83-517: Karrinyup Shopping Centre is a shopping centre built in 1973 in Karrinyup , a suburb of Perth . The centre is one of the largest shopping centres in Western Australia . Prior to the current centre being built, a smaller Karrinyup Shopping Centre was constructed in 1964 on a 2,000-square-metre (0.5-acre) corner site (Karrinyup Lot 450) bounded by Francis Ave and Karrinyup Ave, on a 5-year lease from
166-462: A Big W Discount department store. The redevelopment opened the same year. During 1997, major works commenced to provide a significant upgrade to the centre. Initially valued at $ 95.3 million (1997), the redevelopment on completion expanded leasable floor area to 54,400 square metres (586,000 sq ft) and included: At the same time, major anchor tenant Myer undertook significant refurbishments to their store, including interior improvements and
249-499: A systematic review and meta-analysis found that bans on smoking in public places were associated with a significant reduction of incidence of heart attacks. The lead author of this meta-analysis, David Meyers, said that this review suggested that a nationwide ban on smoking in public places could prevent between 100,000 and 225,000 heart attacks in the United States each year. A 2012 meta-analysis found that smoke-free legislation
332-481: A 12-month suspended sentence for the destruction of crucial evidence in the trial of a police assault against an alleged teenage shoplifter. The security officer, then head of the security at the centre, gave evidence at a Corruption and Crime Commission hearing in June 2006 that he had over-written the video recording showing the assault, because he did not understand why the constable hit the alleged offender and did not want
415-428: A 2018 Gallup poll, 25% of U.S. adults believe that smoking should be completely banned in the country, marking the highest level of support recorded by Gallup so far. Previously, the percentage of adults supporting this measure had fluctuated between 11% and 24% over nearly thirty years of Gallup's tracking. Another poll conducted by Kantor, of over 28,000 Europeans in 2020, found that seven in ten people support banning
498-566: A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in India banned smoking in public places by declaring "public smoking as illegal first time in the history of whole world, unconstitutional and violative of Article 21 of the Constitution". The Bench, headed by Dr. Justice K. Narayana Kurup, held that "tobacco smoking" in public places (in the form of cigarettes, cigars, beedies or otherwise) "falls within
581-666: A combination of stigmatisation and reduction in the social cues for smoking. The World Health Organization considers smoking bans to have an influence on reducing demand for tobacco by producing an environment where smoking becomes increasingly more difficult and to help shift social norms away from the acceptance of smoking in everyday life. Along with tax measures, cessation measures, and education, smoking bans are viewed by public health experts as an important element in reducing smoking rates and promoting positive health outcomes. When effectively implemented, they are seen as an important element of policy to support behaviour change in favour of
664-647: A controversial restriction upon smoking in bars, extending the statewide ban enacted in 1994. As of April 2009, there were 37 states with some form of smoking ban. Some areas in California began banning smoking across whole cities, including every place except residential homes. More than 20 cities in California enacted park- and beach-smoking restrictions. In May 2011, New York City expanded its previously implemented smoking ban by banning smoking in parks, beaches and boardwalks, public golf courses and other areas controlled by
747-452: A decrease in low birth weight . A 2016 Cochrane review found that since the previous version of that review was published in 2010, the evidence that smoking bans improved health outcomes had become more robust, especially with respect to acute coronary syndrome admissions. However, other studies came to the conclusion that smoking bans have little or no short-term effect on myocardial infarction rates and other diseases. A 2010 study from
830-463: A healthy lifestyle. However, reports in the popular press after smoking bans have been enacted often present conflicting accounts as regards perceptions of effectiveness. One report stated that cigarette sales in Ireland and Scotland increased after their smoking bans were implemented. In contrast, another report states that in Ireland, cigarette sales fell by 16% in the six months after implementation of
913-675: A more comprehensive smoking ban was implemented, covering all public indoor venues. The Plage Lumière beach in La Ciotat , France , became the first beach in Europe to restrict smoking from August 2011, in an effort to encourage more tourists to visit the beach. In 2012, smoking in Costa Rica became subject to some of the most restrictive regulations in the world, with the practice being banned from many outdoor recreational and educational areas as well as in public buildings and vehicles. According to
SECTION 10
#1732873669467996-634: A nationwide ban on smoking in all workplaces. In Norway, similar legislation came into force on 1 June the same year. In Scotland , Andy Kerr , the Minister for Health and Community Care, introduced a ban on smoking in public areas on 26 March 2006. Smoking was banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom in 2007, when England became the final region to have the legislation come into effect (the age limit for buying tobacco also increased from 16 to 18 on 1 October 2007). On 12 July 1999
1079-466: A new anti-smoking bill that would ban smoking in public places and outlaw all tobacco advertising to prevent young people from smoking. On 31 May 2011 Venezuela introduced a ban on smoking in all enclosed public and commercial spaces, including malls, restaurants, bars, discos, workplaces, etc. Smoking was first restricted in schools, hospitals, trains, buses and train stations in Turkey in 1996. In 2008
1162-517: A rate that is 84% higher than average." In the United States, the CDC reported a levelling-off of smoking rates in recent years despite a large number of ever more comprehensive smoking bans and large tax increases. It has also been suggested that a "backstop" of hardcore smokers has been reached: those unmotivated and increasingly defiant in the face of further legislation. The smoking ban in New York City
1245-533: A restriction upon smoking inside public housing apartments under the jurisdiction of the Boston Housing Authority . From December 1993, in Peru , it became illegal to smoke in any public enclosed place and any public transport vehicle (according to Law 25357 issued on 27 November 1991 and its regulations issued on 25 November 1993 by decree D.S.983-93-PCM). There is also legislation restricting publicity, and it
1328-692: A six level multi-deck parking lot. In April 2020, renovations to Big W were completed along with expanded parking in June. On 8 June 2021, it was announced that stage 1 of the redevelopment would open The Fresh Market featuring Coles, Aldi and others, along with the ground floor of The Loop. This would include such retailers as Cotton On Mega, JD Sports, Nike, Adidas, Rebel , JB Hi-Fi and many others. Stage 1 proceeded to open on 29 July 2021, featuring an additional 60 stores. Stage 2 opened 7 October 2021 and included level of The Loop including such retailers as Zara , Sephora and Coco Republic , as well as The Cafe Terrace featuring over 15 restaurants. On 28 October,
1411-597: A year earlier in 1972. Construction of the larger Karrinyup Shopping Centre began in April 1972, and on completion was expected by its developers, St. Martins Properties Pty Ltd, to become the biggest shopping centre in the state. The centre consisted of a number of features including grade separated access from the car parks to the centre over the main vehicle routes to reduce driver confusion, 11.3-metre-wide (37 ft) malls of terrazzo flooring, natural light provided through diffused roof lanterns, and enclosed air conditioned malls,
1494-1334: Is a bus depot operated by Swan Transit . All services are operated by Swan Transit. Karrinyup is a reasonably affluent suburb with many " mortgage belt " families and socially liberal voters. It consistently supports the Liberal Party at both federal and state elections , although the part south of Karrinyup Road leans more towards the Australian Labor Party . 2019 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences 2016 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences 2013 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences 2010 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences 2007 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences 2004 Source: AEC - House of Representatives, Division of Stirling - First Preferences Smoking ban Smoking bans , or smoke-free laws , are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in certain spaces. The spaces most commonly affected by smoking bans are indoor workplaces and buildings open to
1577-412: Is also illegal (Law 26957 21 May 1998) to sell tobacco to minors or directly to advertise tobacco within 500m of schools (Law 26849 9 Jul 1997). On 11 November 1975 Italy banned smoking on public transit vehicles (except for smokers' rail carriages) and in some public buildings (hospitals, cinemas, theatres, museums, universities and libraries). After an unsuccessful attempt in 1986, on 16 January 2003
1660-423: Is bounded by North Beach Road to the north ( Reid Highway is located just a few hundred metres further north), Marmion Avenue to the west, Newborough Street to the south and Huntriss Road and the country club to the east. About one-third of Karrinyup's land area is reserve or bushland, or part of the suburb's two golf courses. Karrinyup Road links Marmion Avenue and West Coast Highway to Mitchell Freeway through
1743-482: Is located 12 km north of Perth's central business district . Its local government area is the City of Stirling . The name Karrinyup was originally derived from the word Careniup , a Noongar name for a nearby swamp , an Aboriginal word apparently meaning "the place where bush kangaroos graze". It may also mean "the place where spiders are". In the 1840s, Samuel Moore took up a grant of 780 acres (3.2 km ) in
SECTION 20
#17328736694671826-477: Is more acceptable than in the United States. In 1990 the city of San Luis Obispo, California , became the first city in the world to restrict indoor smoking in bars as well as in restaurants. The ban did not include workplaces, but covered all other indoor public spaces and its enforcement was somewhat limited. In the United States, California's 1998 smoking ban encouraged other states such as New York to implement similar regulations. California's ban included
1909-478: Is operated by Swan Transit , provides bus services to surrounding suburbs from Warwick to Stirling , and out to Scarborough . Bus services also connect the centre to the Yanchep line and Perth's central business district via connections at Warwick railway station and Stirling railway station . Karrinyup, Western Australia Karrinyup is a suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia , and
1992-440: Is the second largest wooden building in the world. The first modern attempt at restricting smoking saw Nazi Germany banning smoking in every university, post office, military hospital, and Nazi Party office, under the auspices of Karl Astel's Institute for Tobacco Hazards Research, established in 1941 under orders from Adolf Hitler . The Nazis conducted major anti-tobacco campaigns until the demise of their regime in 1945. In
2075-681: The Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007. The resort town of Aspen, Colorado , became the first city in the US to restrict smoking in restaurants, in 1985, though it allowed smoking in areas that were separately ventilated. On 3 April 1987 the city of Beverly Hills, California , initiated an ordinance to restrict smoking in most restaurants, in retail stores and at public meetings. It exempted restaurants in hotels – City Council members reasoned that hotel restaurants catered to large numbers of visitors from abroad, where smoking
2158-600: The Institute of Medicine (IOM), convened by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), says that the risk of coronary heart disease is increased by around 25–30% when one is exposed to secondhand smoke. The data shows that even at low levels of exposure, there is risk and the risk increases with more exposure. A study issued in 2002 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of
2241-515: The New York City Parks Department . In recent years New York City has passed administrative codes §17-502 and §17-508 forcing landlords of privately owned buildings, cooperatives, and condominiums to adopt a smoking policy into all leases. These codes oblige landlords to enact provisions telling tenants the exact locations where they can or can not smoke. In January 2010, the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts , Thomas Menino , proposed
2324-477: The World Health Organization (WHO) support smoking bans on the basis that they improve health outcomes by reducing exposure to SHS and possibly decreasing the number of people who smoke, while others oppose smoking bans and assert that they violate individual and property rights and cause economic hardship, among other issues. Smoking bans are usually enacted in an attempt to protect non-smokers from
2407-406: The central business district . The plan was not endorsed by Parliament until 1973, by which time Morley Shopping Centre had expanded twice (in 1970 and 1973), and Karrinyup was one of three new shopping centres that were completed in "middle-distance" suburbs, locations outside the designated corridors; the other two were Westfield Carousel at Cannington and Garden City, Booragoon , established
2490-435: The "Disneyland effect of bright colours". Her brief was to provide customers to the centre a point of difference, particularly in the food court area. Like most conventional food courts, stores were arranged around a quadrangle, however unlike other food courts of the time the use of outside space was incorporated into the design. This was done by providing direct sunlight and outdoor connection by using curved skylights following
2573-439: The "best-designed" studies concluded that smoking bans did not harm businesses. Similarly, a 2014 meta-analysis found no significant gains or losses in revenue in restaurants and bars affected by smoking bans. In addition, such laws may reduce health care costs, improve work productivity, and lower the overall cost of labour in the community thus protected, making that workforce more attractive for employers. Studies funded by
Karrinyup Shopping Centre - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-461: The EU, indoor tobacco smoke in drinking establishments remains an issue in several countries. Several studies have documented health and economic benefits related to smoking bans. A 2009 report by the Institute of Medicine concluded that smoking bans reduced the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attacks, but the report's authors were unable to identify the magnitude of this reduction. Also in 2009,
2739-553: The Italian parliament passed the Legge Sirchia , which would ban smoking in all indoor public places, including bars, restaurants, discotheques and offices from 10 January 2005. On 3 December 2003, New Zealand passed legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004. On 29 March 2004, the Republic of Ireland implemented
2822-473: The Lands Department). This was built as the precursor to a larger centre expected to be constructed in the future. The original centre was constructed by LJ Wallis of Osborne Park and owned by Karrinyup Investments of Scarborough. Valued at £12,500 (1964), it consisted of a grocer, greengrocer, deli, butcher, chemist, hairdresser, draper, news agent, post office, bank agency, and parking for 100 cars. During
2905-621: The Norwegian establishments that enacted smoking restrictions, tests showed decreased levels of nicotine in the urine of both smoking and non-smoking workers (as compared with measurements prior to going smoke-free). In 2009, the Public Health Law Research Program, a national program office of the US-based Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , published an evidence brief summarising the research assessing
2988-621: The US used huge nationally representative databases to compare smoking-restricted areas with control areas and found no associations between smoking bans and short-term declines in heart attack rates. The authors have also analyzed smaller studies using subsamples and revealed that large short-term increases in myocardial infarction incidence following a smoking ban are as common as the large decreases. Smoking bans are generally acknowledged to reduce rates of smoking; smoke-free workplaces reduce smoking rates among workers, and restrictions upon smoking in public places reduce general smoking rates through
3071-512: The US, states were encouraged to pass laws providing separate smoking sections. In 1975 the U.S. state of Minnesota enacted the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act , making it the first state to restrict smoking in most public spaces. At first restaurants were required to have "No Smoking" sections, and bars were exempt from the Act. As of 1 October 2007 Minnesota enacted a ban on smoking in all restaurants and bars statewide, called
3154-499: The World Health Organization concluded that non-smokers are exposed to the same carcinogens on account of tobacco smoke as active smokers. Sidestream smoke emitted from the burning ends of tobacco products contains 69 known carcinogens, particularly benzopyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive decay products, such as polonium-210 . Several well-established carcinogens have been shown by
3237-731: The addition of an in-store cafe. The first stage of renovations were completed in November 1996, with the opening of the western end of the Boulevard and the south-west parking deck. Construction of the second stage was expected to commence in February 1997. Based on plans at the time, on completion of the redevelopment, Karrinyup would be the third largest shopping centre in Perth, behind the Galleria and Whitford City . By this point, 25% of available retail space in
3320-453: The air quality in such establishments. For example, one study listed on the website of the CDC states that New York's statewide law to eliminate smoking in enclosed workplaces and public places substantially reduced RSP (respirable suspended particles) levels in western New York hospitality venues. RSP levels were reduced in every venue that permitted smoking before the law was implemented, including venues in which only smoke from an adjacent room
3403-446: The arrangement, and that it was well within the power and authority of the school principal to enter into such arrangements without the need for consultation with parents. On 19 November 2018, construction commenced on the $ 800 million redevelopment to Karrinyup which had been planned as early as 2014. The redevelopment included: On 21 November 2019, a small portion of the fashion loop opened featuring H&M, Mecca and more, along with
Karrinyup Shopping Centre - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-492: The ban. In the UK, cigarette sales fell by 11% during July 2007, the first month of the nationwide smoking ban, compared with July 2006. A 1992 document from Phillip Morris summarised the tobacco industry's concern about the effects of smoking bans: "Total prohibition of smoking in the workplace strongly effects [ sic ] tobacco industry volume. Smokers facing these restrictions consume 11%–15% less than average and quit at
3569-490: The centre failing one minute before opening time. This issue was rectified and lighting was restored at 9:11 am. Over 100,000 people visited the centre on its first day, with all 3,000 parking bays at the centre being filled by 9:45 am. Upon its completion, it was the largest regional shopping centre in the state and only three of the centre's tenancies comprising 380 square metres (4,090 sq ft) of GLA were vacant. The City of Stirling library planned for
3652-592: The centre has changed hands several times during its life. At the time of its construction, the centre was owned by St. Martins Properties (Australia) Pty. Ltd., with leasing functions being carried out by Milner and Company Pty. Ltd. At the time the 1996 renovations were completed, the centre was owned by the Australian superannuation fund UniSuper , Schroders Property Fund and Schroders Private Property Syndicate, with leasing arrangements being handled by Richard Ellis . In April 2002, AMP Shopping Centre Trust purchased
3735-426: The centre owners by PA Management Consultants had increased this projected catchment area to 250,000. Projected spending within this catchment area was estimated at A$ 188 million (1970), increasing to a catchment of 500,000 and projected spending of $ 376 million by 1982. The centre officially opened on Monday 17 September 1973 at 9:10 am. The opening however did not go without incident, with all lighting within
3818-467: The centre twice a week and perform both warm-up and cool down exercises. The Rotary Club of Scarborough also organises and operates a weekly swap meet , held each Sunday in the southern under cover parking area. The centre has not gone without its share of local controversy. In 2006, a security guard and disgraced former officer of the Western Australia Police working at the centre received
3901-456: The centre was opened one year later. In order to grow both the five "sub-regional" retail centres and these off-corridor regional shopping centres, a Retail Shopping Policy was developed by the MRPA in 1976, and a Perth Metropolitan Region Retail Structure Plan was put in place to regulate the industry. This plan was amended as new centres were required. Under this regulatory control, extensions to
3984-560: The deal, the centre would supply security guards and lighting, as well as a payment of A$ 1,500 (1998) to the school along with additional costs for any damage or repair works required. The use of the oval was not warmly received by parents of the school, but in speaking for the Education Minister Colin Barnett , the Legislative Council leader Norman Moore noted that the parents of the school were not consulted about
4067-561: The effect of a specific law or policy on public health. They stated that "There is strong evidence supporting smoking bans and restrictions as effective public health interventions aimed at decreasing exposure to secondhand smoke." One of the world's earliest smoking bans was a 1575 Roman Catholic Church regulation which forbade the use of tobacco in any church in Mexico. In 1590, Pope Urban VII moved against smoking in church buildings. He threatened to excommunicate anyone who "took tobacco in
4150-800: The effects of secondhand smoke , which include an increased risk of heart disease , cancer , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and other diseases. Laws implementing bans on indoor smoking have been introduced by many countries and other jurisdictions as public knowledge about these health risks increased. Additional rationales for smoking restrictions include reduced risk of fire in areas with explosive hazards; cleanliness in places where food, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, or precision instruments and machinery are produced; decreased legal liability; potentially reduced energy use via decreased ventilation needs; reduced quantities of litter; healthier environments; and giving smokers incentive to quit. Research has generated evidence that secondhand smoke causes
4233-514: The emergency room." A 2013 review found that smoking bans were associated with "significant reduction in acute MI [ myocardial infarction ] risk", but noted that "studies with smaller population in the United States usually reported larger reductions, while larger studies reported relatively modest reductions". A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that smoke-free legislation was associated with approximately 10% reductions in preterm births and hospital attendance for asthma , but not with
SECTION 50
#17328736694674316-429: The entrance to a building, and in some cases, private vehicles and multi-unit residences. The most common rationale cited for restrictions on smoking is the negative health effects associated with secondhand smoke (SHS), or the inhalation of tobacco smoke by persons who are not smoking. These include diseases such as heart disease , cancer , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . The number of smoking bans around
4399-512: The final stage of the centre opened. It included a new outdoor dining precinct including a 10-screen Hoyts cinema complex, a Goodlife Health Clubs, Archie Brothers Cirque Electriq, Strike Bowling , Holey Moley Golf Club and over 20 restaurants. Similar to the opening of Stage 2, the centre hosted a "Play x Eat Festival" through its opening weekend, which also featured the opening of the first ever Lego store in Western Australia. Ownership of
4482-405: The health industry literature on the economic effect of smoking bans. The majority of these government and academic studies have found that there is no negative economic impact associated with smoking restrictions and many have found that there may be a positive effect on local businesses. A 2003 review of 97 such studies of the economic effects of a smoking ban on the hospitality industry found that
4565-674: The late 17th century. Smoking was banned in Berlin in 1723, in Königsberg in 1742, and in Stettin in 1744. These bans were repealed in the revolutions of 1848 . Prior to 1865 Russia had a ban on smoking in the streets. The first building in the world to ban smoking was the Old Government Building in Wellington , New Zealand in 1876. The ban related to concerns about the threat of fire, as it
4648-509: The latter being considered unusual at the time by the local press. Construction of the centre was expected to be completed in September 1973. Designed by architectural firm Cameron, Chisholm Nicol, the newer and larger centre on the 150,000-square-metre (37-acre) site was designed to include: At the time of its proposal, it was originally expected to serve some 100,000 residents within its catchment area. By 1970, projections performed on behalf of
4731-536: The latter part of the 1960s, the Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority developed the Corridor Plan for Perth , which was published and adopted in 1970. The plan called for the creation of five "sub-regional" retail centres ( Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , Armadale and Rockingham ) that would form the commercial and economic focus of each "node", and take the retail burden away from
4814-426: The latter part of the 20th century, as research on the risks of secondhand tobacco smoke became public, the tobacco industry launched "courtesy awareness" campaigns. Fearing reduced sales, the industry began a media and legislative programme that focused upon "accommodation". Tolerance and courtesy were encouraged as a way to ease heightened tensions between smokers and those around them, while avoiding smoking bans. In
4897-405: The latter with 100% ownership. The centre is currently occupied by seven major tenants. Two department stores, one discount-department store, three supermarkets and one cinema complex. Perth-based architect Anna Meszaros was responsible for the interior design of the centre during the 1996 redevelopment. In an interview with Inside Retailing magazine, she noted how she wanted to move away from
4980-656: The mischief of the penal provisions relating to public nuisance as contained in the Indian Penal Code and also the definition of air pollution as contained in the statutes dealing with the protection and preservation of the environment, in particular, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act 1981." In 2003 India introduced a law that banned smoking in public places like restaurants, public transport or schools. The same law also made it illegal to advertise cigarettes or other tobacco products. In 2010 Nepal planned to enact
5063-488: The northern part of the suburb. Moore's grant, Swan Location 92 was surveyed by P Chauncey in 1844 and Chauncey recorded a large swamp just to the east of Karrinyup as Careniup Swamp. In 1929, the foundation committee developing the Lake Karrinyup Country Club golf course opted to change the spelling. While the area had been subdivided by Charles Stoneman in 1904 and roads built, the country club remained
SECTION 60
#17328736694675146-521: The officer to lose his job. On 16 December 2021, a fight began between 10 people during a screening of Spider-Man: No Way Home in the Hoyts cinema complex. After being escorted out of the cinema by security guards, the fight continued in the West Deck until all people involved in the fight were permanently banned from the shopping centre. Adjoining the centre is the Karrinyup bus station . The station, which
5229-461: The only significant feature in the area, and rapid growth did not begin until 1957, with the part south of Karrinyup Road developing first. At this stage, the only access to the area from Perth was via Wanneroo Road and Balcatta Beach Road. The building of the Mitchell Freeway to Karrinyup Road in 1983-84 facilitated the growth of Karrinyup and nearby Stirling as a regional hub. Karrinyup
5312-590: The outstanding 25% it did not already control in the centre from the Commonwealth Bank controlled investment vehicle, The Private Property Syndicate. The newly acquired stake combined with the holdings of the UniSuper and AMP Diversified Property Trust was vested in a new entity, the KSC Trust. In September 2012, Westfield Group and Westfield Retail Trust sold their one-third holding in the centre to UniSuper, providing
5395-699: The porchway of or inside a church, whether it be by chewing it, smoking it with a pipe or sniffing it in powdered form through the nose". Pope Urban VIII imposed similar restrictions in 1624. In 1604 King James VI and I published an anti-smoking treatise, A Counterblaste to Tobacco , that had the effect of raising taxes on tobacco. Russia banned tobacco for 70 years from 1627. The Ottoman Sultan Murad IV prohibited smoking in his empire in 1633 and had smokers executed . The earliest citywide European smoking bans were enacted shortly thereafter. Such bans were enacted in Bavaria , Kursachsen , and certain parts of Austria in
5478-446: The prior three months the centre recorded a 34% increase in moving annual turnover, increasing to A$ 222 million in 1999. Despite the construction of additional parking to the centre during the redevelopment, pressure on the centre's car parks still remained. As a consequence, the centre entered into successful discussions with nearby Karrinyup Primary School to obtain use of its ovals from 17 to 31 December, as overflow parking. As part of
5561-417: The public such as restaurants , bars , office buildings , schools , retail stores, hospitals , libraries, transport facilities, and government buildings, in addition to public transport vehicles such as aircraft, buses, watercraft, and trains. However, laws may also prohibit smoking in outdoor areas such as parks, beaches, pedestrian plazas, college and hospital campuses, and within a certain distance from
5644-421: The quadrangle shape. This was later upgraded to include an alfresco dining area. The area in the middle of the food court was raised using a timber floor with removable dining furniture, providing for significant flexibility in how it is used. During the centre's life, a number of significant international personalities have visited the centre in connection with major events and fundraising efforts. Once such visit
5727-444: The redeveloped areas was already leased. Renovations to the centre were completed in June 1998, with the official opening taking place on 29 September 1998. At the time of its official opening, the centre was running at 92% occupancy, with maximum average rent in 1998 of A$ 1013 per 1 square metre (11 sq ft). By November 1998, the occupancy rate for the centre was up to 98%. Occupancy rates had reached 100% by March 1999, and in
5810-714: The respondents reported seeing people smoking inside the last time they visited a drinking establishment, such as a bar. Croatia stands out with 73% of respondents indicating this. In other countries, the proportions range from 47% in Cyprus, 45% in Slovakia, and 31% in Denmark, to only 3% in Sweden, 5% in Hungary, and 7% in Austria. These results indicate that despite the presence of indoor smoking bans across
5893-469: The same problems as direct smoking, including lung cancer , cardiovascular disease , and lung ailments such as emphysema , bronchitis , and asthma . Specifically, meta-analyses show that lifelong non-smokers with partners who smoke in the home have a 20–30% greater risk of lung cancer than non-smokers who live with non-smokers. Non-smokers exposed to cigarette smoke in the workplace have an increased lung cancer risk of 16–19%. An epidemiology report by
5976-415: The shopping centre occurred in 1982 and 1987, bringing the gross leasable area to 43,607 square metres (469,380 sq ft) in 1996. A review of the Corridor Plan in 1987 found that the sub-regional centres had failed to adequately compete against the regional shopping centres in the middle-distance suburbs. If they start it in this shopping centre it may spread to others In November 1991, Karrinyup
6059-437: The south-west of the suburb. Karrinyup contains three state primary schools (Karrinyup, Deanmore and Newborough) and a private college, St Mary's Anglican Girls' School , founded in 1921 at West Perth and relocated to Karrinyup in 1961. Karrinyup is served by the Karrinyup bus station , located at the shopping centre, with Transperth bus routes 422, 423, 424 and 425 providing a link to Stirling train station . Further west
6142-531: The suburb. At the 2016 Australian census , Karrinyup had a population of 9,283. Most of the houses in Karrinyup are relatively modern, though the prolonged period of development has resulted in a range of styles from various eras. Many of the homes within the suburb are of two storeys and the vast majority are of brick and tile construction. The Karrinyup Shopping Centre contains a bus station, community centre and library as well as two major department stores. It
6225-551: The tobacco companies' own research to be present at higher concentrations in secondhand smoke than in mainstream smoke. Scientific organisations confirming the effects of secondhand smoke include the U.S. National Cancer Institute , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. National Institutes of Health , the Surgeon General of the United States , and the World Health Organization. Restrictions upon smoking in bars and restaurants can substantially improve
6308-441: The use of e-cigarettes or heated tobacco products in areas where smoking is prohibited, reflecting an increase of seven percentage points since 2017. Relative majorities also favor the other two control policies surveyed: banning flavors in e-cigarettes, with 47% support (up by 7 points since 2017), and introducing plain packaging for cigarettes, also supported by 47% (up by 1 point). In all countries except Croatia, less than half of
6391-442: The world increased substantially in the late 20th century and early 21st century due to increased knowledge about these health risks. Many early smoking restrictions merely required the designation of non-smoking areas in buildings, but policies of this type became less common following evidence that they did not eliminate the health concerns associated with SHS. Opinions on smoking bans vary. Many individuals and organizations such as
6474-428: Was associated with a lower rate of hospitalizations for cardiac, cerebrovascular , and respiratory diseases , and that "More comprehensive laws were associated with larger changes in risk." The senior author of this meta-analysis, Stanton Glantz , told USA Today that, with respect to exemptions for certain facilities from smoking bans, "The politicians who put those exemptions in are condemning people to be put into
6557-444: Was built in 1973 and has since been extended to offer 54,587 m of retail accommodation with undercover and open-air parking. A major renovation is expected to be finished in 2021, with plans for apartment towers in the north-east of the complex. It's owned by the superannuation fund Unisuper and managed by AMP. Karrinyup has two golf courses , Hamersley (public) and Lake Karrinyup (private). Open spaces exist at Lake Karrinyup and at
6640-550: Was by Ronan Keating on 27 July 2002; 500 local fans packed the Centre Court area to get a glimpse of the performer, who had been in concert at Perth Entertainment Centre the previous night. The centre also maintains active links to the surrounding community. More recently it implemented a walking program in conjunction with the Injury Control Council of Western Australia. Trained walking leaders accompany groups through
6723-721: Was credited with the reduction in adult smoking rates at nearly twice the rate as in the rest of the country, "and life expectancy has climbed three years in a decade". In Sweden , use of snus , as an alternative to smoking, has risen steadily since that nation's smoking ban. Smoking restrictions may make it easier for smokers to quit. A survey suggests 22% of UK smokers may have considered quitting in response to that nation's smoking ban. Restaurant smoking restrictions may help to stop young people from becoming habitual smokers. A study of Massachusetts youths, found that those in towns with smoking bans were 35 percent less likely to be habitual smokers. Many studies have been published in
6806-523: Was observed at baseline. The CDC concluded that their results were similar to other studies which also showed substantially improved indoor air quality after smoking bans were instituted. A 2004 study showed New Jersey bars and restaurants had more than nine times the levels of indoor air pollution of neighbouring New York City, which had already enacted its smoking ban. Research has also shown that improved air quality translates to decreased toxin exposure among employees. For example, among employees of
6889-474: Was the first shopping centre in the state to implement a total ban on smoking inside the centre. It was reported in the Stirling Times that other centres had praised the concept despite tenants of the centre being concerned that the ban was an infringement on people's rights. In 1981, construction commenced on a small redevelopment. This would include an expansion to the eastern side of the mall, as well as
#466533