22-486: See text Karpatiosorbus (Synonymy: Sorbus subgenus Tormaria Májovsky & Bernátová = S . subgenus Aria x subgenus Torminaria ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae , native to Europe, including Crimea, and Algeria. Shrubs or small trees, they appear to have arisen via hybridization events between the clades Aria (Pers.) Host and Torminalis Medik . Many of its species propagate solely by apomixis . The genus name of Karpatiosorbus
44-524: A rose , or the receptacle -derived aggregate accessory fruit of a strawberry . Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain amygdalin , which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged. The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae , Spiraeoideae , Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors. More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae
66-400: A length of 13 feet (4.0 m) – Aristolochia grandiflora , the largest of all calyces. Similarly to ordinary leaves, sepals are capable of performing photosynthesis . However, photosynthesis in sepals occurs at a slower rate than in ordinary leaves due to sepals having a lower stomatal density which limits the spaces for gas exchange. After flowering, most plants have no more use for
88-401: A variety of color petals, but blue is almost completely absent. The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be follicles , capsules , nuts , achenes , drupes ( Prunus ), and accessory fruits , like the pome of an apple, the hip of
110-474: Is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom. The term sepalum was coined by Noël Martin Joseph de Necker in 1790, and derived from Ancient Greek σκέπη ( sképē ) 'covering'. Collectively, the sepals are called the calyx (plural: calyces),
132-553: Is in honour of Zoltán Kárpáti (1909–1972), who was a Hungarian (Geo-)Botanist, Taxonomist, Dendrologist and specialist in Sorbus (from central Europe). The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Nikolaevitsch Sennikov and Arto Kurtto in Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. vol.93 on page 46 in 2017. Currently accepted species include: Rosaceae Rosaceae ( / r oʊ ˈ z eɪ s iː . iː , - s i . aɪ , - s i . eɪ / ),
154-409: Is most often serrate. Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae). The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface) to the petiole . Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and
176-656: Is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary , and the fruits are usually achenes. Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002) and Potter (2003). Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes : Maleae Gillenieae Kerrieae Exochordeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Lyonothamneae Spiraeeae Sepal A sepal ( / ˈ s ɛ p əl , ˈ s iː p əl / )
198-428: Is three, or a multiple of three. The development and form of the sepals vary considerably among flowering plants . They may be free (polysepalous) or fused together (gamosepalous). Often, the sepals are much reduced, appearing somewhat awn -like, or as scales, teeth, or ridges. Most often such structures protrude until the fruit is mature and falls off. Examples of flowers with much-reduced perianths are found among
220-446: Is usually applied when the parts of the perianth are difficult to distinguish, e.g. the petals and sepals share the same color or the petals are absent and the sepals are colorful. When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are referred to as "petaloid", as in petaloid monocots , orders of monocots with brightly colored tepals. Since they include Liliales , an alternative name is lilioid monocots. Examples of plants in which
242-516: The earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014), Li et al. (2015), Li et al. (2016), and Sun et al. (2016). Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes: Maleae Gillenieae Spiraeeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Kerrieae Exochordeae Neillieae Lyonothamneae Potentilleae Roseae Agrimonieae Rubeae Colurieae Ulmarieae Dryadeae outgroup The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae
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#1733084596352264-428: The grasses . In some flowers, the sepals are fused towards the base, forming a calyx tube (as in the family Lythraceae , and Fabaceae ). In other flowers (e.g., Rosaceae, Myrtaceae), a hypanthium includes the bases of sepals, petals, and the attachment points of the stamens . Mechanical cues may be responsible for sepal growth and there is a strong evidence suggesting that microtubules are present and determine
286-877: The rose family , is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera . The name is derived from the type genus Rosa . The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous , but some are evergreen . They have a worldwide range but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere . Many economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including various edible fruits, such as apples , pears , quinces , apricots , plums , cherries , peaches , raspberries , blackberries , loquats , strawberries , rose hips , hawthorns , and almonds . The family also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses , meadowsweets , rowans , firethorns , and photinias . Among
308-531: The calyx which withers or becomes vestigial, although in a few plants such as Lodoicea and eggplant ( Solanum melongena ) the calyx grows along with the fruit, possibly to protect the attachment point. Some plants retain a thorny calyx, either dried or live, as protection for the fruit or seeds. Examples include species of Acaena , some of the Solanaceae (for example the Tomatillo , Physalis philadelphica ), and
330-736: The most species-rich genera in the family are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250), and Prunus (200), which contains the plums , cherries , peaches , apricots , and almonds . However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates—much taxonomic work remains. Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants. The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist, such as Aphanes arvensis . The leaves are generally arranged spirally , but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin
352-494: The outermost whorl of parts that form a flower. The word calyx was adopted from the Latin calyx , not to be confused with calix 'cup, goblet'. The Latin calyx is derived from Greek κάλυξ kalyx 'bud, calyx, husk, wrapping' ( cf. Sanskrit kalika 'bud'), while calix is derived from Greek κύλιξ kylix 'cup, goblet'; both words have been used interchangeably in botanical Latin. The term tepal
374-483: The rachis of compound leaves. Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy". They are radially symmetrical , and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals , five petals , and many spirally arranged stamens . The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a hypanthium . They can be arranged in spikes , or heads . Solitary flowers are rare. Rosaceae have
396-552: The same. While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.l. . Compounding the problem is that apomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including
418-562: The taxonomically complex dog roses ), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus between 200 and 1,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species. Identified clades include: The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. There are three competing hypotheses: Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Amygdaloideae has been identified as
440-436: The tensile strength and direction of growth at a molecular level. Morphologically , both sepals and petals are modified leaves. The calyx (the sepals) and the corolla (the petals) are the outer sterile whorls of the flower, which together form what is known as the perianth . In some plants, such as Aristolochia , the calyx is the primary whorl, forming a flower up to 20 inches (51 cm) wide, with one sepal growing to
462-406: The term tepal is appropriate include genera such as Aloe and Tulipa . In contrast, genera such as Rosa and Phaseolus have well-distinguished sepals and petals. The number of sepals in a flower is its merosity . Flower merosity is indicative of a plant's classification. The merosity of a eudicot flower is typically four or five. The merosity of a monocot or palaeodicot flower
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#1733084596352484-913: Was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae. They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic . Hutchinson (1964) and Kalkman (2004) recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies: Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained
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