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65-837: Kashiwagi (written: 柏木) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: Akio Kashiwagi ( 柏木 昭男 ) , Japanese businessman Dean T. Kashiwagi , an American academic Hiroaki Kashiwagi (born 1982), Japanese curler Hiroshi Kashiwagi (1922–2019), Japanese-American poet, playwright and actor Kumiko Kashiwagi ( 柏木 久美子 , born 1978) , Japanese alpine skier Shinsuke Kashiwagi ( 柏木 真介 , born 1981) , Japanese basketball player Soji Kashiwagi (born 1962), American journalist and playwright Yōsuke Kashiwagi ( 柏木 陽介 , born 1987) , Japanese footballer Yuki Kashiwagi ( 柏木 由紀 , born 1991) , Japanese idol and singer Yukiko Kashiwagi ( 柏木 由紀子 , born 1947) , Japanese actress [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

130-411: A natural 9 receives triple the amount of the bet as long as the banker does not have a natural 9 too. Winning with a natural 8 awards double while winning with a 7 or under is only equal to the bet. Players can request additional cards which are dealt face up; if it is a ten or a face card , they can reject it and ask for another. In an early version of this game, going over 9 with extra cards amounts to

195-669: A "bust" as in blackjack , later versions use modulo 10 arithmetic as in the other games. Beating the banker with a pair only awards an equal amount to the bet. When the deck is exhausted, the player to the banker's left becomes the new banker. Victoria is a variation of Macao where players are initially dealt two cards. American casinos are generating an increasing amount of their revenue from baccarat play. For example, in May 2012, Nevada only generated 18.3% of its total table gaming win from baccarat. However, in May 2013, this percentage increased to 33.1% and in May 2014 it rose to 45.2%. Baccarat

260-427: A bank clerk's grey suit. While staying at American casinos, he often ordered BLT sandwiches and a dish of marinated monkey meat. Kashiwagi had three children. On January 3, 1992, between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., Kashiwagi was found murdered in the kitchen of his Mount Fuji home, aged 54 years old. He had been stabbed with an object similar to a katana sword, and media reports disagree on whether he

325-445: A card if one's hand totals between 0 and 4, inclusive, and always refuse a card if it totals 6 or 7. After the player finishes, the banker, in turn, decides either to accept or to refuse another card. Once both the banker and the representative player have made their decision, the hands are turned face-up and compared. If the player's hand exceeds the banker's hand when they are compared, each wagering player receives back their wager and

390-503: A hand playing for 80 hours at a time, according to Dennis Gomes, president of Trump Taj Mahal. He was known by casino owners as a " whale ", someone who gambles substantial sums of money, and is further incentivized with a very high credit line. In January 1990, he won around $ 22 million ( ¥ 3 billion) at the Diamond Beach casino in Darwin, Australia , which made him famous in

455-413: A matching amount from the bank, and the position of banker passes to the next player in order. If the banker's hand exceeds the player's hand, all wagers are forfeit and placed into the bank, and the banker position does not change. If there is a tie, wagers remain as they are for the next hand. If the banker wishes to withdraw, the new banker is the first player in order willing to stake an amount equal to

520-451: A push on banker bets. The game has two additional options, the Dragon 7 , a specific bet of a winning three-card 7 on the banker side, which pays 40-to-1 instead of pushing, and Panda 8 , a bet of a winning three-card 8 on the player side, which pays 25-to-1. Six decks of cards are used, shuffled together. Players are seated in random order, typically around an oval table; discarded cards go to

585-581: A reputation for renegotiating debts to his advantage. Afterwards, Kashiwagi flew to Europe in an attempt to recoup his losses, but ended up losing an additional $ 15.4 million. Following the burst of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1988, Kashiwagi Shoji went underwater on its large amounts of borrowing; it was reported that Kashiwagi owed $ 131 million to a bank, which exceeded the book value of his company's assets. He only paid back European creditors $ 5.3 million, and still owed $ 5 million to

650-502: Is a card game now mainly played at casinos , but formerly highly popular at Victorian house-parties. It is a comparing card game played between two hands, the "player" and the "banker". Each baccarat coup (round of play) has three possible outcomes: "player" (player has the higher score), "banker", and "tie". There are three popular variants of the game: punto banco , baccarat chemin de fer , and baccarat banque (or à deux tableaux ). In punto banco , each player's moves are forced by

715-415: Is announced, and winning bets are paid out. Punto banco is a pure game of chance and therefore it is not possible for a gambler's bets to be rationally motivated. If neither the player nor the banker is dealt a total of 8 or 9 in the first two cards (known as a " natural "), the tableau is consulted, first for the player's rules, then the banker's. total The croupier will deal the cards according to

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780-403: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Akio Kashiwagi Kashiwagi was the son of a carpenter and was born in a poor family, with nine siblings. He dropped out of high school and worked as a farmhand before becoming a mountain guide and luggage handler at Mount Fuji . In the early 1960s, Kashiwagi moved to Kawaguchiko , and became a real estate developer . Over

845-429: Is immediately announced and the hands are turned face-up and compared. If neither hand is an eight or nine, the player has a choice to accept or refuse a third card; if accepted, it is dealt face-up. Traditional practice – grounded in mathematics, similar to basic strategy in blackjack, but further enforced via social sanctions by the other individuals whose money is at stake – dictates that one always accept

910-408: Is initially determined via auctioning, i.e. is given to the player who will undertake to risk the largest amount. In some circles, the person who has first set down their name on the list of players has the right to hold the first bank, risking such amount as they may think proper. When a banker is determined, they sit opposite the croupier with the discard area between. On both sides of the banker are

975-456: Is paid on winning banker bets (rather than 95%), except when the banker wins with 6, which pay only 50% of the bet, goes under various names including Super 6 and Punto 2000 . The house edge on a banker bet under Super 6 is 1.46% compared with regular commission baccarat at 1.058%. This is equivalent to increasing the commission by 17.45% to 5.87%. The banker wins with a 6 about five times every eight-deck shoe. As well as its increased house edge,

1040-518: Is the earliest form of baccarat; it is a three-person game and mentioned in Album des jeux by Charles Van-Tenac. Later, Chemin de Fer emerged as a two-person, zero-sum game from Baccarat Banque . Chemin de fer is a version which first appeared in the late 19th century. Its name, which is the French term for railway , comes from the version being quicker than the original game, the railway being at that time

1105-496: Is the most important table game in Macau , with taxes from baccarat play constituting the largest single source of public funding in Macau . About 91% of total income from Macau casinos in 2014 came from the punto banco variation. The Tranby Croft affair in 1891 and William Gordon Cumming 's subsequent lawsuit were known together as the royal baccarat scandal , due to the involvement of

1170-525: Is therefore nine. Punto banco is nowadays the most played version of baccarat in the United States. In punto banco, the casino banks the game at all times, and commits to playing out both hands according to fixed drawing rules, known as the "tableau" (French: "board"), in contrast to more historic baccarat games where each hand is associated with an individual who makes drawing choices. The player ( punto ) and banker ( banco ) are simply designations for

1235-487: The 2006 movie adaptation of Casino Royale , baccarat is replaced by Texas hold 'em poker , largely due to the poker boom at the time of filming. The card counting technique gained attention in 2012 when a casino in the United Kingdom refused to pay professional gambler Phil Ivey about $ 11 million because he had used edge sorting to gain an advantage. The same year, Ivey and a female companion won $ 9.6 million at

1300-541: The Borgata casino in Atlantic City using edge sorting and another $ 500,000 playing craps using his gains as a stake in the game. The Borgata paid him after his win but then sued Ivey in 2014 after surveillance video showed he had manipulated the dealer into rotating certain cards in the deck to exploit the flaw on the back of the cards. The Borgata prevailed and won $ 10.1 million, which Ivey refused to pay. In February 2019,

1365-520: The Italian Wars during the reign of King of France Charles VIII . David Parlett considers Macao as the immediate precursor to baccarat. Its name and rules suggest it may have been brought over by sailors returning from Asia where similar card games have been played since the early 17th century such as San zhang, Oicho-Kabu , and Gabo japgi . Macao appeared in Europe at the end of the 18th century and

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1430-567: The Las Vegas Hilton , and $ 4 million to Trump Plaza and Casino. The latter had written off $ 1 million of the debt by the time of Kashiwagi's death. Kashiwagi owned several luxury cars, and numerous expensive diamonds. He also owned rare artwork, including paintings by Yokoymaa Taikan , which he sometimes loaned to museums. He spent $ 38 million building his home, known as the Kashiwagi Castle or Kashiwagi Palace, located on

1495-496: The surname Kashiwagi . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashiwagi&oldid=950184479 " Categories : Surnames Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles with short description Short description

1560-471: The 10, jack , queen , and king have no point value and are thus worth zero; aces are worth one point; jokers are not used. Hands are valued modulo 10; i.e., according to the units digit of the sum of their constituent cards. For example, a hand consisting of 2 and 3 is worth five, while a hand consisting of 6 and 7 is worth three, that being the value of the units digit in the combined point total of thirteen. The highest possible hand value in baccarat

1625-552: The Comeback , Trump claims that the agreement was to end the game once Kashiwagi had won or lost $ 10 million. Hoewever, Kashiwagi later told the media that the deal was for $ 12 million and that Trump ended the game prematurely and did not uphold his end of the deal. Kashiwagi paid Trump $ 6 million of the $ 10 million he owed, he was unable to pay the rest. Gomes, of the Trump Taj Mahal, stated that Kashiwagi had

1690-471: The Japanese police arrested a man belonging to the yakuza and a woman, charging them with murder and destruction of evidence, respectively. The man had known Kashiwagi's son and was reportedly "deeply in debt". Kashiwagi had previously purchased a car worth ¥ 3.5 million ($ 34,500) from the man, who claimed that Kashiwagi had not paid him. The woman was accused of helping the man wipe Kashiwagi's blood from

1755-457: The Super 6 variation is used by casinos for its speed, since it partially does away with the time-consuming process of calculating and collecting commission on winning banker bets except for winning with a 6. In a similar variation called EZ-baccarat , even money is paid on both winning banker or player bets, except when the banker wins with a total of 7 after the third card is drawn, which results in

1820-754: The United States waned after the early 20th century. The game still has a following in Continental Europe , especially in Russia. Like Macao and baccarat, Victoria was banned in Russia during the 19th century though the rules continued to be printed in game books. Baccarat has been popular among the French nobility since the 19th century. During the Napoleonic era and before the legalization of casino gambling in 1907, people in France commonly played baccarat in private gaming rooms. Dating to this time period, Baccarat Banque

1885-409: The bank stake, the banker does not need to put more money. In the event of their losing, the croupier pays the punters in order of rotation until the bank runs out of money. The remainders are returned. The banker may, however, choose to accept the bets and increase their own stakes anyway. If they do so, the bank becomes unlimited and the banker must either cover all bets posted by all players or give up

1950-501: The bank. Macao uses two decks of cards shuffled together. Punters place their bets (within the agreed limits) against the banker. Initially, one card is dealt clockwise and face down to every player by the banker. The punters' objective is to beat the banker's card value or risk losing their bet. In case of a tie, whoever has the same value with fewer cards wins. The banker wins if there is a tie in both value and number of cards (in an early version, all bets are off). Any punter who receives

2015-425: The cards the player is dealt. In baccarat chemin de fer and baccarat banque , by contrast, both players can make choices. The winning odds are in favour of the bank, with a house edge of at least 1 percent. The origins of the game are disputed. Some sources claim that it dates to the 19th century, others that the game was introduced into France from Italy at the end of the 15th century by soldiers returning from

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2080-435: The center. Play begins to the right of the croupier and continues counterclockwise. Once play begins, one player is designated as the banker; this player also deals. The other players are "punters". The position of banker passes counterclockwise in the course of the game. In each round, the banker wagers the amount they are willing to risk. Each other player, in order, then declares whether they will "go bank", playing against

2145-458: The character, including the 1954 television adaptation of Casino Royale , where Bond bankrupts Le Chiffre in order to have him eliminated by his Soviet superiors; Dr. No , where Bond is first introduced while playing the game in film; Thunderball ; the 1967 version of Casino Royale , which is the most detailed treatment of a baccarat game in any Bond film; On Her Majesty's Secret Service ; For Your Eyes Only ; and GoldenEye . In

2210-399: The coup is finished and the result is announced: a player win, a banker win, or tie. If neither hand has eight or nine, the drawing rules are applied to determine whether the player should receive a third card. Then, based on the value of any card drawn to the player, the drawing rules are applied to determine whether the banker should receive a third card. The coup is then finished, the outcome

2275-414: The croupier and dealers. The shoe is held by one of the players, who deals the cards on the instructions of the croupier according to the tableau. On a player win, the shoe moves either to the highest winning bettor, or to the next person in clockwise order around the table, depending on the casino's conventions. The shoe may be refused or the croupier may be requested to deal. Punto banco has both some of

2340-625: The current bank total. If no one is willing to stake this amount, the new banker is instead the next player in order, and the bank resets to whatever they wish to stake. Many games have a set minimum bank or wager amount. Unlike punto banco , which is purely a game of chance, chemin de fer includes an element of player skill. In Baccarat banque the position of banker is more permanent compared to Chemin de fer . The shoe contains three inter-shuffled decks. The banker, unless they retire because they wish to or ran out of money to stake, keeps their role until all these cards have been dealt. The banker

2405-449: The deal the croupier shall announce "égalité — tie bets win." All tie bets will be paid at 8-to-1 odds and all bets on player or banker remain in place and active for the next game (the customer may or may not be able to retract these bets depending on casino rules). In the US, the full-scale version of punto banco is usually played at large tables in roped off areas or private rooms separated from

2470-489: The decade, the area's infrastructure improved and it became a popular tourist destination. According to Japanese press, local real estate values increased a millionfold. In 1969, Kashiwagi founded a real estate company called Kashiwagi Shoji and a lending company. It was alleged that he would disappear when borrowers came to pay him so that their debts would be overdue and he could subsequently seize their collateral for failure to pay. In Kanagawa Prefecture , he acquired

2535-399: The entire current bank with a matching wager. A maximum of one player may "go bank". If no one "goes bank", players make their wagers in order. If the total wagers from the players are less than the bank, observing bystanders may also wager up to the amount of the bank. If the total wagers from the players are greater than the bank, the banker may choose to increase the bank to match; otherwise,

2600-403: The excess wagers are removed in reverse play order. The banker deals four cards face-down: two to themselves and two held in common by the remaining players. The player with the highest individual wager (or first in play order if tied for highest wager) is selected to represent the group of non-banker players. The banker and player both look at their cards; if either has an eight or a nine, this

2665-575: The fastest means of transport. It is still the most popular version in France. Baccarat Punto Banco , in which the bettor bets on whether the Player or the Banker hand wins, was a significant change in the development of modern baccarat. It developed into a house-banked game in Havana in the 1940s, and is the most popular modern form. In baccarat, the 2 through 9 cards (of any suit) are worth face value (in points);

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2730-408: The fictional secret agent created by Ian Fleming . Bond plays the game in numerous novels, most notably his 1953 debut, Casino Royale , in which much of the plot revolves around a game between Bond and SMERSH trade union operative Le Chiffre ; the unabridged version of the novel includes a primer to the game for readers who are unfamiliar with it. It is also featured in several filmed versions of

2795-425: The first card face up and then based on its respective numerical value, with aces worth 1 and face cards worth 10, the dealer burns that many cards face down. For each coup, two cards are dealt face up to each hand, starting from "player" and alternating between the hands. The croupier may call the total (e.g., "five player, three banker"). If either the player or banker or both achieve a total of 8 or 9 at this stage,

2860-462: The future King Edward VII . Since the Prince of Wales was involved in the incident, it inspired a huge amount of media interest in the game, bringing baccarat to the attention of the public at large. Accounts of the scandal in newspapers also included the rules for the game. The scandal became the subject of music hall songs and a stage play. Baccarat chemin-de-fer is the favoured game of James Bond ,

2925-528: The gambling world. Kashiwagi was among the world's biggest "whales". The character of K.K. Ichikawa (played by Nobu Matsuhisa ) in the film Casino was based on Kashiwagi. At the time, businessman Donald Trump owned several casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey , including the Trump Taj Mahal and Trump Plaza . In February 1990, after learning about Kashiwagi from fellow casino owner James Goldsmith , Trump invited Kashiwagi to Trump Plaza, where he

2990-465: The getaway car. Both suspects denied the charges. After the police were unable to find the murder weapon, the suspects were released. The culprit was never found, and the statute of limitations for Kashiwagi's murder expired in January 2007, after 15 years. Baccarat (card game) Baccarat or baccara ( / ˈ b æ k ə r æ t , b ɑː k ə ˈ r ɑː / ; French: [bakaʁa] )

3055-403: The house edge by about 0.05%. If paired with a technique known as edge sorting , baccarat players can obtain a significant edge versus the casino. House edge details (8 decks) Mini-baccarat is a version of banco punto played on a small table with smaller minimums/maximums. It is popular with more casual players, particularly those from Asia. A mini-baccarat variation where even money

3120-537: The land owned by a kindergarten while children were still attending the school, and demolished it to build an apartment complex . He also purchased another plot of land in Tokyo , where a family refused to sell their first-floor apartment. After he demolished the second floor, the family sued him for harassment and obtained a restraining order. According to media interviews of his friends, Kashiwagi stopped resorting to these aggressive practices in his later years. Kashiwagi

3185-434: The longer he played. Marcum and casino expert Al Glasgow devised an informal agreement in which Kashiwagi would agree to remain at the casino until he had doubled his money or lost it all. According to Marcum's calculations, if Kashiwagi played for more than 75 hours, his chances of winning would be only 15%. Kashiwagi returned in May for a weeklong game. According to Trump, Kashiwagi was up by $ 9.6 million early in

3250-473: The lowest house edges among casino table games, and some of the highest. The player bet has, relative to most casino bets, a low house edge of 1.24%, and the banker bet (accounting for the 5% commission on the win) is even lower, at 1.06%. In contrast, the tie bet, which pays 8-to-1, has a high house edge of 14.4%. Most casinos in the United Kingdom pay the tie at 9-to-1, resulting in a house edge of approximately 4.85%. Card counting can be employed to reduce

3315-473: The main gaming floor. The game is frequented by high rollers , who may wager tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars on a single hand. Minimum bets are relatively high, often starting at $ 100 and going as high as $ 500. Posted maximum bets are often arranged to suit a player. The table is staffed by a croupier, who directs the play of the game, and two dealers who calculate tax and collect and pay bets. Six or eight decks of cards are used, normally shuffled only by

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3380-524: The next hand is dealt to the player next following them in rotation. In each side, any player may "go bank", like in Chemin de fer . If two players on opposite sides desire to "go bank", each player bets half the bank. A player going bank may either do so for as many times as they like until they lose, or as a cheval, i.e. on two hands separately, one-half of the stake being played upon each hand. A player going bank and losing may go bank again, until they lose for

3445-407: The punters (traditionally, ten such constituting a full table). Other players cannot sit directly and may only bet when active players' bets don't cover the banker's stakes. The croupier shuffles the cards then prompts one punter from their right, one from their left then the banker to reshuffle and finally selects a random player to cut. After every player has bet, the banker deals one card to one of

3510-433: The right punters, the second to one of the left punters, and the third to themselves. This is done twice, resulting in 6 cards on the table. Each side wins or loses depending on the cards dealt to that side only. The rules as to turning up with eight or nine, offering and accepting cards, and so on, are the same as Chemin de fer . Each punter continues to hold the cards for their side so long as they win or tie. If they lose,

3575-430: The shore of Lake Kawaguchiko , near Mount Fuji. In public, Kashiwagi had a subdued style, and did not wear jewelry or cufflinks . The Wall Street Journal described him as wearing a "rumpled blue-striped shirt and plain black slippers", with "the look of a quarter slot-machine player just off the bus from Hoboken". Other outlets describe him as "always [wearing] blue-and-white striped shirts [and] somber ties", and

3640-408: The tableau and the croupier will announce the winning hand, either the player or the banker. Losing bets will be collected and the winning bets will be paid according to the rules of the house. Usually, 1-to-1 even money will be paid on player bets and 19-to-20 on banker bets (even money with "5% commission to the house on the win"). Should both the player and banker have the same value at the end of

3705-502: The third time. A banker must play out one hand, but may retire at any time afterwards. On retiring, they must state the amount they retire with. It is then open to any other player (in order of rotation) to continue the bank, starting with the same stake and dealing from undealt cards. The outgoing banker takes the place previously occupied by their successor. Should the bank empty, the banker may freely put more money at stake without losing their right to bank. If all punters' bets exceed

3770-416: The two hands dealt out in each coup, two outcomes which the bettor can back; the player hand has no particular association with the gambler, nor the banker hand with the house. Punto banco is dealt from a shoe containing 6 or 8 decks of cards shuffled together; a cut-card is placed in front of the seventh from last card, and the drawing of the cut-card indicates the last coup of the shoe. The dealer burns

3835-422: The week. Trump noticed that Kashiwagi seemed to have worse luck when the dealers were a group of young women, so he instructed they remain assigned to Kashiwagi. When Trump ended the game, Kashiwagi had lost $ 10 million over 6 days. Some reports stated that Kashiwagi still had $ 2 million in chips, while others claimed that he "walked out in a huff" when his credit was not extended. In The Art of

3900-487: Was a secretive figure and was alleged to have connections to organized crime, which he used to intimidate tenants. He claimed that his company earned $ 100 million a year and had $ 1 billion in assets, although The Wall Street Journal reported that Kashiwagi Shoji had revenues of only $ 15 million in 1988, with only five employees. Kashiwagi started visiting casinos in the 1980s, frequently playing baccarat for large sums of money. He could bet up to $ 100,000

3965-465: Was concerned about the casino's finances, as Kashiwagi played "$ 250,000 per hand, 70 times an hour". Kashiwagi experienced streaks of gains and losses throughout his stay, but left abruptly after two days, with a total gain of $ 6.2 million, which placed Trump in financial difficulty. To improve his chances in a rematch with Kashiwagi, Trump enlisted the assistance of mathematician Jess Marcum. Marcum calculated that Kashiwagi's odds would decrease

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4030-547: Was given a luxurious penthouse with an ocean view, grand piano, and a $ 800,000 jade statue of the Buddha . A baccarat table was reserved for him. John O'Donnell, Trump Plaza's chief operating officer , stated that Kashiwagi's presence at the casino was "an enormous [publicity] coup" that gave it a "world-class image" and reinforcing the "elegance and excitement" of the Trump brand. O'Donnell also says Kashiwagi brought $ 6 million, and

4095-445: Was given another $ 6 million in credit on his first visit. Trump invited several journalists to Trump Plaza to cover the event. Kashiwagi started playing on the first evening, and won $ 4 million by the close that night. In his book The Art of the Comeback , Trump says Kashiwagi won $ 1 million in the first half an hour. Baccarat offers a house advantage of around 1%, much smaller than other games, and Trump wrote that he

4160-572: Was popular for all classes. Its notoriety led to King Victor-Amadeus III banning it in all his realms in 1788. It was the most popular game in Watier's , an exclusive gentlemen's club in London, where it led to the ruin of Beau Brummell . The match in Arthur Schnitzler 's 1926 novella Night Games ( Spiel im Morgengrauen ) contains instructions for Macao under the name of baccarat . Its popularity in

4225-482: Was stabbed 10 times, 20 times, "dozens of times", or "up to 150" times. His diamonds, antiques, and $ 770,000 in cash were left untouched, and there was no sign of a break-in. At the time of his death, Kashiwagi owed U.S. casinos "at least" $ 9 million, and owed European creditors around $ 10 million. Kashiwagi had recently failed to repay his European creditors, leading Japanese media to speculate that he had been made an example of. On February 1, 1992,

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