results of these studies were criticized for their small sample sizes and
7917-609: Was formed in 1977, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1978, suspected by Human Rights Watch of receiving arms and training from China. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence. From 1980 to 2004,
8008-578: Was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words. During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple. The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba ), by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State . As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan
8099-466: Was one of the princely states . On 11 August 1947, Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh signed an Instrument of Accession , argued by many that the king was in no legal position to sign the instrument of accession at the time, under the agreement Bodhachandra Singh accede to the Indian Union . Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, disputed as having been done without consultation of
8190-463: Was the first Brahmin priest of this temple. Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up
8281-637: Was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal , which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia. The Battle of Imphal , known to the Manipuris as Japan Laan , are among the lesser-known battles of the Second World War. Yet the Allied Victory in this battle was a turning point against
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